scholarly journals Determinants of Gender-based Violence Among Girls and Young Women Aged 11-24 Years Seeking Care at a Rural Hospital in Zimbabwe: A Case-Control Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Chipanga ◽  
Paddington Tinashe Mundagowa ◽  
Violet Chikanya
Keyword(s):  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Cultural Beliefs ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Rural Hospital ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Women And Girls ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background: Physical and sexual violence against women and girls has become a widespread public health challenge associated with negative physical and psychological consequences not only to the victim but to society at large. Gender-based violence (GBV) can result in unwanted pregnancies, unsafe abortions, anxiety, stress, depression, and sexually transmitted infections. The problem is more prevalent in low-income settings like Zimbabwe and this study aimed to investigate the determinants of GBV among young women and girls aged between 11- 24 years, seeking healthcare services at a rural hospital in Zimbabwe.Methods: A 1:1 unmatched case-control study was conducted at a rural hospital in Buhera District, Zimbabwe. A total of 104 cases and 104 controls were recruited using purposive and systematic random sampling methods, respectively. The data was collected using a pretested interviewer-administered questionnaire and data were analyzed using Epi Info statistical package. Bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression at 95% confidence interval and statistical significance were set at p-value<0.05.Results: The pooled mean age of participants was 17.6±3.8 years and 89.4% of the cases had no familial relations with perpetrators. Bivariate analysis revealed that young age (<19 years), apostolic religion, having no formal education, not married, living in a polygamous family, and having >3 siblings were associated with GBV. Cases were more likely to report to a health center and were less likely to confide in someone. The most prevalent causes of GBV were religious and cultural beliefs, forced marriages, and alcohol abuse within a family. After multivariate analysis, young age [Adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 4.8; 95% Confidence interval (CI):1.3-17.2], polygamy [AOR: 13.8(3.6-53.1)], alcohol abuse in the family [AOR: 4.1(1.3-13.3)] were associated with GBV, while confiding in someone was protective [AOR: 0.05 (0.01-0.2)].Conclusion: Community religious and cultural beliefs and family structure are major areas to consider when intervening against violence against women. To eradicate GBV, there is a need for collaborative multi-sectoral interventions aimed at sensitizing the community on gender equality and the use of peaceful conflict resolution methods. Education on GBV should integrate children of school-going age, faith-based organizations, and community members in crafting sustainable interventions.

scholarly journals Peran program kelas ibu hamil terhadap pelaksanaan ASI eksklusif di Gunung Kidul

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 317
Author(s):  
Dwi Andayani ◽  
Ova Emilia ◽  
Djauhar Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Breastfeeding Rate ◽  
Regression Tests ◽  
Control Study

Purpose This study aimed to determine the effect of the implementation of the antenatal class toward exclusive breastfeeding.Methods The research was a case-control study with a quantitative approach. This research was also supported by a qualitative approach which aimed to complement and reinforce the results obtained from the quantitative data. Sample cases were 135 exclusive breastfeeding infants aged 6-12 months, and the control sample were 135 not exclusive breastfeeding infants aged 6-12 month. Data analysis used the McNemar and conditional logistic regression tests with significance level of p = <0.05 and 95% confidence interval.Results Bivariate analysis showed that antenatal class affected exclusive breastfeeding p = 0.026 and OR = 1.80 (95% CI: 1.03 to 3.24). In the results of multivariate analysis after controlling by including support of her husband and the ANC p = 0.03 and OR = 1.86 (95% CI: 1.05 to 3.30). Mothers who attended antenatal class have exclusive breastfeeding rate 1.86 times higher compared to mothers who did not attend the antenatal class.Conclusion The antenatal class can directly affect exclusive breastfeeding, in spite of controlling the support of her husband and the ANC.

scholarly journals Determinants of maternal deaths amongst mothers who suffered from post-partum haemorrhage: a community-based case control study

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 2814
Author(s):  
Divya Khanna ◽  
Jai Veer Singh ◽  
Monika Agarwal ◽  
Vishwajeet Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Paired Data ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Maternal Deaths ◽  
Control Study

Background: The WHO estimates that, of the 529 000 maternal deaths occurring every year 136 000 take place in India amongst which postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) being the most (29.6%) commonly reported complication. However deaths from PPH can be prevented. The purpose of this study was to identify the risk factors contributing to maternal deaths amongst women who develop PPH.Methods: This was a community based paired case-control study done in rural areas of Lucknow, UP (India) done in a period of one year. Thirty-one maternal deaths due to PPH (cases) were matched and compared with two mothers who survived from PPH (controls). Data was analysed using SPSS version 17.0 and Open Epi version 2.3. The appropriate significance test was applied using MacNemar test for paired data. Risk factors obtained significant in bivariate analysis were subjected to conditional multiple logistic regressions for adjustment and controlling the effect of confounding variables. Results have been given in form of unadjusted Odds ratio (UOR) and adjusted Odds ratio (AOR).Results: It was seen that the mothers who had taken ≥4 antenatal visits during the index pregnancy had a protective effect against deaths due to PPH. Home delivery raised the odds of death by seven times.Conclusions: Deaths due to PPH can be reduced by ensuring institutional delivery, good antenatal care and better referral facilities, especially for mothers from weaker sections of society.

scholarly journals Factors Associated with the Prevalence of Pressure Ulcers in a University Hospital in Bogotá, Colombia

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Andrade Fonseca ◽  
Sandra Hernández Ordoñez ◽  
Maria Elizabeth Gomez Neva ◽  
Julie Johana Rojas Villamil ◽  
Nydia Esmeralda Ayala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Ulcers ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Information Source ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Case Control ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Secondary Information ◽  
Control Study

Introduction. Pressure ulcers are skin lesions that occur as a result of an ischemia process, this type of lesion are considerated very important in the health context. Objective. To identify associated factors with the appearance of pressure ulcers in hospitalized patients over 16 years old, in a teaching hospital in Bogotá Colombia during 2013. Materials and methods. A case-control study was carried out, based on a secondary information source. Some variables and their relationship with the presentation of pressure ulcers in each case were analyzed. Results 228 patients were included, 114 cases, 114 controls, the bivariate analysis to identify the factors associated with the risk of presenting pressure ulcers: age equal to or greater than 45 years, pathologies of respiratory etiology, with levels of hemoglobin and albumin below the range expected for sex and age, multivariate analysis that patients older than 45 years, hemoglobin below the expected level by sex and age, have a high risk of presenting UPP for each day of hospital stay. Conclusions The early identification of factors associated with UPP constitutes a fundamental pillar in care.

Violence against Women

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqui True
Keyword(s):  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Local Community ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Honor Killings ◽  
Violence Against Women Act ◽  
Women And Girls ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
United Nations Declaration

Violence against women and girls (VAWG) is a longstanding problem that has increasingly come to the forefront of international and national policy debates and news: from the US reauthorization of the Violence against Women Act and a United Nations declaration to end sexual violence in war, to coverage of gang rapes in India, cyberstalking and "revenge porn", honor killings, female genital mutilation, and international trafficking. Yet, while we frequently read or learn about particular experiences or incidents of VAWG, we are often unaware of the full picture. Jacqui True, an internationally renowned scholar of globalization and gender, provides an expansive frame for understanding VAWG in this book. Among the questions she addresses include: What are we talking about when we discuss VAWG? What kinds of violence does it encompass? Who does it affect most and why? What are the risk factors for victims and perpetrators? Does VAWG occur at the same level in all societies? Are there cultural explanations for it? What types of legal redress do victims have? How reliable are the statistics that we have? Are men and boys victims of gender-based violence? What is the role of the media in exacerbating VAWG? And, what sorts of policy and advocacy routes exist to end VAWG? This volume addresses the current state of knowledge and research on these questions. True surveys our best understanding of the causes and consequences of violence against women in the home, local community, workplace, public, and transnationally. In so doing, she brings together multidisciplinary perspectives on the problem of violence against women and girls, and sets out the most promising policy and advocacy frameworks to end this violence.

scholarly journals Risk factors associated with the recent cholera outbreak in Yemen: a case-control study

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. e2019015
Author(s):  
Fekri Dureab ◽  
Albrecht Jahn ◽  
Johannes Krisam ◽  
Asma Dureab ◽  
Omer Zain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Cholera Outbreak ◽  
History Of ◽  
Control Study

OBJECTIVES: The cholera outbreak in Yemen has become the largest in the recent history of cholera records, having reached more than 1.4 million cases since it started in late 2016. This study aimed to identify risk factors for cholera in this outbreak.METHODS: A case-control study was conducted in Aden in 2018 to investigate risk factors for cholera in this still-ongoing outbreak. In total, 59 cholera cases and 118 community controls were studied.RESULTS: The following risk factors were associated with being a cholera case in the bivariate analysis: a history of travelling and having had visitors from outside Aden Province; eating outside the house; not washing fruit, vegetables, and khat (a local herbal stimulant) before consumption; using common-source water; and not using chlorine or soap in the household. In the multivariate analysis, not washing khat and the use of common-source water remained significant risk factors for being a cholera case.CONCLUSIONS: Behavioural factors and unsafe water appear to be the major risk factors in the recent cholera outbreak in Yemen. In order to reduce the risk of cholera, hygiene practices for washing khat and vegetables and the use and accessibility of safe drinking water should be promoted at the community level.

scholarly journals Determinants of Clinical Diphtheria After Sub National Diphtheria Immunization Days In 2012 At Bangkalan

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Feranita Utama ◽  
Chatarina Umbul Wahjuni ◽  
Santi Martini
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
The Status ◽  
Simple Logistic ◽  
Control Study

ABSTRACTThe government had held sub-national diphtheria immunization days in 2012 to combat an outbreak of diphtheria in East Java province. However, there werestill regencies or cities which had high incidence and Bangkalanregencywas the highest. The research aimed to analyze the determinants of diphtheria in Bangkalan after SNIDs. This research was case control study with 31 subjects as case and 124 as control spread in 25 case villages and 25 control villages. Bivariate analysis used chi-square and simple logistic regression. Multivariate analysis used logistic regression. Bivariate analysisresult showed that individual and household variables that had associate with incidence of diphtheria in the Bangkalan after SNIDs of diphtheria vaccine in 2012 were DPT immunization status, the status of SNIDs, age, and mother's education level. In this study, there were not associate between village variables with diphtheria in the Bangkalan after SNIDs. Multivariate analysis result showed that had associate with incidence of diphtheria in Bangkalan after SNIDs were no DPT immunization (p=0,012; OR=4,765), incomplete DPT immunization (p=0,001; OR=6,276), 3-7 years of age (p=0,014; OR=15,137), 7-15 years of age (p=0,001;OR=41,984), and no immunization in SNIDs (p=0,020; OR=3,553). Conclusion, the dominantfactors that affected diphtheriainBangkalanwere status of DPTimmunization, ageand the SNIDs of diphtheria. Recommendation, DPTimmunizationshould becomplete, boosterimmunization should be needed, monitoring theimplementation ofsubPIN should be strict, especially inschool, and thecoverage ofDPT3andsubPIN should be increased and its report should be improved.Keywords: diphtheria, sub-nationaldiphtheriaimmunization days, DPT                              immunization

scholarly journals Gestational Bell’s Palsy Is Associated with Higher Blood Pressure during Late Pregnancy and Lower Birth Weight: A Retrospective Case-Control Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (19) ◽  
pp. 10342
Author(s):  
Sumonthip Leelawai ◽  
Chitkasaem Suwanrath ◽  
Nannapat Pruphetkaew ◽  
Pensri Chongphattararot ◽  
Pornchai Sathirapanya
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Bell’S Palsy ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Bell's Palsy ◽  
Blood Pressures ◽  
Control Study

The associations between gestational Bell’s palsy (GBP) and late obstetric complications (LOCs), i.e., preeclampsia (PE), eclampsia (EC), gestational hypertension (GHT), and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate these associations and the neonatal health of the newborns born from pregnant women with and without GBP. A retrospective 1:5 case-control study matching exact maternal age and gravidity between pregnant women with and without GBP in Songklanagarind Hospital from 2006 to 2016 was conducted. The associations between GBP and PE, EC, GHT, and GDM, as well as comparison of the newborns’ health indices were analyzed by bivariate analysis (p < 0.05). Eight GBP cases out of 8,756 pregnant women were recruited. Six GBP cases were first or second gravid. GBP occurred during the third trimester in five cases. Except for higher median systolic blood pressure (125 (114.2, 127.5) vs. (110 (107.0, 116.0), p = 0.045) and diastolic blood pressures (77 (73.0, 80.8) vs. 70 (65.0, 73.2), p = 0.021) in the GBP cases, associations between GBP and all LOCs could not be concluded due to the lack of power. However, a significantly lower mean birth weight in the newborns of GBP mothers was found (2672.2 (744.0) vs. 3154.8 (464.7), p = 0.016) with statistically significant power. Except for the higher blood pressures and lower birth weights of the newborns of GBP mothers, an association between GBP and LOCs remains inconclusive.

scholarly journals Human and environmental risk factors of leptospirosis in Gunungkidul, Indonesia: a case-control study

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 2967
Author(s):  
Sulistyawati Sulistyawati ◽  
Righa Pradana ◽  
Sandheep Sugathan
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Fisher Exact Test ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
District Health ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Control Study

Background: Leptospirosis is a bacterial, zoonotic disease associated with environmental factors and human behavior related to occupation. This research aimed to investigate the association between human behavior and leptospirosis. Case mapping and topographical mapping were done for a comprehensive visualization.Methods: A matched case-control study design was conducted in Gunungkidul, Indonesia, from December 2017 to January 2018. Cases were selected from those reported as suspicious of leptospirosis by the Gunungkidul District Health Office during 2017 and controls were matched according to sex and age. Chi-squared, Fisher exact test, and Odds ratios were employed to find out the association between exposure and outcome for a significance level of 0.05. Quantum GIS-Web Map-Stamen terrain was used to overlay case and landscape.Results: Bivariate analysis showed that four exposure variables that enhanced the risk for leptospirosis though not significantly associated were history of injuries, habit of taking a bath or wash the clothes in the river, not using personal protection during work and presence of an animal fence surrounding the house. Most of the leptospirosis cases (>70%) resided in a hilly area. This finding assists in developing prevention strategies concerning leptospirosis infection.Conclusions: Human behaviour is vital in leptospirosis prevention. Accordingly, this study can broaden the understanding horizon, particularly for a decision-maker where and how to implement the Leptospirosis prevention program. Prevention should address the current situation in the field and based on population and local wisdom to result in the successful implementation.

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