scholarly journals Socio-demographic risk factors of esophageal carcinoma: A case control study in a tertiary care hospital, Kabul Afghanistan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramin Saadaat ◽  
Jamshid Abdul-Ghafar ◽  
Nooria Atta ◽  
Tazeen Sayed Ali
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
P Value ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Common Cancer ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Demographic Risk ◽  
Demographic Risk Factors ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Introduction Esophageal cancer (EC) is 7th most common cancer in world in term of incidence and 6th common cancer in term of mortality. In Afghanistan, EC is the most common cancer in males. The socio-demographic status has been known as associated factor for EC. We carried out this study to determine the associated risk factors with EC in a tertiary hospital in Kabul, Afghanistan. Methodology Unmatched case control study of socio-demographic risk factors and EC was conducted at French Medical Institute for Mother and Children (FMIC). We enrolled and analyzed 132 EC cases and 132 normal controls to find out the associated risk factors for EC Result In current study Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ESCC) was the predominant EC type (75.8%). The mean age of the case group is 59.48 ± 9.9 years and in control group is 48.05 ± 11.02, (OR: 1.070, 95% CI, p-value <0.001). Majority of the cases group are male (69.6%) (OR: 3.538, 95% CI, p-value 0.022). Participants living in rural areas have the 25-times higher risk of EC than living in urban regions. Un-educated and lower education are highly associated with the risk of EC (OR: 11.21, 95% CI, p-value: <0.001) as well as, having low Socioeconomic status was also highly associated with the increased risk of EC (OR: 14.08, 95% CI, p-value: <0.001). Having family history in first degree family highly associated with the risk of EC (OR: 4.581, 95% CI, p-value <0.001). Although, the majority of the EC patients were unemployed (93.3%) of which 75% were farmer comparing to control which comprises 55.3% of unemployed statistically in multivariate analysis it showed no significant association with EC. In addition, living area according country zones and provinces, weight and height and ethnicity showed no significant association with EC. Conclusion The study concluded that EC is common cancer in older age groups and, predominance in males. In addition, living in rural areas, being un-educated or having lower education, belonging to low socioeconomic status, and having positive family history in first degree relatives are associated with high risk of EC in our study.

scholarly journals Sociocultural and Demographic Risk Factors for the Development of Multiple Sclerosis in Kuwait: A Case - Control Study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. e0132106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhail N. Al-Shammri ◽  
Magdy G. Hanna ◽  
Arpita Chattopadhyay ◽  
Abayomi O. Akanji
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Demographic Risk ◽  
Demographic Risk Factors ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals Spatial and epidemiologic features of dengue in Sabah, Malaysia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Murphy ◽  
Giri Shan Rajahram ◽  
Jenarun Jilip ◽  
Marilyn Maluda ◽  
Timothy William ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Severe Dengue ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Dengue Transmission ◽  
Rural Settings ◽  
Dengue Outbreaks ◽  
Demographic Risk ◽  
Demographic Risk Factors

AbstractIn South East Asia, dengue epidemics have increased in size and geographical distribution in recent years. Most studies investigating dengue transmission and control have had an urban focus, while less consideration is currently given to rural settings, or where urban and rural areas overlap. We examined the spatiotemporal distribution and epidemiological characteristics of reported dengue cases in the predominantly rural state of Sabah, in Malaysian Borneo – an area where sylvatic and urban circulation of pathogens are known to intersect. We found that annual dengue incidence rates were spatially variable over the 7-year study period from 2010-2016 (state-wide mean annual incidence of 21 cases/100,000 people; range 5-42/100,000), but were highest in rural localities in the western districts of the state (Kuala Penyu, Nabawan, Tenom and Kota Marudu). The eastern districts exhibited lower overall dengue rates; however, we noted a concentration of severe (haemorrhagic) dengue cases (44%) in Sandakan and Tawau districts. Dengue incidence was slightly higher for males than females, and was significantly higher for both genders aged between 10 and 29 years (24/100,000; p=0.029). The largest ever recorded outbreaks occurred during 2015-2016, with the vector Aedes albopictus found to be most prevalent in both urban and rural households (House Index of 64%), compared with Ae. Aegypti (15%). These findings suggest that dengue outbreaks in Sabah are driven by the sporadic expansion of dengue virus in both urban and rural settings. This may require tailoring of preventative strategies to suit different transmission ecologies across Sabah. Further studies to better understand the drivers of dengue in Sabah may aid dengue control efforts in Malaysia, and more broadly in South East Asia.Author summaryIn order to combat the rising regional incidence of dengue in South East Asia, the drivers of transmission must be better characterised across different environmental settings. We conducted the first retrospective analysis of dengue epidemiology in the predominantly rural state of Sabah, Malaysia, where both urban and sylvatic transmission cycles exist. Human notification data over a 7-year period were reviewed and spatiotemporal and demographic risk factors identified. We found: Urban habitats and population density are not the only determinants mediating the spread of epidemic dengue in Sabah. Case from both urban and rural localities contributed equally to dengue outbreaks.Human demographic risk factors included being aged between 10 and 29 years, and being male.High incidence areas for dengue do not predict the occurrence of severe dengue. Severe dengue was largely localised to lower incidence districts in the east of the state.The sole presence of Aedes albopictus in and around the majority of urban and rural case households suggests that this vector may play a major role in facilitating outbreaks.A complex interplay of risk factors likely mediates dengue transmission in Sabah, influenced by both regional climate trends and localised human and ecological influences. This study emphasises that the increasing spread of dengue in urban South East Asia is also mirrored in more rural areas, and suggests a need for control strategies that address both urban and rural dengue risk.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Hepatitis B Infection among Blood Donors at a Tertiary Care Centre in Kerala, South India

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (20) ◽  
pp. 1526-1531
Author(s):  
Indu Pachampully Kumaran ◽  
Meena Dharmadas ◽  
Sasikala Nadanganan ◽  
Sajith Vilambil ◽  
Suchithra Erath Thadathil
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
South India ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
P Value ◽  
Hepatitis B Infection ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
First Time

BACKGROUND Hepatitis B infection is a serious global public health problem and one among the transfusion transmitted infections (TTI). The prevalence of hepatitis varies across the world. There are several risk factors for HBV infection. We wanted to find out the prevalence of HBV infection among the blood donors and its relevant risk factors. METHODS This is a descriptive study conducted among healthy, voluntary and replacement blood donors. A total of 2400 blood donors were selected for the study by systemic random sampling method. Blood samples from these donors were tested for detection of HBsAg through enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to find out prevalence of infection. Various risk factors were compared among the blood donors for positive HBV infection. All statistical data were analysed using SPSS software version 16. RESULTS Total prevalence of HBV infection among the individuals of the study population was 0.45 %. When the risk factors for getting the HBV infection were analysed, unvaccinated blood donors gave a prevalence of 0.6 % (P value 0.001). Prevalence of HBV infection among blood donors with other risk factors were 0.63 % in first time donors (P value 0.04), 7.3 % in replacement blood donors (P value 0.01), 0.97 % in low socioeconomic status (0.03). Where as prevalence of infection among males was 0.49 % and females was 0.26 %. HBV infection among blood donors who were single was 0.34 % compared to married as 0.52 %. Hence the statistical analysis showed P value > 0.05, gender and marital status of the blood donors in the study is not significant for getting HBV infection. CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of HBV infection among blood donors was markedly less compared to prevalence in south India which shows that donor selection criteria was satisfactory to screen the blood donors during donor selection itself. In the study HBV unvaccinated blood donors, first time donors, replacement donors, and donors from low socioeconomic status were found to be significant risk factor to get HBV infection. KEYWORDS Transfusion Transmitted Infection, Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay, HBsAg, Voluntary Blood Donors, Seroprevalence, HBV Vaccine

scholarly journals Behavioral, health- related and demographic risk factors of death in floods: A case-control study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0262005
Author(s):  
Arezoo Yari ◽  
Homa Yousefi Khoshsabegheh ◽  
Yadolah Zarezadeh ◽  
Ali Ardalan ◽  
Mohsen Soufi Boubakran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Behavioral Health ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Demographic Risk ◽  
Demographic Risk Factors ◽  
Control Study

During the first half of 2019, many provinces of Iran were affected by floods, which claimed the lives of 82 people. The present study aimed to investigate the behavioral, health related and demographic risk factors associated with deaths due to floods. We measured the odds ratio and investigated the contribution and significance of the factors in relation to mortality. This case-control study was conducted in the cities affected by flood in Iran. Data were collected on the flood victims using a questionnaire. Survivors, a member of the flood victim’s family, were interviewed. In total, 77 subjects completed the survey in the case group, and 310 subjects completed the survey in the control group. The findings indicated that factors such as the age of less than 18 years, low literacy, being trapped in buildings/cars, and risky behaviors increased the risk of flood deaths. Regarding the behavioral factors, perceived/real swimming skills increased the risk of flood deaths although it may seem paradoxical. This increment is due to increased self confidence in time of flood. On the other hand, skills and abilities such as evacuation, requesting help, and escape decreased the risk of flood deaths. According to the results, the adoption of support strategies, protecting vulnerable groups, and improving the socioeconomic status of flood-prone areas could prevent and reduce the risk of flood deaths.

scholarly journals Modifiable Demographic Factors that Differentiate Bronchiolitis from Pneumonia in Nepalese Children Less Than Two Years – A Hospital Based Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Malla ◽  
P Poudyal ◽  
KK Malla
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
P Value ◽  
Maternal Knowledge ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Animal Milk ◽  
Demographic Risk ◽  
Demographic Risk Factors

Background Bronchiolitis and pneumonia is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in children. Various risk factors make these children more prone for this illness. There is limited data on the risk factors from this part of the world. Moreover there is a significant clinical overlap between bronchiolitis and pneumonia thus necessitating the need for evaluating their demographic difference.Objective To evaluate the modifiable demographic risk factors for bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children less than 2 years.Method A prospective, comparative hospital based study undertaken during March 2012- March 2013 in Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara. Altogether 200 cases of bronchiolitis and 200 cases of pneumonia, in the age group of 2 to 24 months, were randomly selected for comparison of risk factors as per a predesigned proforma. A ‘p’ value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Data was analyzed by using SPPS version 16.Result The significant risk factors for bronchiolitis were age < 6 months (p<0.001), prematurity (p<0.001),male(P<0.04), younger maternal age (p< 0.009), poor maternal knowledge (p<0.013), air pollution and lack of ventilation (p<0.001), exposure to cooking fuel – kerosene (p<0.007), firewood (p<0.001) , tobacco smoke (p<0.001), overcrowding (0.008), winter season (p<0.015), domestic pets (p<0.003), low birth weight (p<003), use of animal milk (p<0.001).The significant risk factors for pneumonia were age 13 months- 24 months, maternal age 26- 35 yrs (p<0.009), female (p< 0.04), malnutrition, lack of Vitamin A supplementation and immunization (p<0.001).Conclusion Most of the risk factors for bronchiolitis and pneumonia identified in this study were modifiable; hence could be prevented to decrease the burden of both the diseases.Kathmandu University Medical Journal Vol.12(3) 2014; 175-180

scholarly journals Socio-demographic risk factors associated with HIV infection in patients seeking medical advice in a rural hospital of India

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerardo Alvarez-Uria ◽  
Manoranjan Midde ◽  
Praveen K. Naik
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Rural Hospital ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Demographic Risk ◽  
Demographic Risk Factors

Despite the fact that two thirds of HIV infected people in India are rural residents, risk factors associated with HIV infection in rural areas are not well known. In this study we have collected socio-demographic data of 6406 patients who were tested for HIV infection in a rural hospital of India and we have investigated risk factors associated with HIV. In women the most important risk factor was being a widow and the risk was higher in younger than in older widows. Other variables found to be associated with HIV infection were age between 25 and 45 years in men, low education level (especially those who only completed primary education) and working in a field not related to agriculture in scheduled castes and men from scheduled tribes. The results of this study express the need for HIV screening of widows who live in rural areas of Indian States with high HIV prevalence.

scholarly journals Risk Factors for Adverse Outcome in Pregnant Women with Obstructed Labor

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-33
Author(s):  
Baburam Dixit Thapa ◽  
Mohan Chandra Regmi ◽  
R Rai
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Perinatal Mortality ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Adverse Outcome ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Obstructed Labour

Aims: The aim of the study was to assess the risk factors for adverse outcomes in pregnancy with obstructed labor.Methods: It was a prospective descriptive study conducted at BP Koirala Institute of Health sciences (BPKIHS).The patients with obstructed labour were managed and followed up until delivery and six weeks postpartum from Jan to Dec 2012.Results: There were 57 (0.6%) cases of obstructed labour out of 9500 deliveries. The main cause was cephalopelvic disproportion in 36 (63.2%). The majority of the cases were from rural areas, low socioeconomic status, non salaried and illiterate. Risk for maternal mortality, peripartum hysterectomy and perinatal mortality as adverse outcomes was significantly associated with low socioeconomic status (AOR 12.5, P=0.02) and literacy status (AOR 21.9, P=0.001). If only the risk of perinatal mortality is taken as an adverse outcome, it is significantly associated with booking status (AOR 7, P=0.001), low socioeconomic status (AOR 9.62, P=0.037) and literacy of the patient (AOR 15, P=0.001). Perinatal mortality rate was 100 per 1000 live births in women with obstructed labour. The case fatality rate was 1.2%.

scholarly journals Comparative Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Toxoplasmosis among Four Subgroups in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 110-118
Author(s):  
Onosakponome Evelyn Orevaoghene ◽  
Michael Ndubuisi Wogu
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Demographic Risk ◽  
Demographic Risk Factors ◽  
The Unemployed

Aims: This study was carried out to investigate the comparative seroprevalence and associated risk factors of toxoplasmosis among four subgroups in Port Harcourt viz: immunocompromised persons (HIV), pregnant women (PTW) and schizophrenics (SZN), using immunocompetent persons (IP) as controls. Study Design: A descriptive cross-sectional study was adopted. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH), Braithwaite Memorial Specialist Hospital (BMSH) and Neuro Psychiatric Hospital (NPH) between March 2016 and February 2017. Methodology: A total of 800 (200 from each of the group) samples were collected from subjects from the three hospitals. Study participants of ≥20 years were used in this study. The detection of T. gondii antibodies in examined sera was carried out using ELISA –IgG and IgM assay using standard procedures. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data on social demographic risk factors associated with toxoplasmosis. Results: Out of the 800 (200 per group) examined, SZN recorded the highest seroprevalence of IgG 50%(100)(P.= .05) and IgM 4%(8) followed closely by HIV subjects with seroprevalence of IgG 32%(72) (P=.05) and IgM 2%(3). However, the seroprevalence were not significantly different from that of the immunocompetent control group which had the least seroprevalence. Schizophrenia subjects in age group 20-24 years recorded the highest seroprevalence with (P=.05) The unemployed recorded the highest seroprevalence for SZN with rates of 43% for IgG. More males were infected with the disease than females. Male Schizophrenics recorded a seroprevalence of 20.9%. There was no significant relationship between seroprevalence and demographic factors among subjects. Conclusion: Our findings indicated that toxoplasmosis was relatively prevalent (P=.05) among the studied population, with schizophrenics having the highest seroprevalence. Therefore, incorporating detection of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies in routine testing in our health care centers is recommended for monitoring and control of the disease.

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