scholarly journals ­­Evolution and genomic organization of the sHSP gene cluster in Arthropods

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan Leask ◽  
Mackenzie Lovegrove ◽  
Abigail Walker ◽  
Elizabeth Duncan ◽  
Peter Dearden
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Environmental Response ◽  
Genomic Component ◽  
Coordinate Regulation ◽  
Holometabolous Insect ◽  
Ovary Activation ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Shsp Gene ◽  
Syntenic Gene ◽  
Hymenopteran Species

Abstract Background Conserved syntenic gene complexes are rare in Arthropods and likely only retained due to functional constraint. Numerous sHSPs have been identified in the genomes of insects, some of which are located clustered in close proximity. Previous phylogenetic analyses of these clustered sHSP have been limited to a small number of holometabolous insect species and have not determined the pattern of evolution of the clustered sHSP genes (sHSP-C) in insect or Arthropod lineages. Results Using eight genomes from representative insect orders and three non-insect arthropod genomes we have identified that a syntenic cluster of sHSPs (sHSP-C) is a hallmark of most Arthropod genomes. Using 11 genomes from Hymenopteran species our phylogenetic analyses have refined the evolution of the sHSP-C in Hymenoptera and found that the sHSP-C is order-specific with evidence of birth-and-death evolution in the hymenopteran lineage. Finally we have shown that the honeybee sHSP-C is co-ordinately expressed and is marked by genomic features, including H3K27me3 histone marks consistent with coordinate regulation, during honeybee ovary activation. Conclusions The syntenic sHSP-C is present in most insect genomes, and its conserved coordinate expression and regulation implies that it is an integral genomic component of environmental response in arthropods.

scholarly journals Evolution and genomic organization of the insect sHSP gene cluster and coordinate regulation in phenotypic plasticity

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan Leask ◽  
Mackenzie Lovegrove ◽  
Abigail Walker ◽  
Elizabeth Duncan ◽  
Peter Dearden
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Environmental Response ◽  
Genomic Component ◽  
Coordinate Regulation ◽  
Holometabolous Insect ◽  
Ovary Activation ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Shsp Gene ◽  
Syntenic Gene ◽  
Hymenopteran Species

Abstract Background Conserved syntenic gene complexes are rare in Arthropods and likely only retained due to functional constraint. Numerous sHSPs have been identified in the genomes of insects, some of which are located clustered in close proximity. Previous phylogenetic analyses of these clustered sHSP have been limited to a small number of holometabolous insect species and have not determined the pattern of evolution of the clustered sHSP genes (sHSP-C) in insect or Arthropod lineages. Results Using eight genomes from representative insect orders and three non-insect arthropod genomes we have identified that a syntenic cluster of sHSPs (sHSP-C) is a hallmark of most Arthropod genomes. Using 11 genomes from Hymenopteran species our phylogenetic analyses have refined the evolution of the sHSP-C in Hymenoptera and found that the sHSP-C is order-specific with evidence of birth-and-death evolution in the hymenopteran lineage. Finally we have shown that the honeybee sHSP-C is co-ordinately expressed and is marked by genomic features, including H3K27me3 histone marks consistent with coordinate regulation, during honeybee ovary activation. Conclusions The syntenic sHSP-C is present in most insect genomes, and its conserved coordinate expression and regulation implies that it is an integral genomic component of environmental response in arthropods.

scholarly journals Menin and Menin-Associated Proteins Coregulate Cancer Energy Metabolism

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2715
Author(s):  
Chih-Wei Chou ◽  
Xi Tan ◽  
Chia-Nung Hung ◽  
Brandon Lieberman ◽  
Meizhen Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Metabolic Stress ◽  
Primary Tumors ◽  
Coordinate Regulation ◽  
Atp Production ◽  
Metabolic Functions ◽  
Regulatory Mode ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Associated Proteins ◽  
Metabolic Regulators

The interplay between glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is central to maintain energy homeostasis. It remains to be determined whether there is a mechanism governing metabolic fluxes based on substrate availability in microenvironments. Here we show that menin is a key transcription factor regulating the expression of OXPHOS and glycolytic genes in cancer cells and primary tumors with poor prognosis. A group of menin-associated proteins (MAPs), including KMT2A, MED12, WAPL, and GATA3, is found to restrain menin’s full function in this transcription regulation. shRNA knockdowns of menin and MAPs result in reduced ATP production with proportional alterations of cellular energy generated through glycolysis and OXPHOS. When shRNA knockdown cells are exposed to metabolic stress, the dual functionality can clearly be distinguished among these metabolic regulators. A MAP can negatively counteract the regulatory mode of menin for OXPHOS while the same protein positively influences glycolysis. A close-proximity interaction between menin and MAPs allows transcriptional regulation for metabolic adjustment. This coordinate regulation by menin and MAPs is necessary for cells to rapidly adapt to fluctuating microenvironments and to maintain essential metabolic functions.

scholarly journals Structural and Evolutionary Inference from Molecular Variation in Neisseria Porins

1999 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 2406-2413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy P. Derrick ◽  
Rachel Urwin ◽  
Janet Suker ◽  
Ian M. Feavers ◽  
Martin C. J. Maiden
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Direct Sequencing ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Homology Model ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Variable Regions ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Lysine Residues ◽  
Porin Proteins

ABSTRACT The porin proteins of the pathogenic Neisseria species,Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis, are important as serotyping antigens, putative vaccine components, and for their proposed role in the intracellular colonization of humans. A three-dimensional structural homology model for Neisseria porins was generated from Escherichia coli porin structures and N. meningitidis PorA and PorB sequences. The Neisseria sequences were readily assembled into the 16-strand β-barrel fold characteristic of porins, despite relatively low sequence identity with theEscherichia proteins. The model provided information on the spatial relationships of variable regions of peptide sequences in the PorA and PorB trimers and insights relevant to the use of these proteins in vaccines. The nucleotide sequences of the porin genes from a number of other Neisseria species were obtained by PCR direct sequencing and from GenBank. Alignment and analysis of all available Neisseria porin sequences by use of the structurally conserved regions derived from the PorA and PorB structural models resulted in the recovery of an improved phylogenetic signal. Phylogenetic analyses were consistent with an important role for horizontal genetic exchange in the emergence of different porin classes and confirmed the close evolutionary relationships of the porins from N. meningitidis, N. gonorrhoeae,Neisseria lactamica, and Neisseria polysaccharea. Only members of this group contained three conserved lysine residues which form a potential GTP binding site implicated in pathogenesis. The model placed these residues on the inside of the pore, in close proximity, consistent with their role in regulating pore function when inserted into host cells.

scholarly journals Phylogeographic Relationships among Bombyx mandarina (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) Populations and Their Relationships to B. mori Inferred from Mitochondrial Genomes

Biology ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Min-Jee Kim ◽  
Jeong-Sun Park ◽  
Hyeongmin Kim ◽  
Seong-Ryul Kim ◽  
Seong-Wan Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern China ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Sister Relationship ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Northern Group ◽  
Chinese Origin ◽  
Public Data ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Northern Chinese ◽  
Chinese Group

We report 37 mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequences of Bombyx mori strains (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) and four of B. mandarina individuals, each preserved and collected, respectively, in South Korea. These mitogenome sequences combined with 45 public data showed a substantial genetic reduction in B. mori strains compared to the presumed ancestor B. mandarina, with the highest diversity detected in the Chinese origin B. mori. Chinese B. mandarina were divided into northern and southern groups, concordant to the Qinling–Huaihe line, and the northern group was placed as an immediate progenitor of monophyletic B. mori strains in phylogenetic analyses, as has previously been detected. However, one individual that was in close proximity to the south Qinling–Huaihe line was exceptional, belonging to the northern group. The enigmatic South Korean population of B. mandarina, which has often been regarded as a closer genetic group to Japan, was most similar to the northern Chinese group, evidencing substantial gene flow between the two regions. Although a substantial genetic divergence is present between B. mandarina in southern China and Japan, a highly supported sister relationship between the two regional populations may suggest the potential origin of Japanese B. mandarina from southern China instead of the Korean peninsula.

scholarly journals The evolution of hexapod engrailed-family genes: evidence for conservation and concerted evolution

2006 ◽  
Vol 273 (1595) ◽  
pp. 1733-1742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew D Peel ◽  
Maximilian J Telford ◽  
Michael Akam
Keyword(s):  
Concerted Evolution ◽  
Schistocerca Gregaria ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Gene Cassette ◽  
Gene Duplications ◽  
Gene Trees ◽  
Holometabolous Insect ◽  
Rich Domain ◽  
Family Gene ◽  
Conserved Gene

Phylogenetic analyses imply that multiple engrailed-family gene duplications occurred during hexapod evolution, a view supported by previous reports of only a single engrailed-family gene in members of the grasshopper genus Schistocerca and in the beetle Tribolium castaneum . Here, we report the cloning of a second engrailed-family gene from Schistocerca gregaria and present evidence for two engrailed-family genes from four additional hexapod species. We also report the existence of a second engrailed-family gene in the Tribolium genome. We suggest that the engrailed and invected genes of Drosophila melanogaster have existed as a conserved gene cassette throughout holometabolous insect evolution. In total 11 phylogenetically diverse hexapod orders are now known to contain species that possess two engrailed-family paralogues, with in each case only one paralogue encoding the RS-motif, a characteristic feature of holometabolous insect invected proteins. We propose that the homeoboxes of hexapod engrailed-family paralogues are evolving in a concerted fashion, resulting in gene trees that overestimate the frequency of gene duplication. We present new phylogenetic analyses using non-homeodomain amino acid sequence that support this view. The S. gregaria engrailed-family paralogues provide strong evidence that concerted evolution might in part be explained by recurrent gene conversion. Finally, we hypothesize that the RS-motif is part of a serine-rich domain targeted for phosphorylation.

scholarly journals Structural characterisation of a cyprinid (Cyprinus carpio L.) CRH, CRH-BP and CRH-R1, and the role of these proteins in the acute stress response

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 627-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
MO Huising ◽  
C van Schooten ◽  
AJ Taverne-Thiele ◽  
T Hermsen ◽  
BM Verburg-van Kemenade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Pars Intermedia ◽  
Structural Characterisation ◽  
Real Time Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Large Fibre ◽  
Acute Stress Response

We elucidated the structure of the principle factors regulating the initiation of the acute stress response in common carp: corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), CRH-receptor 1 (CRH-R1) and CRH-binding protein (CRH-BP). Phylogenetic analyses reveal that these proteins are evolutionarily well conserved in vertebrates. CRH and CRH-BP expression are not co-localised in the same hypothalamic perikarya. On the contrary, CRH-BP expression is limited to the perimeter of the nucleus preopticus (NPO), but is abundant in other regions, including an area directly rostral from, and in close proximity to, the NPO. Despite the lack of co-expression, the nerve fibres projecting onto both the rostral pars distalis (rPD) as well as the large fibre bundles projecting onto the pars intermedia (PI) contain CRH as well as CRH-BP, suggesting that both ACTH release from the rPD as well as the release of PI melanotrope content is regulated via CRH and CRH-BP. Finally, we show via real-time quantitative PCR that expression of hypothalamic CRH and CRH-BP following a 24 h restraint significantly increases, whereas PD CRH-R1 expression decreases; this reflects desensitisation of the PD for hypothalamic CRH output. We conclude that these factors are actively involved in the regulation of acute stress responses in the teleost fish.

scholarly journals Morphological, Karyological and Phylogenetic Analyses of three Artemisia species that Around the Van Lake in Turkey

Caryologia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pelin Yilmaz Sancar ◽  
Semsettin CIVELEK ◽  
Murat KURSAT
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Genetic Isolation ◽  
Natural Classification ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
The Family ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Artemisia Species ◽  
Different Populations

Artemisia is one of the biggest genera in the family Asteraceae, with around 500-600 taxa at specific and sub-specific levels and organised in five subgenera. Due to the high number of taxa, a lot taxonomists are trying to solve the problem of its classification and phylogeny but its natural classification still has not been achieved.The aim of this study is to try to solve the problematic systematic relationship between three different Artemisia species growing in close proximity to each other in the light of morphological, karyological and molecular data.The roots, stems, leaves, flowers structures of the plant samples collected from different populations belong to these species were investigated within the framework of morphological studies. Additionally, the chromosome counts and karyotype analysises of these species were made and idiograms were drawn in the karyological studies. In the context of phylogenetic studies, ITS and trn regions of 22 individuals belonging to 3 taxa were studied. It has been found that there is complete speciation genetic isolation mechanism between the species A. spicigera, A. taurica and A. fragrans that inhibit gene flow. A. fragrans and A. spicigera species are very similar to each other in terms of morphological characteristics. However, since populations of the species a fragrans are otopolyploid, the dimensional values of their morphological squares are larger than those of the species A. spicigera.This study is important as it is the first molecular based study relating with some species of Artemisia growing naturally in Turkey.

Effects of Vincristine on Endothelial Microtubules in the Spinal Cord

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 58-59
Author(s):  
John L. Beggs ◽  
John D. Waggener ◽  
Wanda Miller
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Biological Activity ◽  
Horseradish Peroxidase ◽  
Transport Mechanism ◽  
Vasogenic Edema ◽  
Vesicular Transport ◽  
Close Proximity

Microtubules (MT) are versatile organelles participating in a wide variety of biological activity. MT involvement in the movement and transport of cytoplasmic components has been well documented. In the course of our study on trauma-induced vasogenic edema in the spinal cord we have concluded that endothelial vesicles contribute to the edema process. Using horseradish peroxidase as a vascular tracer, labeled endothelial vesicles were present in all situations expected if a vesicular transport mechanism was in operation. Frequently,labeled vesicles coalesced to form channels that appeared to traverse the endothelium. The presence of MT in close proximity to labeled vesicles sugg ested that MT may play a role in vesicular activity.

Experiments with a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) mounted in a scanning electron microscope (SEM)

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 636-639
Author(s):  
Oliver C. Wells ◽  
Mark E. Welland
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Tunneling Current ◽  
Feedback System ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Surface Profiling ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Metal Tip ◽  
Scanning Electron

Scanning tunneling microscopes (STM) exist in two versions. In both of these, a pointed metal tip is scanned in close proximity to the specimen surface by means of three piezos. The distance of the tip from the sample is controlled by a feedback system to give a constant tunneling current between the tip and the sample. In the low-end STM, the system has a mechanical stability and a noise level to give a vertical resolution of between 0.1 nm and 1.0 nm. The atomic resolution STM can show individual atoms on the surface of the specimen.A low-end STM has been put into the specimen chamber of a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The first objective was to investigate technological problems such as surface profiling. The second objective was for exploratory studies. This second objective has already been achieved by showing that the STM can be used to study trapping sites in SiO2.

Ultrastructure and Senescence in an Achloroplastic Mutant of Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Dyan

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 844-845
Author(s):  
R.H.M. Cross ◽  
C.E.J. Botha ◽  
A.K. Cowan ◽  
B.J. Hartley
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Lethal Mutant ◽  
Cytoplasmic Matrix ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Pinocytotic Vesicles

Senescence is an ordered degenerative process leading to death of individual cells, organs and organisms. The detection of a conditional lethal mutant (achloroplastic) of Hordeum vulgare has enabled us to investigate ultrastructural changes occurring in leaf tissue during foliar senescence.Examination of the tonoplast structure in six and 14 day-old mutant tissue revealed a progressive degeneration and disappearance of the membrane, apparently starting by day six in the vicinity of the mitochondria associated with the degenerating proplastid (Fig. 1.) where neither of the plastid membrane leaflets is evident (arrows, Fig. 1.). At this stage there was evidence that the mitochondrial membranes were undergoing retrogressive changes, coupled with disorganization of cristae (Fig. 2.). Proplastids (P) lack definitive prolamellar bodies. The cytoplasmic matrix is largely agranular, with few endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cisternae or polyribosomal aggregates. Interestingly, large numbers of actively-budding dictysomes, associated with pinocytotic vesicles, were observed in close proximity to the plasmalemma of mesophyll cells (Fig. 3.). By day 14 however, mesophyll cells showed almost complete breakdown of subcellular organelle structure (Fig. 4.), and further evidence for the breakdown of the tonoplast. The final stage of senescence is characterized by the solubilization of the cell wall due to expression and activity of polygalacturonase and/or cellulose. The presence of dictyosomes with associated pinocytotic vesicles formed from the mature face, in close proximity to both the plasmalemma and the cell wall, would appear to support the model proposed by Christopherson for the secretion of cellulase. This pathway of synthesis is typical for secretory glycoproteins.

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