Evaluation of the Physical, Chemical and Thermal Properties of Portuguese Maritime Pine Biomass

A characterisation of Pinus pinaster Aiton. (Maritime Pine) woody biomass and ashes is presented in this study. Physical, thermal and chemical analysis, including density, moisture content, calorific value, proximate and ultimate analysis, were carried out. The fuel Energy Density (Ed) and the Fuelwood Value Index (FVI) were assessed by ranking the fuelwood quality. Furthermore, the determination of the ash metal elementals was performed. The results from this study indicated, for Pinus pinaster biomass tree components, carbon content ranging from 46.5 to 49.3%, nitrogen content from 0.13 to 1.18%, sulphur content from 0.056 to 0.148% and hydrogen content around 6–7%. The ash content in the tree components ranged from 0.22 to 1.92%. The average higher heating value (HHV) was higher for pine needles (21.61 MJ·kg−1). The Ed of 8.9 GJ·m−3 confirm the good potential of Pinus pinaster biomass tree components as fuel. The FVI ranked the wood stem (4658) and top (2861.8) as a better fuelwood and pine needles (394.2) as inferior quality. The chemical composition of the ashes revealed that the elemental contents are below the national and most European countries legislation guidelines for the employment of ash as a fertiliser.

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Energetic properties of peat saturated with petroleum products

Safety and Reliability of Power Industry ◽

10.24223/1999-5555-2020-13-2-105-109 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 105-109

Author(s):

E. S. Dremicheva

Keyword(s):

Crude Oil ◽

Diesel Fuel ◽

Energy Use ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Petroleum Products ◽

Ash Content ◽

Motor Oil ◽

Initial Sample

This paper presents a method of sorption using peat for elimination of emergency spills of crude oil and petroleum products and the possibility of energy use of oil-saturated peat. The results of assessment of the sorbent capacity of peat are presented, with waste motor oil and diesel fuel chosen as petroleum products. Natural peat has been found to possess sorption properties in relation to petroleum products. The sorbent capacity of peat can be observed from the first minutes of contact with motor oil and diesel fuel, and significantly depends on their viscosity. For the evaluation of thermal properties of peat saturated with petroleum products, experimental studies have been conducted on determination of moisture and ash content of as-fired fuel. It is shown that adsorbed oil increases the moisture and ash content of peat in comparison with the initial sample. Therefore, when intended for energy use, peat saturated with petroleum products is to be subjected to additional drying. Simulation of net calorific value has been performed based on the calorific values of peat and petroleum products with different ratios of petroleum product content in peat and for a saturated peat sample. The obtained results are compared with those of experiments conducted in a calorimetric bomb and recalculated for net calorific value. A satisfactory discrepancy is obtained, which amounts to about 12%. Options have been considered providing for combustion of saturated peat as fuel (burnt per se and combined with a solid fuel) and processing it to produce liquid, gaseous and solid fuels. Peat can be used to solve environmental problems of elimination of emergency spills of crude oil and petroleum products and as an additional resource in solving the problem of finding affordable energy.

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Characterization of Refuse Derived Fuel Production from Municipal Solid Waste: The Case Studies in Latvia and Lithuania

Environmental and Climate Technologies ◽

10.2478/rtuect-2020-0090 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 112-118

Author(s):

Dace Âriņa ◽

Rūta Bendere ◽

Gintaras Denafas ◽

Jānis Kalnačs ◽

Mait Kriipsalu

Keyword(s):

Municipal Solid Waste ◽

Solid Waste ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Ash Content ◽

Fuel Production ◽

Heating Value ◽

Refuse Derived Fuel ◽

Morphological Composition ◽

The Mean

AbstractThe authors determined the morphological composition of refuse derived fuel (RDF) produced in Latvia and Lithuania by manually sorting. The parameters of RDF (moisture, net calorific value, ash content, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, sulphur, chlorine, metals) was determined using the EN standards. Comparing obtained results with data from literature, authors have found that the content of plastic is higher but paper and cardboard is lower than typical values. Results also show that the mean parameters for RDF can be classified with the class codes: Net heating value (3); chlorine (3); mercury (1), and responds to limits stated for 3rd class of solid recovered fuel. It is recommended to separate biological waste at source to lower moisture and ash content and increase heating value for potential fuel production from waste.

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PENGARUH SUHU DAN KONSENTRASI PEREKAT TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK BRIKET BIOARANG BERBAHAN BAKU TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT DENGAN PROSES PIROLISIS

Konversi ◽

10.20527/k.v4i2.266 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 16

Author(s):

Yuli Ristianingsih ◽

Ayuning Ulfa ◽

Rachmi Syafitri K.S

Keyword(s):

Solid Waste ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Ash Content ◽

Crude Palm Oil ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Heating Value ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Rate Of Combustion

Abstrak-Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit merupakan limbah padat hasil produksi Crude Palm Oil (CPO). Setiap 1(satu) ton tandan buah segar dihasilkan 23% limbah padat. Limbah padat ini dapat di konversi menjadi bahan bakar pengganti minyak yaitu briket. Briket bioarang adalah bahan bakar padat yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan bakar alternatif pengganti bahan bakar yang berasal dari fosil seperti minyak dan gas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh suhu pirolisis terhadap yield bioarang yang dihasilkan dan mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi perekat kanji (5% w/w, 10% w/w, 15% w/w) terhadap karakteristik briket hasil penelitian (kadar air, volatile matter, kadar abu, fixed carbon, nilai kalor dan laju pembakaran). Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode pirolisis yaitu proses pembakaran bahan baku dalam reaktor pirolisis dengan menggunakan suhu yang tinggi dan tanpa atau dengan sedikit oksigen. Pirolisis dilakukan selama 2,5 jam dengan variasi suhu yaitu 350°C, 400°C, 450°C dan 500°C. Arang yang dihasilkan dicampur dengan perekat sesuai variasi dan dicetak menjadi briket. Briket kemudian dianalisa kadar air, kadar abu, kadar karbon, kadar zat terbang, nilai kalor dan laju pembakaran. Briket dengan yield tertinggi terdapat pada suhu 350°C sebesar 51,53% dan yield terendah pada suhu 500°C sebesar 26,03%. Briket hasil penelitian ini telah memenuhi standar mutu briket sebagai bahan bakar dilihat dari nilai kalor. Komposisi optimal antara perekat kanji dan arang TKKS hasil pirolisis yaitu pada 5%:95% yang menghasilkan nilai kalor terbesar yaitu 6748,15kal/g. Kata kunci : Briket Bioarang, Pirolisis, Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit Abstract-Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunches are solid waste from Crude Palm Oil (CPO industry). For 1 ton of fresh fruit bunches produced 23% of solid waste. This solid waste can be converted into alternative energy that called briquettes. Briquettes are solid fuel that can be used as an alternative fuel replacement for fossil fuels such as oil and gas. This study aims to determine the effect of temperature on the yield generated briquettes and the effect of stach adhesive concentration (5, 10 and 15% wt) to briquettes characteristics (moisture content, volatile matter, ash content, fixed carbon, calorific value and the rate of combustion). In this reseacrh, two kilograms of palm oil empty fruit bunches was burned using pyrolisis reactor at different temperatur (350, 400, 450 and 5000C) for 2.5 hour. Charcoal produced was mixed with an adhesive in accordance variations and molded into briquettes. Briquettes then analyzed the water content, ash content, carbon content, volatile matter content, heating value and rate of combustion. The maximum yield of briquettes which was obtained in this research is 51.53% at temperature 3500C and the lowest yield at temperature of 500 ° C by 26.03%. Briquettes results of this study have met the quality standards of fuel briquettes as seen from the heating value. Optimal adhesive composition between starch and charcoal TKKS is 5%: 95% that generates highest calorific value about 6748.15kal/ g. Keywords: Briquette Bioarang, Pyrolysis, oil palm empty bunches

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Analysis The Effect of Coconut Shell Charcoal Mixed Doses and Adhesive In Characteristics Jamu Dregs Briquettes

BERKALA SAINSTEK ◽

10.19184/bst.v9i4.27326 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 179

Author(s):

Arinda Dwi Arafah ◽

Soni Sisbudi Harsono

Keyword(s):

Combustion Temperature ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Ash Content ◽

Fuel Oil ◽

Coconut Shell ◽

Heating Value ◽

Temperature Combustion ◽

Biomass Materials ◽

Tapioca Flour ◽

Adhesive Materials

Briquette is an alternative simple fuel that has a relatively high calorific value, so it has the potential to reduce the use of firewood and fuel oil (BBM). Herbal waste is one of the biomass materials that came from the rest of the material in the production of herbal medicine made from medicinal plants. Utilization of herbal dregs as briquettes has been implemented by PT. Industri Jamu dan Farmasi Sido Muncul. Tbk, as fuel for boiler engines. Making briquettes from biomass requires the addition of materials, one of which is coconut shell charcoal and adhesives such as molasses and tapioca flour to improve the physical properties of the briquettes. Briquettes with good quality have a maximum moisture content and ash content of 8%, a heating value of more than 5000 cal/gram, a constant combustion temperature of 350℃ for a long period of time and is easily flammable. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of briquettes based on the value of water content, ash content, combustion temperature, combustion rate, and calorific value. Variable treatment with the addition of coconut shell charcoal with several doses of 10%, 20%, and 30% and variations of adhesive materials. Data analysis was performed by using two-factor ANOVA statistical test. The results showed that briquettes with tapioca flour adhesive and 30% coconut shell charcoal composition had the best characteristics of briquettes compared to other variations.

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Effect of Elaeis Guineensis Biomass Residues in the Production of Coal Pellets

10.21203/rs.3.rs-40358/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

UCHE ONOCHIE ◽

HENRY EGWARE ◽

FRANCIS ONOROH

Keyword(s):

Elaeis Guineensis ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Ash Content ◽

Screw Press ◽

Empty Fruit Bunch ◽

Palm Kernel Shell ◽

Good Energy ◽

Proximate And Ultimate Analysis ◽

Palm Fibre

Abstract In this study, the effect of elaeis guineensis in the production of pellets from coal was investigated. Coal and elaeis guineensis were collected and pulverised. A locally fabricated screw press machine was used to produce three types of pellets in the same ratio (i.e. 80C:20R) while the fourth pellet is100% coal. These pellets are: coal palm kernel shell (CPKS), coal palm fibre (CPF), coal empty fruit bunch (CEFB) as well as raw coal (C). Thereafter, the pellets were sundried and characterised base on ASTM Standards. These include the calorific value, proximate and ultimate analysis. From the results, it was observed that the calorific value of CPKS, CPF, CEFB and C were 28033.38 kJ/kg, 27695.4 kJ/kg, 27687.5 kJ/kg and 22021.99 kJ/kg respectively. The sulphur content of the pellets is 0.7%, 0.71%, 0.73% and 0.76% respectively. The results revealed that the 100% coal pellet has the lowest percentage CV and the highest percentage sulphur and ash content. Essentially, this study has been able to established that elaeis guineensis residues is a good energy source for enhancing the calorific value of coal and also has the tendency of reducing the sulphur and ash contents of coal especially the PKS.

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PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH LUMPUR IPAL KAWASAN INDUSTRI DAN SERBUK GERGAJI KAYU MENJADI BRIKET

Jukung (Jurnal Teknik Lingkungan) ◽

10.20527/jukung.v5i1.6192 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sissar Eka Bimantara ◽

Euis Nurul Hidayah

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Research Methodology ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Quality Standards ◽

Ash Content ◽

Heating Value ◽

Wood Sawdust ◽

Quality Testing ◽

Heat Value

Lumpur IPAL pada Kawasan Industri sampai saat ini belum dapat dimanfaatkan dengan baik, pemanfaatan lumpur IPAL menjadi briket merupakan salah satu upaya untuk mengatasi permasalahan limbah lumpur IPAL. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui lumpur IPAL dengan campuran serbuk gergaji kayu dapat dijadikan bahan bakar alternatif berupa briket, mengetahui pengaruh variasi lumpur IPAL dan serbuk gergaji kayu terhadap mutu briket berupa kadar abu, nilai kalor, kadar air , dan mengetahui komposisi terbaik antara lumpur IPAL dan serbuk gergaji kayu untuk menghasilkan nilai kalor optimum pada briket. Metodologi penelitian meliputi pengeringan bahan, karbonisasi bahan, penghalusan dan penyaringan bahan 20 mesh (841 µm), 40 mesh (420µm), dan 60 mesh (250 µm), pencetakan dan pengepresan briket, serta pengeringan briket. Selanjutnya dilakukan uji mutu briket, hasil analisis pada briket terbaik terdapat pada perbandingan 20 : 80 dengan menggunakan ayakan 60 mesh, memiliki nilai kalor 4366,8 kal/g, kadar air 1,26% dan kadar abu 1,32%. Nilai kalor pada briket masih belum memenuhi baku mutu dari SNI 4931 Tahun 2010, Minimnya nilai kalor yang dihasilkan bisa juga karena variabel perlakuan, dengan perbandingan yang dilakukan terhadap lumpur dan serbuk gergaji serta menggunakan ukuran ayakan yang berbeda. Kata Kunci : briket, lumpur IPAL, serbuk gergaji kayu. IPAL sludge in the Ngoro Persada Industry has yet to be utilized properly, utilizing IPAL sludge into briquettes is one of the efforts to solve this problem. The aim of this research was to determine the IPAL sludge with a mixture of wood sawdust can be used as an alternative fuel in the form of briquettes, to determine the effect of variations in IPAL sludge and wood sawdust on the quality of briquettes in the form of heat value, ash content and moisture content as well as knowing the best composition between IPAL sludge and wood sawdust to produce briquettes with the best heating value. The research methodology included material drying, carbonization of materials, refining and filtering of 20 mesh (841 μm), 40 mesh (420μm), and 60 mesh (250 μm), printing and pressing briquettes, and briquette drying. Furthermore, briquette quality testing was conducted, the results showed that the best briquettes were at a ratio of 20: 80 using 60 mesh sleve, having a heating value of 4366.8 cal / g, 1.26% moisture content and 1.32% ash content. The calorific value of briquettes still does not meet the quality standards of SNI 4931 of 2010, the lack of heat value produced can also be due to treatment variables, with the comparison carried out on sludge and wood sawdust and using different sieve sizes. Keywords: briquettes, IPAL sludge, wood sawdust.

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PEMBUATAN BIOBRIKET TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT DAN TEMPURUNG KELAPA SEBAGAI SUMBER ENERGI ALTERNATIF RAMAH LINGKUNGAN

Jurnal Agro Fabrica ◽

10.47199/jaf.v1i1.23 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 14-20

Author(s):

Herlina Anggriani Marbun ◽

Giyanto . ◽

Hardiansyah Sinaga

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Alternative Energy ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Quality Standard ◽

Ash Content ◽

Empty Fruit Bunch ◽

Heating Value ◽

Fuel Prices ◽

Fresh Fruit Bunches

Fluctuations in fuel prices stimulate efforts to find alternative energy that is environmentally friendly. The processing of oil palm plantations produces waste or quite a lot of products ± 23% of the weight of fresh fruit bunches. Utilization of Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (PEFB) as biobriquettes was chosen in this study by mixing other ingredients, namely coconut shell. The treatment in the study was the composition of the mixture of PEFB and shell PEFB-1, PEFB-2, PEFB-3, PEFB-4 and PEFB-5 with a ratio of weight (100% -0%), (75% -25%), (50% -50%), (25% -75%) and (0% -100%). The research was carried out in Medan STIPAP, ITM Laboratory and PTKI Alboratorium in April - September 2018. Observation parameters were heating value, water content, ash content, density, compressive strength and combustion rate. The results showed that briquettes with dominant PEFB material, PEFB-1 and PEFB-2, produced less quality biobriquettes, especially low calorific value. The best treatment is PEFB-4 (25% EFB and 75% shell) with characters that appropriate to the specifications of the quality standard of charcoal briquettes.

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Properties of briquettes and pellets of pine needles from Hattiban Community Forest, Kathmandu, Nepal

Nepal Journal of Environmental Science ◽

10.3126/njes.v6i0.30115 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Anu Radha Baral ◽

Krishna Raj Shrestha

Keyword(s):

High Pressure ◽

Thermal Efficiency ◽

Research Work ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Proximate Analysis ◽

Pine Needles ◽

Average Weight ◽

Community Forest ◽

Heating Value ◽

Combustion Properties

Biomass is the most utilized primary energy source in context of Nepal. Briquetting of pine needles can be an option for natural resource management. This research work was carried out to quantify the amount of pine needles during the fall season and to study the combustion properties, performance and emission of the briquette produced. The study was carried out in Hattiban Community Forest of Kathmandu district. In order to quantify the pine needle, simple random sampling was used. The average weight of needles in field was observed to be 751g m-2. Altogether, four types of briquettes and two types of pellets were produced using different binders and various briquetting technologies. Proximate analysis was carried out following the Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS 8812) and the calorific value test was done using Toshniwal Digital Bomb Calorimeter. The result from the proximate analysis showed higher (32.93%) amount of ash content of beehive briquette. Calorific value test of the fuel showed that high pressure pellets had the higher heating value (5555.1 kcal kg-1) and beehive had the lower heating value (3801.4076 kcal kg-1). The water boiling test reveals that thermal efficiency of the stove was highest (39.1%) when operated with high pressure pellet and low (24.76%) for charcoal pellets. Except high pressure pellets, other briquettes and pellets exceeded the safe limit of carbon monoxide and particulate matter emission given by National Indoor Air Quality Standard. Fuel characteristics like high thermal efficiency, high calorific value and proximate value obtained from present analysis shows pine needles can be used as appropriate and sustainable source of energy.

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Estimating the higher heating value of forest and agricultural biomass

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202015401002 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 154 ◽

pp. 01002

Author(s):

Krzysztof Górnicki ◽

Agnieszka Kaleta ◽

Radosław Winiczenko

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Models ◽

Carbon Content ◽

Ash Content ◽

Wood Pellets ◽

Heating Value ◽

Agricultural Biomass

The objectives of study were to investigate the ash content, carbon content and the higher heating value and modelling of HHV of forest and agricultural biomass. Five types of biomass were used for the experiments: sunflower husk pellets, wood pellets, straw and hay briquettes, and forest chips. The investigated biomass properties (their average values) change: for ash content between 1.3% (woods pellets) and 7.3% (hay briquettes), for carbon content between 37.4% (forest chips) and 52.0% (wood pellets), for HHV between 14.8 kJ/kg (forest chips) and 20.1 kJ/kg (sunflower husk pellets). Two mathematical models from literature and model proposed by the authors were used to the HHV calculation. The model proposed by the authors gave the best results in determination of sunflower husk pellets HHV.

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Effect of Peanut Shell Torrefaction on Qualities of The Produced Bio-pellet

REAKTOR ◽

10.14710/reaktor.18.04.183-193 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (04) ◽

pp. 183 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Santiyo Wibowo ◽

Ningseh Lestari

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Ash Content ◽

Peanut Shell ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Heating Value ◽

Fuel Consumption Rate ◽

Peanut Shells ◽

Previously Treated

Peanut shells could be regarded as biomass wastes generated from agricultural products, which are abundantly available. The current handling of those wastes is merely through direct incineration, without a proper and controlled manner. Consequently, it could arouse environmental concerns, such as air pollution and human respiratory diseases. One alternative solution is converting those peanut shells to bio-pellet, expectedly applicable for fuels. Relevantly, research on bio-pellet manufacture from peanut shells, previously treated with the torrefaction, was conducted. It’s aimed mainly to identify the fuel-related characteristics of bio-pellet products. The tested bio-pellet parameters covered, moisture content, ash content, volatile matters, fixed carbon content, calorific values, and density. The results revealed that torrefaction temperature and time at raw materials (peanut shells) could improve their qualities in regard to particular calorific value compared to those before such torrefaction; which referred to Indonesia’s Standard (SNI-8021-2014) for wood bio-pellet. Further, torrefaction could increase bio-pellet quality which satisfied the SNI’s Standard, except for ash content. Optimal torrefaction treatment was obtained at 300oC temperature for 60 minutes, whereby it achieved remarkable bio-pellet characteristics in terms of moisture content (3.092%), ash content (6.116%), volatile matters (38.387%), fixed carbon (55.447%), calorific value (6174 cal/g), and density (0.703 g/cm3). The torrefaction bio-pellets from peanut shells could achieve remarkable performances, with respect to fuel consumption rate (0.68 kg/hr), heating value (6174 kcal/kg), and thermal efficiency (16.67%).

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