scholarly journals Degradation of Acrylic Acid/acrylamide Superabsorbent Copolymer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wichanee Bankeeree ◽  
Chalermkwan Samathayanon ◽  
Sehanat Prasongsuk ◽  
Pongtharin Lotrakul ◽  
Suda Kiatkamjornwong
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Mung Bean ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Chemical Oxidation ◽  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
Fungal Culture ◽  
Water Absorbency ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Poly Acrylamide

Abstract Poly(potassium acrylate), P(KA), and poly[acrylamide-co-(potassium acrylate)], P(Am-co-KA), were synthesized and an effective degradation technique of the polymers via chemical and biological processes were pursued. Significant reductions in dry mass and water absorbency were observed after P(KA) (53% and 54%, respectively) and P(Am-co-KA) (43% and 40%, respectively) were buried in the soil for ten weeks. The living fungal culture failed to degrade the polymers, but the enzymatic treatment using crude peroxidase (20 U/g) for 16 h significantly decreased the dry mass (15%; 15.0±0.3 g) and water absorbency (13%; 16.0±1.0 g/g) of P(KA). Chemical oxidation using H2O2 at high temperature with/without peroxidase efficiently degraded P(KA) and P(Am-co-KA). The maximum degradation of P(KA) (99.84% weight loss) was obtained when incubated with 12.8% (v/w) H2O2 at 65 ºC for 7.3 h while 98.43% weight loss was achieved after P(Am-co-KA) was incubated with 14.8% (v/w) H2O2 at 68 ºC for 9.2 h. No significant inhibition was observed in seed germination of mung bean grown on the untreated polymers but sweet corn was slightly inhibited. The effects of degraded products on mung bean germination were not significantly different from the control and untreated polymers. On sweet corn, the degraded products were apparently less toxic than did the untreated polymers. These results suggested that the rapid and efficient degradation of polyacrylate and its copolymer by the thermo-oxidation of H2O2 could be applied for a larger scale of SAP waste management.

scholarly journals Miltefosine Administration in Cats with Refractory Sporotrichosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Francina Dos Santos Silva ◽  
Simone Carvalho dos Santos Cunha ◽  
Andrea Regina de Souza Baptista ◽  
Vivian Dos Santos Baptista ◽  
Kássia Valéria Gomes Coelho da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Sporothrix Schenckii ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Fungal Culture ◽  
Cutaneous Lesions

Background: Sporotrichosis is a zoonosis caused by fungi of the Sporothrix schenckii complex. Cats have important zoonotic potential due to the high parasite load found in the cutaneous lesions. Refractory cases to antifungal therapy are increasing, becoming a public health problem. Miltefosine is a drug with high in vitro activity against Sporothrix brasiliensis. However, this efficacy has not been confirmed in vivo yet and administration has not been studied in the feline species. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of miltefosine administration in cats with resistant sporotrichosis.Materials, Methods & Results: Ten cats with refractory sporotrichosis were included in this study. Inclusion criteria were previous diagnosis for sporotrichosis associated with therapy with oral antifungals (itraconazole and/or potassium iodide) for more than one year, followed by one of these conditions: incomplete clinical remission, worsening of disease during treatment or recurrence after conventional treatment. Cats underwent clinical and dermatological examinations. Data on lifestyle and previous treatments were provided by the owners. Fungal culture and histochemical techniques were performed in all cats before miltefosine treatment. Blood samples were collected before and during the study for laboratory tests, such as blood count, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase, as well as serology for Feline Immunodeficiency (FIV) and Feline Leukemia (FeLV). Miltefosine was prescribed at a dosage of 2 mg/kg orally every 24 h. The animals were monitored by phone during the whole process and reassessed on days 0, 15, 30 and 45 of the treatment. Out of 10 cats, lesions were present on the nose in nine, ears in four, periocular areas in one and limbs in four. One cat received treatment for 45 days, six for 30 days, one for 21 days, one for 15 days and one for 3 days. One cat showed no response to the treatment and nine showed disease progression. Hyporexia and weight loss were the most frequent clinical signs related to miltefosine treatment, followed by sialorrhea, vomiting and diarrhea. Few adverse effects on hematology and biochemistry (mainly renal and hepatic parameters) were observed during the study. Hematocrit decrease was observed in four animals. However, only one cat had hematocrit decrease below normal values (anemia), which was already present before miltefosine administration. Other cats had a decrease of five points. Three cats showed elevation in leucometria and four in plasma protein. In relation to renal and hepatic biochemistry, one animal showed a BUN increase and another one showed a transient increase in ALT. Two animals started the treatment with increased ALT but had no problems during the study and values decreased even during the miltefosine administration.Discussion: Although two cats showed sialorrhea, most owners did not report difficulty in administering the drug orally, representing an advantage of this medication. Weight loss, secondary to gastrointestinal changes, was the most clinically relevant alteration. The most frequent hematological alteration was hematocrit decrease and only the animal that started the study with 20% hematocrit ended the study with anemia. Renal and hepatic parameters were not significant in the cats of this study. Miltefosine did not lead to sporotrichosis remission in this small population of cats, which reveals that, despite its in vitro efficacy against Sporothrix spp., the drug is not effective in vivo in the feline species. Further studies are needed to investigate the efficacy of this drug in a larger number of cats, and possible reasons for its in vivo ineffectiveness.

scholarly journals Biodegradation of phenol and catechol in cloud water: comparison to chemical oxidation in the atmospheric multiphase system

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 4987-4997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saly Jaber ◽  
Audrey Lallement ◽  
Martine Sancelme ◽  
Martin Leremboure ◽  
Gilles Mailhot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Chemical Oxidation ◽  
Cloud Water ◽  
Multiphase System ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Oxidation Reactions ◽  
Atmospheric Models ◽  
Degradation Rates

Abstract. The sinks of hydrocarbons in the atmosphere are usually described by oxidation reactions in the gas and aqueous (cloud) phases. Previous lab studies suggest that in addition to chemical processes, biodegradation by bacteria might also contribute to the loss of organics in clouds; however, due to the lack of comprehensive data sets on such biodegradation processes, they are not commonly included in atmospheric models. In the current study, we measured the biodegradation rates of phenol and catechol, which are known pollutants, by one of the most active strains selected during our previous screening in clouds (Rhodococcus enclensis). For catechol, biodegradation is about 10 times faster than for phenol. The experimentally derived biodegradation rates are included in a multiphase box model to compare the chemical loss rates of phenol and catechol in both the gas and aqueous phases to their biodegradation rate in the aqueous phase under atmospheric conditions. Model results show that the degradation rates in the aqueous phase by chemical and biological processes for both compounds are similar to each other. During day time, biodegradation of catechol is even predicted to exceed the chemical activity in the aqueous phase and to represent a significant sink (17 %) of total catechol in the atmospheric multiphase system. In general, our results suggest that atmospheric multiphase models may be incomplete for highly soluble organics as biodegradation may represent an unrecognized efficient loss of such organics in cloud water.

Susceptibility of mung bean varieties to Callosobruchus chinensis under storage conditions

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. R. Parmar ◽  
B. H. Patel
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Mung Bean ◽  
Oviposition Preference ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Callosobruchus Chinensis

Investigations were carried out during 2013 on mung bean for their susceptibility against Callosobruchus chinensis L. under storage. Among the mung bean varieties; Vishal, Samrat, GM-3, GM-4 and K-851 were found resistant based on oviposition preference (7.97/20 seeds, 8.74, 8.99, 9.17 and 9.49, respectively), population growth (345.09, 371.99, 397.50, 405.52, and 437.56, respectively), per cent weight loss (6.11%, 7.43%, 8.08%, 9.28% and 11.04%, respectively) and per cent germination loss (29.27%, 36.03%, 34.91%, 40.36% and 40.42%, respectively) against C. chinensis. Variety VMS-6 was also found resistant based on oviposition preference (9.61), population growth (437.56) and germination loss (43.87%) whereas GM-2 was resistant based on oviposition preference (10.72).

scholarly journals Sweet Corn Performance under Different Tillage Systems

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 594d-594
Author(s):  
D.J. Makus
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Corn Earworm ◽  
Total N ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Plant Stand ◽  
M 12 ◽  
Common Purslane ◽  
Conventional Ct

The performance of two sweet corn (Zea mays var. saccharata) cultivars grown in the Rio Grande Valley in Spring 1997 were evaluated under three tillage practices. On 25 Apr. 1997, `Champ' and `Sensor' seeds were sown on 0.76-m row centers of 4.6 x 91-m (12 x 300-ft) plots which had been in continuous conventional (CT), minimum tillage (MT), and/or no tillage (NT) since Aug. 1994. All production inputs were similar except tillage practice. Ears were harvested beginning 16 Jun 1997. Cultivars differed in leaf greenness, plant stand (P < 0.11), ear diameter, length, and dry matter, percentage of total yield at first harvest, season yield, and ears/ha. `Sensor' ears had higher concentrations (dry-mass basis) of total N, K, S, NO3, and B, but lower concentrations of Mg (P < 0.06), Ca, Fe, and Mn than did `Champ'. Amaranthus spp. weed populations were higher in `Champ' then in `Sensor' tillage treatments. MT and CT resulted in greater ear attributes, yield, ears/ha, and less corn earworm damage, lower ear S concentrations, and fewer total weeds/ha than corn grown with NT. Plant stand was highest in CT plots. Weed populations of Panicum and Amaranthus spp., but not Texas tridens [Tridens texanus (S. Wats.) Nash] or common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.), were higher in NT-grown corn than MT- or CT-grown corn.

scholarly journals Water-swellable rubber blend from epoxidized natural rubber and superabsorbent polymer composite

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajaman Adair ◽  
Azizon Kaesaman ◽  
Pairote Klinpituksa
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Polymer Composite ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Water Absorbency ◽  
Superabsorbent Polymer ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Water Swelling

Epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and a superabsorbent polymer composite (SAPC) along with other minor components were mechanically blended in an internal mixer (Brabender Plasticorder) at 40°C and 60 r/min rotor speed with 80% fill factor. The SAPC was synthesized by grafting polyacrylamide onto hydroxyethyl cellulose backbones and adding bentonite clay. The first water-swelling behavior was investigated with alternative epoxidation levels of the ENR. Water-swellable rubber (WSR) performed well in terms of water absorbency, and weight loss was achieved with 50 mole% epoxidation level, so this ENR was chosen for the rubber matrix from which WSR was prepared with various contents of SAPC (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 phr). The results indicated that SAPC loading positively affected water absorbency, which was resulted by increasing weight loss and loss of mechanical properties, such as tensile strength and elongation at break. However, the modulus increased with SAPC content. WSR formulated from ENR-50, SAPC, and other ingredients resulting in good water-swelling behaviors and modulus, while the tensile strength and elongation at break had opposition. SAPC was an important factor to control the overall WSR properties.

Treatment of Perfume Manufacturing Wastewaters by Co-Metabolism with an Alcohol Substrate

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-141
Author(s):  
M. C. Goronszy
Keyword(s):  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Chemical Oxidation ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Waste Sludge ◽  
Chemical Oxidants ◽  
Aeration Process ◽  
Scale Reactor

A fragrance manufacturing wastewater is to be treated using a flowsheet which includes combined equalization and organics stripping, biological treatment followed by catalyzed chemical oxidation and waste sludge handling. Two biological processes were investigated for comparison. The first was a conventional extended aeration process, using a bench-scale reactor; the second was a cyclically operated activated sludge system batch reactor using a demonstration unit on-site. Operating parameters for generating an effluent quality of around 600 mg/L COD, through biological treatment, were established. It was found necessary to adjust the feed substrate concentration with a concentrated wastewater component to support microbial growth. The combined fragrance manufacturing waste stream was characterized by an initial COD of around 23000 mg/L. The treatment facility is required to meet a 300 mg/L COD, 175 mg/L BOD and 250 mg/L TSS effluent quality by the regulatory authorities. Satisfactory removal of residual COD to meet the discharge specification was obtained in bench tests using catalyzed chemical oxidants following biological treatment. The design intent of the full-scale facility is 38000 litres/day.

Chitin as an indicator of the biomass of two wood-decay fungi in relation to temperature, incubation time, and media composition

1998 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 575-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kent Nilsson ◽  
Jonny Bjurman
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Chitin Content ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi

Cell wall chitin was determined in the mycelia of the brown rot fungus Neolentinus lepideus (Lentinus lepideus) and an isolate of the soft rot fungus Phialophora sp. to study the correlation to mycelial dry mass. The fungi were incubated as liquid cultures for three incubation periods at three temperatures in six nutrient media with varying levels and combinations of carbon and nitrogen. The glucosamine yield was found to be maximized by hydrolysis at 90°C for 48 h. The chitin content in the studied fungi varied from 8.3 to 39.8 μg.mg-1for N. lepideus and 7.7 to 46 μg.mg-1for the Phialophora isolate. The chitin concentration was remarkably constant, about 10 μg.mg-1, in mycelia growing on the low nitrogen malt extract medium. An experiment with wood blocks indicated that chitin may be a good marker for total fungal biomass production, including living and dead mycelia, in early stages of wood decay (dry weight loss <6%). At higher dry weight losses, the chitin content reaches a plateau or decreases despite continuing degradation as determined by the dry weight loss. The chitin content of visible mycelia growing on wood was determined for both fungi and found to be 19.1 and 12.9 μg.mg-1for N. lepideus and the Phialophora isolate, respectively.Key words: chitin, wood-decay fungi, utility poles, brown rot, soft rot, glucosamine, colorimetry.

scholarly journals Production of mint under planting densities of mung bean (Vigna radiata) in loam argisol yellow red latosol

2018 ◽  
pp. 1197-1202
Author(s):  
Ariana Morais Neves ◽  
Paulo César Ferreira Linhares ◽  
Lunara de Sousa Alves ◽  
Roberto Pequeno de Sousa ◽  
Janilson Pinheiro de Assis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Production ◽  
Mung Bean ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Mentha Piperita ◽  
Green Mass ◽  
Biomass Management ◽  
Red Latosol

The use of legumes as fertilizer haqs been a viable option for the farmers who work in the production of medicinal plants with agroecological management. In this sense, the objective was to evaluate the production of mint under planting densities of mung bean in loam argisol yellow red latosol. The experiment was conducted at the Rafael Fernandes Experimental Farm, in the Alagoinha district, rural area of Mossoró, RN, Brazil, from August 2016 to March 2017. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks with the treatments arranged in 4 x 2 factorial scheme with three replicates. The first factor consisted of sowing densities (50; 100; 150 and 200 plants m-2) and the second factor was management systems such as incorporation and permanence (covered) of mung bean biomass on the soil surface. The cultivar "Mentha piperita" was used for the mint crop. The evaluated characteristics were the following: biomass height, green mass production, number of bunches, dry mass production, oil content and oil production of mint. The sowing density of 150 plants m-2 of mung bean provided production and number of mint bunches of 2.63 kg m-2 and 26.3 units m-2, respectively. For the forms of biomass management (incorporated and covered), no statistical difference was observed for the characteristics of the production of green mass, number of bunches, content and oil production of mint. The use of mung bean as a green manure for mint production is feasible to be used by farmers in northeastern Brazil.

scholarly journals TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES OF PRODUCED WATER FROM OIL AND GAS EXTRACTION: A REVIEW

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (Special) ◽  
pp. 3-130-3-148
Author(s):  
Anaheed S. Hameed ◽  
◽  
Mohammed N. Abbas ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Chemical Oxidation ◽  
Gas Extraction ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Physical Absorption ◽  
Exploration And Production ◽  
Treatment Technologies

Exploration and production of oil and gas are two operations that have the ability to damage and polluted the environment. The most significant waste created by these operations is produced water. Since the produced water includes toxic pollutants in both organic and inorganic compounds, produced water from oil and gas extraction cannot be discharged directly into the environment. Uncontrolled discharge can cause damage to the environment, including the loss of marine and plant life. Until being discharged into the environment, the produced water must be treated to meet the quality requirements. This article reviewed the sources, characteristics, and extent of pollution caused by oil and gas producing water, as well as different technologies for treating or disposing it. Physical (absorption, membrane filtration etc.), chemical (oxidation and sedimentation) and biological processes can all be used to treat the produced water (activated sludge, biological air filters etc.) Because no single technology can satisfy the acceptable effluent properties, two or more treatment systems can be used in a sequential process.

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