Use of Lactobacillus plantarum (strains 22F and 25F) and Pediococcus acidilactici (strain 72N) as replacements for antibiotic-growth promotants in pigs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pawiya Pupa ◽  
Prasert Apiwatsiri ◽  
Wandee Sirichokchatchawan ◽  
Noppadon Pirarat ◽  
Tanawong Maison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Pediococcus Acidilactici ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Peptone Water ◽  
Antibiotic Group ◽  
Growth Promotants ◽  
Spray Dried

Abstract Lactobacillus plantarum (strains 22F and 25F) and Pediococcus acidilactici (strain 72N) have appeared promising in in vitro studies. Microencapsulation, especially by the spray-drying method, has been used to preserve their numbers and characteristics during storage and digestion. This study compared the efficacy of these LAB strains and their microencapsulated form with antibiotic usage on growth performance, faecal microbial counts, and intestinal morphology in nursing-finishing pigs. A total of 240 healthy neonatal pigs were treated on days 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 after cross-fostering. Sterile peptone water was delivered orally to the control and antibiotic groups. Six-month storage spray-dried Lactobacillus plantarum strain 22F was administered to piglets in the spraydry group. The three fresh strains of LAB (109 CFU/mL) were orally administered to piglets in each group. All pigs received the basal diets, but these were supplemented with routine antibiotic for the antibiotic group. Pigs in the probiotic supplemented groups (spray-dried and three fresh strains of LAB) exhibited a better average daily gain and feed conversion ratio than those of the controls in the nursery and grower phases. Probiotic supplementation increased viable lactobacilli and decreased enterobacterial counts. Antibiotic additives reduced both enterobacterial and lactobacilli counts. Villous height and villous height:crypt depth ratio were greater in probiotic and antibiotic supplemented pigs comparing to the controls, especially in the jejunum. The results demonstrated the feasibility of using these strains as a substitute for antibiotics and the practicality of the microencapsulation protocol for use in swine farms.

scholarly journals Use of Lactobacillus plantarum (strains 22F and 25F) and Pediococcus acidilactici (strain 72N) as replacements for antibiotic-growth promotants in pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pawiya Pupa ◽  
Prasert Apiwatsiri ◽  
Wandee Sirichokchatchawan ◽  
Nopadon Pirarat ◽  
Tanawong Maison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Pediococcus Acidilactici ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Neonatal Pigs ◽  
Peptone Water ◽  
Antibiotic Group ◽  
Growth Promotants

AbstractThe lactic acid bacteria (LAB) Lactobacillus plantarum (strains 22F and 25F) and Pediococcus acidilactici (strain 72N) have appeared promising as replacements for antibiotics in in vitro studies. Microencapsulation, especially by the spray-drying method, has been used to preserve their numbers and characteristics during storage and digestion. This study compared the efficacy of these strains and their microencapsulated form with antibiotic usage on growth performance, faecal microbial counts, and intestinal morphology in nursing-finishing pigs. A total of 240 healthy neonatal pigs were treated on days 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 after cross-fostering. Sterile peptone water was delivered orally to the control and antibiotic groups. Spray-dried Lactobacillus plantarum strain 22F stored for 6-months was administered to piglets in the spraydry group. Three ml of each the three fresh strains (109 CFU/mL) were orally administered to piglets in each group. All pigs received the basal diets, but these were supplemented with routine antibiotic for the antibiotic group. Pigs in all the probiotic supplemented groups exhibited a better average daily gain and feed conversion ratio than those of the controls in the nursery and grower phases. Probiotic supplementation increased viable lactobacilli and decreased enterobacterial counts. Antibiotic additives reduced both enterobacterial and lactobacilli counts. Villous height and villous height:crypt depth ratio were greater in probiotic and antibiotic supplemented pigs comparing to the controls, especially in the jejunum. The results demonstrated the feasibility of using these strains as a substitute for antibiotics and the practicality of the microencapsulation protocol for use in swine farms.

scholarly journals Perfil fermentativo, estabilidade aeróbia e valor nutritivo de silagens de capim-marandu ensilado com aditivos

2008 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 1728-1736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago Fernandes Bernardes ◽  
Ricardo Andrade Reis ◽  
Rafael Camargo do Amaral ◽  
Gustavo Rezende Siqueira ◽  
Anna Paula de Toledo Piza Roth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Pediococcus Acidilactici ◽  
Lactobacillus Buchneri

Com o objetivo de avaliar as perdas em silagem de capim-marandu produzidas com aditivos foram desenvolvidos dois experimentos. No experimento 1, objetivou-se conhecer o perfil de fermentação e a estabilidade aeróbia de quatro silagens: 1) forragem não tratada (Controle); 2) tratada com Lactobacillus plantarum e Propionibacterium; 3) tratada com Lactobacillus buchneri; e 4) tratada com 0,1% de benzoato de sódio. No experimento 2, foram utilizados nove novilhos castrados Nelore (PC de 350 ± 38,9 kg), alocados em três quadrados latinos 3 x 3 para avaliação do consumo e da digestibilidade das rações contendo 85,4% das seguintes silagens de capim-marandu: 1) controle; 2) controle com L. plantarum, Pediococcus acidilactici + enzimas fibrolíticas; e 3) tratamento 2 + L. buchneri. No experimento 1, as silagens apresentaram baixas recuperações de MS durante a fermentação (média de 86%) e os coeficientes de digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca reduziram de 65,5% (momento da ensilagem) para 50,0% no 60º dia após o fechamento dos silos. No experimento 2, o valor médio de consumo das rações foi de 5,7 kg MS/dia (1,6% PC) e a digestibilidade de 51,6% e não diferiram entre as rações. As silagens apresentaram perdas acentuadas na fase fermentativa e o uso de aditivos não alterou essas perdas. A inoculação com bactérias não influenciou o consumo ou a digestibilidade das rações.

scholarly journals l-Isoleucine Administration Alleviates DSS-Induced Colitis by Regulating TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB Pathway in Rats

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangbing Mao ◽  
Rui Sun ◽  
Qingxiang Wang ◽  
Daiwen Chen ◽  
Bing Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Disease Activity Index ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Enterocyte Apoptosis

Inflammatory bowel disease (namely, colitis) severely impairs human health. Isoleucine is reported to regulate immune function (such as the production of immunoreactive substances). The aim of this study was to investigate whether l-isoleucine administration might alleviate dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in rats. In the in vitro trial, IEC-18 cells were treated by 4 mmol/L l-isoleucine for 12 h, which relieved the decrease of cell viability that was induced by TNF-α (10 ng/ml) challenge for 24 h (P <0.05). Then, in the in vivo experiment, a total of 44 Wistar rats were allotted into 2 groups that were fed l-isoleucine-supplemented diet and control diet for 35 d. From 15 to 35 d, half of the rats in the 2 groups drank the 4% DSS-adding water. Average daily gain, average daily feed intake and feed conversion of rats were impaired by DSS challenge (P <0.05). Drinking the DSS-supplementing water also increased disease activity index (DAI) and serum urea nitrogen level (P <0.05), shortened colonic length (P <0.05), impaired colonic enterocyte apoptosis, cell cycle, and the ZO-1 mRNA expression (P <0.05), increased the ratio of CD11c-, CD64-, and CD169-positive cells in colon (P <0.05), and induced extensive ulcer, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and collagenous fiber hyperplasia in colon. However, dietary l-isoleucine supplementation attenuated the negative effect of DSS challenge on growth performance (P <0.05), DAI (P <0.05), colonic length and enterocyte apoptosis (P <0.05), and dysfunction of colonic histology, and downregulated the ratio of CD11c-, CD64-, and CD169-positive cells, pro-inflammation cytokines and the mRNA expression of TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB in the colon of rats (P <0.05). These results suggest that supplementing l-isoleucine in diet improved the DSS-induced growth stunting and colonic damage in rats, which could be associated with the downregulation of inflammation via regulating TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway in colon.

scholarly journals Propolis supplementation affects performance, intestinal morphology, and bacterial population of broiler chickens

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-487
Author(s):  
S. Sadarman ◽  
E. Erwan ◽  
A. Irawan ◽  
M.M. Sholikin ◽  
R. Solfaine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Bacterial Population ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Digestive Enzyme ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Detectable Effect ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Feed Conversion

A meta-analysis was conducted to examine the effect of supplementing the diet of broiler chickens with propolis on growth, bacterial population of the intestine, antiviral serum concentration, intestinal morphology, and digestive enzyme activities in broiler chickens. Forty peer-reviewed articles that had been published between 2003 and 2019 were identified using the PRISMA protocol and included in the study. Data were analysed with mixed model methodology, in which the studies were considered random effects, whereas the level of supplemental propolis was considered a fixed effect. Responses to propolis supplementation in bodyweight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) were quadratic, but average daily feed intake (ADFI) was not affected. Propolis supplementation improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) significantly as a linear function of the level of supplement. The optimum level of supplementation was between 256 and 262 mg/kg feed and produced maximum ADG and final BW. There was a tendency for mortality to decrease because of propolis supplementation. Propolis had no detectable effect on serum antiviral concentration, intestinal bacterial population or intestinal morphology. Among digestive enzymes, only sucrase increased linearly as propolis was increased. Thus, supplementation with propolis increased the growth performance of broiler chickens positively and the effect was dose dependent. This may have been partly because of an improvement in sucrase activity and other factors related to the nutritional content of propolis. Future study to evaluate specific bioactive compounds of propolis is therefore warranted.

Comparison of lignosulfonate-treated canola meal and soybean meal as rumen undegradable protein supplements for lambs

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Stanford ◽  
T. A. McAllister ◽  
Z. Xu ◽  
K.-J. Cheng ◽  
M. Pickard
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Rumen Undegradable Protein ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Growth Experiments

An experiment was undertaken to determine the effect of lignosulfonate (LSO3) treatment on the rumen-undegradable protein (RUDP) value of canola meal (CM) and soybean meal (SM). Canola meal and SM were treated with 7% LSO3 and heated (95 °C) for 1 h. Treated and untreated meals were compared in vitro, in situ and in digestibility and growth experiments using Romanov × Suffolk and Romanov × Dorset lambs. Lambs were fed four barley-based diets [13.5% crude protein (CP)] with one of CM, SM, LSO3-treated CM (LSO3-CM) or LSO3-treated SM (LSO3-SM) as protein supplements. Lignosulfonate treatment increased acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) five-fold in SM and threefold in CM. After 6 h incubation with ruminal fluid, ammonia production from LSO3-treated meals was one-half that from untreated meals. Lignosulfonate treatment reduced (P < 0.01) in situ rates of dry matter (DM) and protein disappearance and the soluble DM and protein fractions for both SM and CM, but not the potentially digestible fractions. No differences in feed conversion or average daily gain (P > 0.05) were found among the treatments. Although LSO3 treatment did not improve the ADG of lambs fed barley-based diets, it increased the RUDP value of SM and CM without adverse effects on digestibility. Key words: Lignosulfonate, canola meal, soybean meal, lamb

scholarly journals 95 Betaine improves growth performance by increasing digestive enzymes activities, and ameliorating intestinal structure of piglets

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 80-80
Author(s):  
Sisi Li ◽  
Haichao Wang ◽  
Jie Feng
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Digestive Enzyme ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Villus Height ◽  
Enzymes Activities ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract This study was aimed to investigate the effects of betaine on intestinal structures and digestive enzyme activities of piglets. A total of 150 crossbred piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire), with an average initial body weight of 8.52 ± 0.26 kg and age of 39-day, were randomly divided into three dietary treatments, each of which was replicated five times with ten pigs per replicate. The dietary treatments were basal diet supplemented with 0, 1250, 2500 mg/kg betaine, respectively. The experiments lasted for 30 days. The results showed that supplementation of betaine in the diet significantly increased average daily gain (P &lt; 0.05), decreased diarrhea rate (P &lt; 0.05), and improved feed conversion rate (P &lt; 0.05) of piglets. The villus height and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth of small intestine were significantly increased with betaine supplementation (P &lt; 0.05). The addition of betaine in diet also increased the expression of tight junction proteins in small intestine (P &lt; 0.05) and decreased the diamine oxidase in plasma (P &lt; 0.05). The apparent total tract digestibility of crude protein and ether extract (P &lt; 0.05) and the activities of amylase, trypsin, and lipase (P &lt; 0.05) in small intestinal were increased with betaine addition. Enzyme kinetic experiments in vitro indicated that hypertonic environment formed by NaCl could inhibit the activities of amylase and trypsin. While betaine addition improved the affinity of amylase and trypsin with their corresponding substrates, thereby counteracted the inhibitory effect of hyperosmolarity. In conclusion, the supplementation of betaine in diet could improve growth performance of piglets by ameliorating intestinal structure, increasing digestive enzymes activities, promoting the digestion of nutrients and decreasing the diarrhea rate.

Pediococcus acidilactici LAB4 and Lactobacillus plantarum LAB12 assimilate cholesterol and modulate ABCA1, CD36, NPC1L1 and SCARB1 in vitro

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.T. Lim ◽  
S.M. Lim ◽  
K. Ramasamy
Keyword(s):  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Scavenger Receptor ◽  
Nile Red ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Pediococcus Acidilactici ◽  
Down Regulation ◽  
Cholesterol Lowering ◽  
Ht29 Cells

There is growing interest in the use of probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) for prevention of hypercholesterolaemia. This study assessed the cholesterol lowering ability of Pediococcus acidilactici LAB4 and Lactobacillus plantarum LAB12 in growth media. Both LAB yielded >98% (39.2 μg/ml) cholesterol lowering in growth media. Nile Red staining indicated direct assimilation of cholesterol by the LAB. The LAB were then explored for their prophylactic (pre-treatment of HT29 cells with LAB prior to cholesterol exposure) and biotherapeutic (treatment of HT29 cells with LAB after exposure to cholesterol) use against short and prolonged exposure of HT29 cells to cholesterol, respectively. For HT29 cells pre-treated with LAB, cholesterol lowering was accompanied by down-regulation of ATP-binding cassette family transporter-type A1 (ABCA1), cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) and scavenger receptor class B member 1 (SCARB1). HT29 cells treated with LAB after prolonged exposure to cholesterol source, on the other hand, was associated with up-regulation of ABCA1, restoration of CD36 to basal level and down-regulation of Neimann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1). The present findings implied the potential use of LAB4 and LAB12 as part of the strategies in prevention and management of hypercholesterolaemia.

scholarly journals Effect of substituting maize grain with cobs treated with a combination of urea and wood ash on sheep performance and rumen parameters

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 343-352
Author(s):  
A. Abdulazeez ◽  
C. M. Tsopito ◽  
O. R. Madibela
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Wood Ash ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
Maize Cobs

Effect of treating maize cobs with a combination of urea and wood ash (WA) on chemical composition, in vitro gas production, and in sacco degradability were examined in a previous study. The treatments were: (100U) =100% urea +0% wood ash, (75U25WA) = 75% urea +25% wood ash, (50U50WA) = 50% urea +50% wood ash, (25U75WA) =25 % urea + 75% wood ash and (0U0WA) = Untreated maize cobs. It was concluded in the study that, treatment 25U75WA gave better results in terms of all the parameters measured. This study aimed at determining the effect of feeding Twana sheep diets whose grain was substituted with maize cobs treated with 25%U and 75%WA on nutrient intake, digestibility, nitrogen utilization, rumen NH3, pH and performance. Tswana sheep were fed experimental diet whose maize grain was substituted with graded levels of 25U75WA in the dietary ingredients and the treatments were: 100M = 100% maize grain, 66M34C = 66% maize grain plus 34% treated maize cobs, 34M66C = 34% maize grain plus 66% treated maize cobs and 100C = 100% treated maize cobs in a 4×4 Latin Square Design (4 animals were rotated in 4 periods for all the treatments). Treatment 34M66C had crude protein intake (CPI), dry matter intake (DMI), organic matter intake (OMI) and neutral detergent fibre intake (NDFI) of 0.1334, 0.9500, 0.8921 and 0.4800 kg/d respectively (P<0.05) while the crude protein digestibility (CPD), dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD) and neutral detergentfibre digestibility (NDFD) were 79.57, 68.02, 66.26, and 57.8% respectively (P<0.05). All the treatments had similar (P>0.05) rumen NH3 ranging from 23.55 – 24.00 mg/ml while rumen pH were different (P<0.05) and ranged from 6.117 – 6.937 however treatment 100M had lower pH. Treatment 100M and 34M66C had average daily gain (ADG) of 0.1150 and 0.1417 kg/d, respectively (P<0.05), however, treatment 100M had lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 5.217 compared to 7.059 (P<0.05) for 34M66C. It was concluded that farmers should include 34M66C in the diet of Tswana sheep for optimum performance and also reduce the cost of feed.     Effet du traitement des épis de maïs avec une combinaison d'urée et de cendres de bois (CB) sur la composition chimique, la production de gaz in vitro et dans la dégradabilité de SACCO ont été examinées dans une étude précédente. Les traitements étaient: (100u) = 100% urée + 0% de cendre de bois, (75U25CB) = 75% d'urée + 25% de cendres de bois, (50u50wa) = 50% d'urée + 50% de cendre de bois, (25U75CB) = 25% d'urée + 75% de cendres bois et (0U0CB) = épis de maïs non traité. Il a été conclu dans l'étude que, le traitement 25U75CB a donné de meilleurs résultats en termes de tous les paramètres mesurés. Cette étude visait à déterminer l'effet de l'alimentation des régimes de moutons Twana dont le grain a été substitué aux épis de maïs traité avec 25% U et 75% de CB sur l'apport nutritionnel, la digestibilité, l'utilisation de l'azote, le rumen NH3, la performance de la pharmacie. Les moutons de Tswana ont été nourris à une alimentation expérimentale dont le grain de maïs était substitué par des niveaux de grade de 25U75WA dans les ingrédients alimentaires et les traitements étaient les suivants: 100m = 100% de grain de maïs, 66 m34c = 66% de grain de maïs de maïs plus 34% d'épis de maïs traité, 34m66c = 34% de maïs Grain Plus 66% COBS de maïs traité et 100c = 100% cobs de maïs traités dans un design carré latin 4 × 4 (4 animaux ont été tournés en 4 périodes pour tous les traitements). Traitement 34M66C avait une consommation de protéines brutes (CPB), une consommation de matière sèche (CMS), une consommation de matière organique (CMO) et une consommation de fibres de détergents neutres de 0,1334, 0,9500, 0,8921 et 0,4800 kg / j respectivement (p <0,05) tandis que le Digestibilité des protéines brutes (DPB), digestibilité de la matière sèche (DMS), digestibilité de la matière organique (DMO) et digestibilité de fibres de détergent neutres (DFDN) étaient de 79,57, 68,02, 66,26 et 57,8% respectivement (p <0,05). Tous les traitements avaient des analgésiques similaires (p> 0,05) Rumen NH3 allant de 23,55 à 24,00 mg / ml tandis que le pH de rumen était différent (p <0,05) et allait de 6,117 - 6,937Cependant, le traitement 100M avait un pH inférieur. Traitement 100m et 34m66C avaient un gain quotidien moyen (GQM) de 0,1150 et 0,1417 kg / j, respectivement (p <0,05), cependant, le traitement 100M avait un rapport de conversion d'alimentation inférieur (CAI) de 5,217 par rapport à 7,059 (p <0,05) pour 34 m66c. Il a été conclu que les agriculteurs comprennent 34 m66c dans le régime alimentaire des moutons de Tswana pour des performances optimales et réduisent également le coût des aliments pour animaux.

scholarly journals Penggunaan Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) dalam Pakan Terhadap Performa Kalkun (Meleagris gallopavo)

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
H D S Tadjudin ◽  
M Shofiah Shofiah ◽  
S Aini Aini ◽  
Widya Hermana ◽  
Arif Darmawan
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Meleagris Gallopavo ◽  
Taraxacum Officinale ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Antidiabetic Activity ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Daily Behavior

The aim of this study was to evaluate fresh dandelion leaves on  turkey performance. The study used a complete randomized design of 4 treatments and 6 replications. A total number of 24 turkeys (Meleagris gallapavo)-12 week-old were used in this 5 weeks of feed trial. The experimental animals were fed with the diet containing  37% of commercial broiler starter diet, 40% rice bran and forage (water hyacinth and fresh dandelion leaves).  The treatments with fresh dandelion leaves addition were P0: 0%, P1: 5%, P2: 10%, and P3: 15%. The variables observed were bio active compound in dandelion leaves, daily behavior and turkey performance.  Data were analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the significant differences between treatments were analyzed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The results showed that dandelion leaves contain flavonoids, tannins, saponins and steroids, vitamin D were 17.37 ppm and antioxidants IC50 have an antioxidant activity with a value of 102.31. Observation of daily behavior showed that turkeys behavior was dominated by eating and resting activities, where the highest frequency of resting activities was 0.43 per second (P0). Turkey performance were not significantly different on feed consumption, carcass weight, carcass percentage for all treatments but  significantly different  (p<0.05) on  average daily gain (AVG) and feed conversion ratio. Therefore it can be concluded that fresh dendelion leaves are able to used up to 15% in turkey diet. Key words:   antioxidant, dandelion, turkey performance, vitamin D   DAFTAR PUSTAKA Azhari NT & Apliriana E. 2016. Peranan jombang (Taraxacum officinale) sebagai hepatoprotektor. Jurnal Majority. 5(5): 32-36. Astuti S. 2008. Isoflavon kedelai dan potensinya sebagai penangkap radikal bebas. Jurnal Teknologi Industri dan Hasil Pertanian. 13(2): 126-136. Adawiah, Sukandar D & Muawanah A. 2015. Aktivitas antioksidan dan kandungan komponen bioaktif sari buah namnam. Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Ilmu Kimia. 1(2): 130-136. Amin M, Sawhney SS & Jassal MMS. 2013. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytochemicals of Taraxacum officinale. Wudpecker Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmocology. 2(1):1-5. Badarinath A, Rao K, Chetty CS, Ramkanth S, Rajan T & Gnanaprakash K. 2010. A review on in vitro antioxidant methods: comparisons, correlations and considerations. International Journal of Pharmatical Technology Research. 2(2): 1276-1285. Cook R, Xin H & Nettleton D. 2005. Effects of cage stocking density of feeding behaviours of groups housed laying hens. Journal Animals Agriculture Biology. 49(1): 187-192. Dheer R & Bhatnager P. 2010. A study of the antidiabetic activity of Barleria prionitis linn. Indian Journal of Phamacology. 42(2): 1-5. Gibril S, Samsel S RM, Yassin OE, Hassan AA & Atta M. 2013. Body gain and carcas charateristics of turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) under extensive system of management in the student. International Journal of Applied Poultry Research. 2(2): 23-26. Mishra A, Kaone P, Schouten W, Sprujit B & Metz J. 2005. Tempral and sequential structure of behaviour and facility usage of laying hens in an encrihed environment. Poultry Science. 84:979-991. Rizky A, Haryono D & Kasymir. 2016. Analisis usaha dan strategi pengembangan ternak kalkun mitra alam kabupaten pringsewu provinsi Lampung. Jurnal Ilmu Ilmu Agribisnis. 4(3): 235-242. Ramian F & Indrianti MA. 2018. Analisa potensi eceng gondok (Eichornia crassipes) Danau Limboto sebagai pakan ternak. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Integrated Farming System. Gorontalo (ID): Universitas Muhammadiyah Gorontalo. Setiawan B. 2017. Kandungan protein kasar dan serat kasar dedak padi yang difermentasi dengan mikroorganisme lokal [skripsi]. Makassar (ID): Universitas Hasanuddin. Steel RGD & Torrie JH. 1993. Prinsip dan Prosedur Statistika Suatu Pendekatan Biometrik. Sumatri B, penerjemah. Terjemah dari: Principles and Procedures of Statistics.  Jakarta (ID): Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Suprijatna E, Sunarti D, Mahfudz L D, Ardiningsasi S M, Inayah A & Purnomo A H S. 2010. Performans produksi dan efisiensi penggunaan protein ransum pada kalkun lokal yang dipelihara secara intensif diberi ransum mengandung daun kobis (Brassica oleracea var capitata) afkir. Seminar Nasional Unggas Lokal. Semarang (ID): Fakultas Peternakan, Universitas Diponegoro. Wulan, Yudistira A, & Rotinsulu H. 2019. Uji aktivitas antioksidan dari ekstrak etanol daun Mimosa pudica Linn. menggunakan metode DPPH. Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi. 8(1): 106-113.

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