scholarly journals Novel Masonry Grout Incorporating High Volumes of Industrial By-Products: Microstructure Characteristics and Pursuance of Durability Properties

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Ramesh Nayaka ◽  
U. Johnson Alengaram ◽  
Mohd Zamin Jumaat ◽  
Rathish Kumar P ◽  
Fernando S Fonseca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Drying Shrinkage ◽  
Microstructure Characteristics ◽  
Masonry Construction ◽  
Strength Tests ◽  
Rate Of Absorption ◽  
Sustainable Materials ◽  
By Products

Abstract One solution to the high cost and scarcity of building materials is to use alternative and sustainable materials. The study presented herein developed an eco-friendly masonry grout using high volumes of palm oil clinker powder to replace cement and palm oil clinker to replace coarse aggregate. Several batches of grouts with different amounts of these materials were made to determine the technical viability of the grout. SEM and XRD analyses were conducted to investigate the microstructure characteristics of the grout, and water absorption, initial rate of absorption, sulphate attack and electrical resistivity tests were conducted to determine its durability. Compressive strength tests were conducted at different curing ages and the drying shrinkage of the grout was monitored for 180 days. The results indicate that the new grout is as good as a conventional grout but with added sustainable and economical benefits. The new grout can be used in masonry construction and can be used to alleviate the inadequate supply of affordable housing.

scholarly journals Sustainable materials and techniques in affordable high-rise buildings - A case study

2021 ◽  
Vol 309 ◽  
pp. 01080
Author(s):  
Rajesh Kumar ◽  
Vanita Aggarwal ◽  
M. Gupta Surinder
Keyword(s):  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Fast Track ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Environment Design ◽  
Crucial Issue ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Sustainable Materials ◽  
Selection Of

Sustainability is a crucial issue since the last decade as the building sector, directly or indirectly cause a considerable portion of the annual environmental deterioration. Due to increase in houses’ demand, leading to consumption of more resources, energy and raw materials which are directly responsible for the rise in carbon content in air and which are harmful to human health and environment. To overcome these various environmental impacts, we need to build with more sustainable materials which will reduce the impacts on environment. Design of a building is essential and it becomes crucial when we talk about affordable housing. [1] India needs not only affordable housing, but also homes that are energy efficient and designed using sustainable techniques. The green buildings design should thus begin with the use and selection of eco-friendly materials with related or better features than traditional building materials. [2] The paper aims at sustainable development in affordable high-rise buildings with fast track techniques and procedures to reduce overall time and cost of the project.

scholarly journals Mortars with Recycled Aggregates from Building-Related Processes: A ‘Four-Step’ Methodological Proposal for a Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2756
Author(s):  
Federica Vitale ◽  
Maurizio Nicolella
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Thermal Analyses ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Research Trends ◽  
Mix Design ◽  
Recycled Aggregates ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Natural Aggregates ◽  
By Products

Because the production of aggregates for mortar and concrete is no longer sustainable, many attempts have been made to replace natural aggregates (NA) with recycled aggregates (RA) sourced from factories, recycling centers, and human activities such as construction and demolition works (C&D). This article reviews papers concerning mortars with fine RA from C&D debris, and from the by-products of the manufacturing and recycling processes of building materials. A four-step methodology based on searching, screening, clustering, and summarizing was proposed. The clustering variables were the type of aggregate, mix design parameters, tested properties, patents, and availability on the market. The number and the type of the clustering variables of each paper were analysed and compared. The results showed that the mortars were mainly characterized through their physical and mechanical properties, whereas few durability and thermal analyses were carried out. Moreover, few fine RA were sourced from the production waste of construction materials. Finally, there were no patents or products available on the market. The outcomes presented in this paper underlined the research trends that are useful to improve the knowledge on the suitability of fine RA from building-related processes in mortars.

scholarly journals Effects of Increase in the Cost of Building Materials on the Delivery of Affordable Housing in South Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1772
Author(s):  
Bimpe Alabi ◽  
Julius Fapohunda
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Statistical Technique ◽  
Project Managers ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Cost Increase ◽  
Sequential Mixed Methods ◽  
Adequate Provision ◽  
The Cost

Adequate provision of affordable human settlements is a huge challenge in South Africa since its independence. This paper investigates the effects of the cost increase of building materials on affordable housing delivery in South Africa. With potential solutions for cost minimisation of building materials, with the aim of achieving affordable housing delivery in South Africa are provided. This study uses a sequential mixed methods approach, wherein surveys were conducted among the construction professionals (project managers, site managers architects, site engineers, quantity surveyors, contractors, building materials suppliers, and government workers) in the construction industry within Cape Town, South Africa, who were considered as the research participants. The qualitative data obtained from the survey exercise were analysed using content analysis, while the quantitative data were analysed using a descriptive statistical technique on SPSS. The findings attained show fluctuation in construction cost and a rise in maintenance cost (caused by poor workmanship) as significant effects in the cost increase of building materials for affordable housing delivery. Adequate application of the recommendations given in this study will minimise the effects of high cost of building materials and enhance affordable housing delivery. Appropriate handling of the findings given in this study will reduce the effects of the high cost of building materials and augment timely delivery of affordable housing and stakeholders’ satisfaction.

scholarly journals Process Design for a Production of Sustainable Materials from Post-Production Clay

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 953
Author(s):  
Michał Łach ◽  
Reda A. Gado ◽  
Joanna Marczyk ◽  
Celina Ziejewska ◽  
Neslihan Doğan-Sağlamtimur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Waste Production ◽  
Sustainable Materials ◽  
Post Production ◽  
Rich Material ◽  
Jurassic Limestone ◽  
By Products ◽  
Alkali Activated

Alkali activated cement (AAC) can be manufactured from industrial by-products to achieve goals of “zero-waste” production. We discuss in detail the AAC production process from (waste) post-production clay, which serves as the calcium-rich material. The effect of different parameters on the changes in properties of the final product, including morphology, phase formation, compressive strength, resistance to the high temperature, and long-term curing is presented. The drying and grinding of clay are required, even if both processes are energy-intensive; the reduction of particle size and the increase of specific surface area is crucial. Furthermore, calcination at 750 °C ensure approximately 20% higher compressive strength of final AAC in comparison to calcination performed at 700 °C. It resulted from the different ratio of phases: Calcite, mullite, quartz, gehlenite, and wollastonite in the final AAC. The type of activators (NaOH, NaOH:KOH mixtures, KOH) affected AAC mechanical properties, significantly. Sodium activators enabled obtaining higher values of strength. However, if KOH is required, the supplementation of initial materials with fly ash or metakaolin could improve the mechanical properties and durability of AAC, even c.a. 28%. The presented results confirm the possibility of recycling post-production clay from the Raciszyn II Jurassic limestone deposit.

Comprehensive Characterization of Agricultural By-Products for Bio-Aggregate Based Concrete

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herinjaka Haga Ratsimbazafy ◽  
Aurélie Laborel-Préneron ◽  
Camille Magniont ◽  
Philippe Evon
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Complete Characterization ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Characterization Methods ◽  
Manufacturing Method ◽  
West Part ◽  
Hemp Shiv ◽  
By Products

The valorization of available agricultural by-products is important for the development of bio-aggregate based concretes as eco-friendly solutions for building materials. However, their diversity requires to assess their potential of use in vegetal concretes. This study aims to propose simple and relevant multi-physical characterization methods for plant aggregates. Basic and complementary characterizations were carried out on hemp shiv as a reference plant aggregate, and nine by-products available in the South-West part of France, i.e., oleaginous flax shiv, sunflower pith and bark, coriander straw, wheat straw, wheat chaff, corn shuck, miscanthus stem and vine shoot. The basic characterizations performed were those recommended by the TC-RILEM 236 BBM, i.e., particle size distribution, bulk density, water absorption and thermal conductivity. Complementary characterizations have also been proposed, taking into account the possible environment of the binder and the vegetal concrete manufacturing method. The additional tests developed or adapted from previous research assess the following properties: the content of water-soluble compounds at pH 7 and 12, the dry density of plant aggregates compacted in wet state, the real water absorption after compaction and the compression behavior of these compacted aggregates. This complete characterization highlights the distinct behavior of the different agroresources and allows to correlate these characteristics to the use properties of hardened composites.

Sintesis dan Karakterisasi Na-CMC dari A-Selulosa Serabut Kelapa Sawit

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (9) ◽  
pp. 375-381
Author(s):  
Indriani Indriani ◽  
Abu Hasan ◽  
Anerasari Meydinariasty
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Reaction Medium ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Optimal Composition ◽  
Palm Fiber ◽  
Oil Processing ◽  
Reaction Media ◽  
By Products

Na-CMC adalah eter polimer selulosa linier yang digunakan sebagai bahan pengental, pengemulsi dan penstabil. Salah satu bahan dasar pembuatan Na-CMC yaitu serabut kelapa sawit. Serabut kelapa sawit merupakan salah satu hasil samping terbesar yang dihasilkan dalam proses pengolahan minyak kelapa sawit dan dapat dapat dijadikan sebagai sumber selulosa karena mengandung selulosa hingga 59,60%. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mendaptakan komposisi optimal campuran media reaksi isopropanol-etanol dan konsentrasi asam trikloroasetat serta konsentrasi NaOH dengan memvariasikan komposisi media reaksi isopropanol-etanol menjadi 20:80; 40:60; 50:50; 60:40 dan 80:20, sedangkan untuk konsentrasi asam trikloroasetat yaitu 15%, 20% san 25% dan untuk konsentrasi NaOH adlah 15% dan 20%. Didapat bahwa  komposisi optimal media reaksi pada proses sintesis Na-CMC terdapat pada campuran isopropanol-etanol 80:20 dengan konsentrasi asam trikloroasetat 25% dan konsentrasi NaOH 20% menghasilkan nilai DS yang tertinggi yaitu sebesar 0,8124 dengan kemurnian dan pH berturut-turut sebesar 99,68% dan 7,9.   Na-CMC is a linear cellulose polymer ether used as a thickener, emulsifier and stabilizer. One of the basic ingredients for making Na-CMC is palm fiber. Palm fiber is one of the largest by-products produced in the palm oil processing process and can be used as a source of cellulose because it contains up to 59.60% cellulose. The purpose of this study was to obtain the optimal composition of the isopropanol-ethanol reaction media mixture and the concentration of trichloroacetic acid and NaOH concentration by varying the composition of the isopropanol-ethanol reaction medium to 20:80; 40:60; 50:50; 60:40 and 80:20, while the concentrations of trichloroacetic acid were 15%, 20% and 25% and the concentrations of NaOH were 15% and 20%, respectively. It was found that the optimal composition of the reaction medium in the Na-CMC synthesis process was found in a mixture of isopropanol-ethanol 80:20 with a concentration of 25% trichloroacetic acid and 20% NaOH concentration resulting in the highest DS value of 0.8124 with purity and pH respectively. 99.68% and 7.9.

Rebuilding Nepal: traditional and modern approaches, building or diminishing resilience?

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 218-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Vernacular Architecture ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
Masonry Construction ◽  
Action Research Approach ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance of vernacular architecture and traditional knowledge to building resilience in Nepal and the impact of modernisation on that resilience and architectural diversity. Design/methodology/approach Using an action research approach, including field observations and discussions with local community members, artisans, architects, engineers and other international experts, the study examines the resilience of traditional building typologies to natural hazards in Nepal, including earthquake; the changes that have occurred over time leading to the failure and/or rejection of traditional construction; and a review of post-earthquake reconstruction options, both traditional and modern. Findings Although traditional approaches have been cyclically tested over time, this study found that changes in building materials, technologies, knowledge and skills, access to resources, maintenance practices, urban environments and societal aspirations have all contributed to the popular rejection of vernacular architecture following the earthquakes. Research limitations/implications The research is limited to traditional timber and masonry construction in the Kathmandu Valley and surrounding mountain areas. Practical implications To improve resilience the study identifies the need for capacity building in both traditional and modern construction technologies; adoption of approaches that use local materials, knowledge and skills, whilst addressing local timber shortages and access issues; a transparent construction certification system; good drainage; and regular maintenance. Originality/value The study critically evaluates the impact of technological, environmental, social and economic changes over time on the resilience of vernacular housing in Nepal.

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