Association of Food Insecurity With Dietary Patterns and Expenditure on Food, Alcohol and Tobacco Amongst Indigenous Inuit in Greenland: Results From a Population Health Survey.

Abstract Background Amongst the indigenous Greenlandic Inuit, the experience of food insecurity has been attributed to a lack of money to buy enough food of sufficient quality to sustain a family, although a preference for alcohol and tobacco over food has also been cited. The purpose of the article was to compare dietary patterns and expenditure on food, alcoholic beverages and tobacco between survey participants who reported food insecurity and those who did not.Methods Countrywide cross-sectional health survey among 1886 adult Greenlandic Inuit in 2018. Diet was estimated by a food frequency questionnaire. Food insecurity status was based on the household hunger scale. Analyses were carried out by univariate general linear models adjusted for age, sex and social position. ResultsNine percent of the participants reported food insecurity. Food insecurity was unevenly distributed according to age, sex and social position. Food insecure participants more often chose an unhealthy dietary pattern (43% vs. 32%) and they reported a higher energy intake. The food insecure spent the same amount of money on food as other participants but less on nutritious food and more on non-nutritious food. The cost per kJ of the food of the food insecure was lower than that of the food secure (DKK 8.0 and 9.0 per 1000 kJ, respectively). The food insecure participants also spent considerably more on alcohol and tobacco. Conclusions The results suggest that it is not only unemployment and lack of money that creates food insecurity and unhealthy dietary patterns in Greenland but probably also social inequality, lack of resources for planning, prioritising, living one’s daily life and limited knowledge about food. There seems to be at least two population subgroups in Greenland with poverty and substance use, respectively, as the immediate determinants for food insecurity, but behind these causes is a web of underlying social causes. The results are important for the design of interventions against food insecurity and unhealthy dietary patterns.

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Association of food insecurity with dietary patterns and expenditure on food, alcohol and tobacco amongst indigenous Inuit in Greenland: results from a population health survey

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-11123-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Peter Bjerregaard ◽

Ingelise Olesen ◽

Christina Viskum Lytken Larsen

Keyword(s):

Food Insecurity ◽

Health Survey ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Linear Models ◽

Social Position ◽

Alcoholic Beverages ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Food Frequency ◽

Nutritious Food ◽

The Cost

Abstract Background Amongst the indigenous Greenlandic Inuit, the experience of food insecurity has been attributed to a lack of money to buy enough food of sufficient quality to sustain a family, although a preference for alcohol and tobacco over food has also been cited. The purpose of the article was to compare dietary patterns and expenditure on food, alcoholic beverages and tobacco between survey participants who reported food insecurity and those who did not. Methods A countrywide cross-sectional health survey was carried out among 1886 adult Greenlandic Inuit in 2018. Diet was estimated by a food frequency questionnaire. Food insecurity status was based on the household hunger scale. Analyses were carried out by univariate general linear models adjusted for age, sex and social position. Results Nine percent of the participants reported food insecurity. Food insecurity was higher among younger participants, men and participants with low social position. Food insecure participants more often chose an unhealthy dietary pattern (43% vs. 32%) and they reported a higher energy intake. The food insecure spent the same amount of money on food as other participants but less on nutritious food and more on non-nutritious food. The cost per kilojoule (kJ) of the food of the food insecure was lower than that of the food secure (DKK 8.0 and 9.0 per 1000 kJ, respectively). The food insecure participants also spent considerably more on alcohol and tobacco. Conclusions The results suggest that it is not only unemployment and lack of money that creates food insecurity and unhealthy dietary patterns in Greenland. Food insecure participants gave higher priority to buying non-nutritious food, alcohol and tobacco than did food secure participants. There seems to be at least two population subgroups in Greenland with poverty and substance use, respectively, as the immediate determinants for food insecurity. The results are important for the design of interventions against food insecurity and unhealthy dietary patterns.

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Social determinants of dietary patterns, food basket costs and expenditure on alcohol and tobacco amongst Greenland Inuit

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980020005133 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Peter Bjerregaard ◽

Christina Viskum Lytken Larsen

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Social Position ◽

Alcoholic Beverages ◽

Targeted Interventions ◽

Balanced Diet ◽

Nutritious Food ◽

Food Basket ◽

Purchase Patterns ◽

The Cost

Abstract Objective: Dietary transition, obesity and risky use of alcohol and tobacco are challenges to public health among indigenous peoples. The aim of the article was to explore the role of social position in dietary patterns and expenditures on food and other commodities. Design: Countrywide population health survey. Setting: Greenland. Participants: 2436 Inuit aged 15+ years. Results: Less than half of the expenditures on commodities (43 %) were used to buy nutritious food, and the remaining to buy non-nutritious food (21 %), alcoholic beverages (18 %) and tobacco (18 %). Participants were classified according to five dietary patterns. The cost of a balanced diet and an unhealthy diet was similar, but the cost per 1000 kJ was higher and the energy consumption was lower for the balanced diet. Participants with low social position chose the unhealthy pattern more often than those with high social position (40 % v. 24 %; P < 0·0001), whereas those with high social position more often chose the balanced alternative. Participants with low social position spent less money on the total food basket than those with high social position but more on non-nutritious food, alcohol and tobacco. Conclusions: Cost seems to be less important than other mechanisms in the shaping of social dietary patterns and the use of alcohol and tobacco among the Inuit in Greenland. Rather than increasing the price of non-nutritious food or subsidising nutritious food, socially targeted interventions and public health promotion regarding food choice and prevention of excessive alcohol use and smoking are needed to change the purchase patterns.

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Association between wasting and food insecurity among children under five years: Findings from Nepal demographic health survey 2016

10.21203/rs.3.rs-15554/v4 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sajama Nepali ◽

Padam Simkhada ◽

Ian Glyyn Davies

Keyword(s):

Food Insecurity ◽

Health Survey ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Secondary Analysis ◽

Sampling Frame ◽

Dietary Practices ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Children Under Five ◽

Under Five ◽

Food Insecure Households

Abstract Background: Wasting is a consequence of food insecurity, inappropriate dietary practices, and inadequate caring and feeding practices. The present study assessed association between wasting and household food insecurity among under five years old children, along with other socio-demographic characteristics.Methods: This study is a secondary analysis of the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016. The survey is cross-sectional in design with use of standardized tools. The sampling frame used is an updated version of the frame from the 2011 National Population and Housing Census. The participants were children under five years of age (n= 2414). Logistic regression was carried out to identify the odds of being wasted for children belonging to different levels of food insecure households using odds ratio and 95 percent confidence intervals. Results: The prevalence of wasting increased with the level of food insecurity, from mild (9.4%) to moderate (10.8%) and to severe (11.3%). The highest proportions of wasted children were in Province 2 (14.3%), from rural areas (10.1%), born to mothers with no education (12.4%) and from a richer quintile (11.3%). Children belonging to severe food insecure households had 1.36 (95%CI 0.72-2.57) adjusted odds of being wasted and those belonging to mild food insecure and moderately food insecure households had 1.13 (95%CI 0.65-1.97) and 1.36 (95%CI 0.72-2.57) odds of being wasted respectively. Province 1 (AOR 2.06, 95%CI 1.01-4.19) and Province 2 (AOR 2.45, 95%CI 1.22-4.95) were significantly associated with wasting.Conclusion: Considering the increment in childhood wasting as per level of food insecurity, an integrated intervention should be developed in Nepal that, 1. addresses improving knowledge and behavior of community people with respect to diet and nutrition; 2. reduce the problem of food insecurity through agricultural interventions.

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Diet quality is associated with reduced risk of hypertension among Inner Mongolia adults in northern China

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s136898001900301x ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 23 (9) ◽

pp. 1543-1554 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Xuemei Wang ◽

Aiping Liu ◽

Maolin Du ◽

Jing Wu ◽

Wenrui Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Generalized Linear Models ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Dietary Pattern ◽

Inner Mongolia ◽

Linear Models ◽

Protein Pattern ◽

Northern China ◽

High Protein ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Increased Risk

AbstractObjective:The present study investigated the association between dietary patterns and hypertension applying the Chinese Dietary Balance Index-07 (DBI-07).Design:A cross-sectional study on adult nutrition and chronic disease in Inner Mongolia. Dietary data were collected using 24 h recall over three consecutive days and weighing method. Dietary patterns were identified using principal components analysis. Generalized linear models and multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine the associations between DBI-07 and dietary patterns, and between dietary patterns and hypertension.Setting:Inner Mongolia (n 1861).Participants:A representative sample of adults aged ≥18 years in Inner Mongolia.Results:Four major dietary patterns were identified: ‘high protein’, ‘traditional northern’, ‘modern’ and ‘condiments’. Generalized linear models showed higher factor scores in the ‘high protein’ pattern were associated with lower DBI-07 (βLBS = −1·993, βHBS = −0·206, βDQD = −2·199; all P < 0·001); the opposite in the ‘condiments’ pattern (βLBS = 0·967, βHBS = 0·751, βDQD = 1·718; all P < 0·001). OR for hypertension in the highest quartile of the ‘high protein’ pattern compared with the lowest was 0·374 (95 % CI 0·244, 0·573; Ptrend < 0·001) in males. OR for hypertension in the ‘condiments’ pattern was 1·663 (95 % CI 1·113, 2·483; Ptrend < 0·001) in males, 1·788 (95 % CI 1·155, 2·766; Ptrend < 0·001) in females.Conclusions:Our findings suggested a higher-quality dietary pattern evaluated by DBI-07 was related to decreased risk for hypertension, whereas a lower-quality dietary pattern was related to increased risk for hypertension in Inner Mongolia.

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A Healthy Diet Is Not More Expensive than Less Healthy Options: Cost-Analysis of Different Dietary Patterns in Mexican Children and Adolescents

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13113871 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 3871

Author(s):

Patricia Clark ◽

Carlos F. Mendoza-Gutiérrez ◽

Diana Montiel-Ojeda ◽

Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez ◽

Desirée López-González ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Children And Adolescents ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Pediatric Population ◽

Principal Component ◽

Population Based ◽

Healthy Diet ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Mexican Children ◽

The Cost

Unhealthy diets are recognized as a major risk factor for many diseases. The decrease in costs of industrialized products, as well as the possible misinformation about a healthy diet, has led to new behaviors in the dietary patterns of the pediatric population. The costs of dietary patterns have not been estimated in our population, so the objective of this study was to determine the cost associated with dietary patterns in Mexican children and adolescents, hypothesizing that a healthy diet is not necessarily more economically expensive. This study analyzed data from a population-based cross-sectional study of healthy children and adolescents in Mexico City. Data were collected from a food frequency questionnaire and the meal cost of habitual food shopping. Eating patterns were obtained by using principal component analysis. A micro-costing technique was performed to obtain the direct costs of each pattern. When comparing the healthy pattern with the transition and non-healthy patterns, it was observed that there were no statistically significant differences between the dietary patterns (p = 0.8293). The cost of the healthy pattern only takes up 16.6% of the total biweekly income of a salaried Mexican. In this study, no differences were observed between the costs of a healthy and a less healthy diet.

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Dietary patterns and metabolic phenotypes in Brazilian adults: a population-based cross-sectional study

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980019002593 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 22 (18) ◽

pp. 3377-3383 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Dayana LM Pereira ◽

Leidjaira L Juvanhol ◽

Danielle CG Silva ◽

Giana Z Longo

Keyword(s):

Food Consumption ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Principal Component ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Alcoholic Beverages ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Metabolic Phenotypes

AbstractObjective:Dietary patterns have been pointed out as useful diet quality indicators, but evidence about their relationship to metabolic phenotypes is still scarce. Thus, the present study aimed to verify the relationship between dietary patterns and metabolic phenotypes in Brazilian adults.Design:Cross-sectional study. A food consumption frequency questionnaire assessed food consumption profiles. Metabolic phenotypes were defined based on the criteria of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: overweight or normal weight and metabolically healthy (MHOW and MHNW) or unhealthy (MUOW and MUNW). Dietary patterns were established through exploratory factor analysis and principal component analysis. The associations were tested using multinomial logistic regression.Setting:Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.Participants:Individuals (n 896) aged 20–59 years of both sexes, selected using probabilistic sampling.Results:Three dietary patterns were identified: Unhealthy pattern (alcoholic beverages, oils and fats, condiments, soda and juice, sugars and sweets, snacks, and meat and derivatives), Traditional pattern (culinary preparations, beans, milk and dairy products, and coffee and tea) and Healthy pattern (vegetables and fruits, whole grains, chicken and fish, and skimmed milk). Unhealthy pattern was positively associated with the MHOW and MUOW phenotypes in the fourth quartile (OR = 1·84; 95 % CI 1·06, 3·22) and in the third (OR = 1·94; 95 % CI 1·11, 3·39) and fourth (OR = 2·56; 95 % CI 1·41, 4·64) quartiles of consumption, respectively. Healthy pattern was also associated with these phenotypes.Conclusions:Both the pattern comprising energy-dense foods and the healthier pattern were associated with overweight phenotypes among Brazilian adults.

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Sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics in relation to dietary patterns among young Brazilian adults

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s136898001000162x ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 150-159 ◽

Cited By ~ 61

Author(s):

Maria Teresa A Olinto ◽

Walter C Willett ◽

Denise P Gigante ◽

Cesar G Victora

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Population Based ◽

Social Position ◽

Policy Implications ◽

Birth Cohort Study ◽

Processed Food ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Food Pattern ◽

High Adherence

AbstractObjectiveTo identify dietary patterns among young adults and the relationships with socio-economic, demographic and lifestyle characteristics.DesignPopulation-based, cross-sectional analysis of a cohort study. Food intake was assessed by a frequency questionnaire, and dietary patterns were identified using principal components analysis.SettingSouthern Brazil.SubjectsA total of 4202 men and women aged 23 years, who participated in the 1982 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study.ResultsFive dietary patterns were identified: common Brazilian, processed food, vegetable/fruit, dairy/dessert and tubers/pasta. Subjects who had low own or maternal educational levels, low social position or who were always poor throughout life had high adherence to the common Brazilian dietary pattern. In contrast, the processed food pattern was more likely to be followed by those belonging to middle and high social position and who were never poor. Men and smokers showed high adherence to the processed food and common Brazilian dietary patterns. Vegetable/fruit pattern was more likely to be followed by women and subjects engaged in physical activity. Women also showed high adherence to the dairy/dessert pattern.ConclusionsOur study among young Brazilian adults has identified distinct dietary patterns that are clearly influenced by socio-economic and lifestyle characteristics, which have important policy implications in a country with marked social and economic inequalities.

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Major dietary patterns in relation to demographic and socio-economic status and food insecurity in two Iranian ethnic groups living in Urmia, Iran

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980016001634 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 19 (18) ◽

pp. 3337-3348 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Arezoo Rezazadeh ◽

Nasrin Omidvar ◽

Hassan Eini-Zinab ◽

Mahmoud Ghazi-Tabatabaie ◽

Reza Majdzadeh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Insecurity ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Economic Status ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Activity Level ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Negatively Associated ◽

North West ◽

Socio Economic Status

AbstractObjectiveTo identify major dietary patterns and their association with socio-economic status (SES) and food insecurity in two major ethnic groups living in Urmia, north-west Iran.DesignA cross-sectional study.SettingAll four geographical zones of Urmia city.SubjectsParticipants (n 723; 427 women and 296 men), aged 20–64 years, from two ethnic groups (445 Azeri Turks and 278 Kurds).ResultsThree major dietary patterns were extracted: ‘Traditional High SES’ (THS), ‘Traditional Low SES’ (TLS) and ‘Transitional’. After adjusting for confounders, the THS pattern was positively associated with education level and negatively associated with moderate or severe food insecurity in Azeri Turks; whereas, among Kurds, it was more common in women and positively associated with age. The TLS pattern was more common among men and negatively associated with educational level and all levels of food insecurity in Azeris; while, among Kurds, it was more common among men, positively associated with being married and negatively associated with household income/capita. The ‘Transitional’ pattern was positively associated with being employed and negatively associated with age and all levels of food insecurity in Azeris; while, among Kurds, it was more common among men and negatively associated with age, being married and physical activity level.ConclusionsFindings suggest that household SES and food insecurity are associated with detrimental dietary patterns and that this effect may be stronger than cultural and ethnic background. These patterns differ by age and gender. Therefore, such characteristics should be considered in planning and formulating diet-related policies and programmes.

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How do context variables affect food insecurity in Mexico? Implications for policy and governance

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980019003082 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 23 (13) ◽

pp. 2445-2452 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mireya Vilar-Compte ◽

Pablo Gaitán-Rossi ◽

Diana Flores ◽

Vanessa Pérez-Cirera ◽

Graciela Teruel

Keyword(s):

Food Insecurity ◽

Linear Models ◽

Secondary Data ◽

State Level ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Household Level ◽

Multiple Variables ◽

Climate Vulnerability ◽

Political Differences ◽

Different Levels

AbstractObjective:To assess, from a systems perspective, how climate vulnerability and socio-economic and political differences at the municipal and state levels explain food insecurity in Mexico.Design:Using a cross-sectional design with official secondary data, we estimated three-level multinomial hierarchical linear models.Setting:The study setting is Mexico’s states and municipalities in 2014.Participants:Heads of households in a representative sample of the general population.Results:At the municipal level, vulnerability to climate disasters and a poverty index were significant predictors of food insecurity after adjusting for household-level variables. At the state level, gross domestic product and the number of nutrition programmes helped explain different levels of food insecurity but change in political party did not. Predictors varied in strength and significance according to the level of food insecurity.Conclusions:Findings evidence that, beyond food assistance programmes and household characteristics, multiple variables operating at different levels – like climate vulnerability and poverty – contribute to explain the degree of food insecurity. Food security governance is a well-suited multisectoral approach to address the complex challenge of hunger and access to a nutritious diet.

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Dietary patterns, food and macronutrient intakes among adults in three ethnic groups in rural Kenya

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980010003782 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 14 (9) ◽

pp. 1671-1679 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Andreas W Hansen ◽

Dirk L Christensen ◽

Melanie W Larsson ◽

Jeannette Eis ◽

Tue Christensen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Insecurity ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Food Groups ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Present Cross Sectional Study ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Rural Kenya

AbstractObjectiveTo compare dietary patterns and food and macronutrient intakes among adults in three ethnic groups in rural Kenya.DesignIn the present cross-sectional study, dietary intake was estimated in adult volunteers using two non-consecutive interactive 24 h recalls. Dietary patterns were assessed from the number of meals and snacks per day and from the food items and major food groups registered, and their contribution to energy intake (EI) was calculated. Anthropometric values were measured and sociodemographic data obtained using a questionnaire.SettingA cross-sectional study was conducted in the Bondo, Kitui and Transmara districts of rural Kenya. A high prevalence of food insecurity in Kenya underlines the importance of describing the dietary patterns and intakes in different Kenyan ethnic groups.SubjectsA total of 1163 (61 % women) adult Luo, Kamba and Maasai, with a mean age of 38·6 (range: 18–68) years, volunteered to participate.ResultsDietary patterns and food groups contributing to EI differed significantly among the ethnic groups. Mean EI ranged from 5·8 to 8·6 MJ/d among women and from 7·2 to 10·5 MJ/d among men, with carbohydrates contributing between 55·7 % and 74·2 % and fat contributing between 14·5 % and 30·2 % of total EI. Mean protein intake ranged from 0·72 to 1·3 g/kg per d, and EI:BMR ratio ranged between 1·1 and 1·6 in both sexes, and was highest among the Luo. Prevalence of underweight (BMI < 18·5 kg/m2) was 13·7 %, 20·5 % and 24·2 % in the Luo, Kamba and Maasai, respectively.ConclusionsThe degree of food insecurity measured as a degree of undernutrition and as dietary patterns differed considerably among the ethnic groups. The Maasai and Kamba in particular were exposed to food insecurity.

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