scholarly journals Machine Learning Based DWDM Design Using Regression Modelling

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Venkatesan K ◽  
Chandrasekar A ◽  
Ramesh P.G.V
Keyword(s):  
Design System ◽  
High Signal ◽  
Optical Parameters ◽  
Noise Power ◽  
Signal Power ◽  
Q Factor ◽  
Signal Distortion ◽  
Power Noise ◽  
Correlated Parameters ◽  
Dwdm System

Abstract In this paper, we discuss the non-linearity problems such as Four Wave Mixing (FWM) and high signal distortion with low Output Signal to Noise Ratio (OSNR) in the design of a 64-channel DWDM system using Regression learning technique. The occurrence of FWM in a DWDM system with high number of channels reduces the performance of an optical fiber system in terms of bandwidth and increases computational complexity. High signal distortion with low OSNR reduces network throughput, energy efficiency and thus forces re-transmission. To overcome the above problems, DWDM system with higher number of channel necessitates an optimized design based on correlation factors of optical dependent and independent variable factors such as BER, Q-factor, signal power, noise power and OSNR. Proposed here is a regression optimized DWDM system design. Regression is used here for correlating and optimizing the optical parameters. In this paper, the problem of non-linearity is solved through optimized DWDM design based on correlated parameters in 16, 32 and 64- Channeled DWDM system. The regression based correlated DWDM design (R-DWDM) is improvised mechanism over the independent parameter based simulations and thus improves accuracy. The R-DWDM design system shows higher accuracy through the derived R-value for optical parameters such as input power, channel spacing, optical gain and data rate. The enhancement achieved through the regression based optimized DWDM design is evaluated in terms of optical measurements such as signal power, noise power, Q-factor and BER.

scholarly journals Analysis of EDFA Parameters Amenable for Ultra High Bitrate Based DWDM System

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 433-442
Keyword(s):  
Pump Power ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Optical Amplifier ◽  
Access Networks ◽  
Signal Power ◽  
Q Factor ◽  
Eye Opening ◽  
Output Characteristics ◽  
Dwdm System

Exponential growth in data centric services often leads to overhaul of backbone and access networks. Design of high transmission capacity of up to 640Gbps DWDM system with EDFA was analyzed to meet less distortion in an optical backhaul system. Further the length of EDFA and pump power of EDFA are varied and evaluated for 16, 32 and 64 channels data transmission efficiently, such that it caters to the requirements of access networks. Parameters such as pump power and length of optical Amplifier in DWDM system are studied and its output characteristics are analyzed from co-channel and counter-channel propagations. The dependences parameters such as maximal BER, minimal SNR values among all the channels with signal power detection for each pump power results are obtained and compared to the same. Evaluations of Quality factor and BER for each pump power with all three configurations were done for different lengths of EDFA. The DWDM system with suggested optimum EDFA parameters gives good results in terms of Q-factor, eye opening and BER.

Ultimate resolution and information in electron microscopy

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 496-497
Author(s):  
D. Van Dyck
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Transfer Function ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Communication Channel ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Information Rate ◽  
Noise Power ◽  
Signal Power ◽  
Imaging Device

An (electron) microscope can be considered as a communication channel that transfers structural information between an object and an observer. In electron microscopy this information is carried by electrons. According to the theory of Shannon the maximal information rate (or capacity) of a communication channel is given by C = B log2 (1 + S/N) bits/sec., where B is the band width, and S and N the average signal power, respectively noise power at the output. We will now apply to study the information transfer in an electron microscope. For simplicity we will assume the object and the image to be onedimensional (the results can straightforwardly be generalized). An imaging device can be characterized by its transfer function, which describes the magnitude with which a spatial frequency g is transferred through the device, n is the noise. Usually, the resolution of the instrument ᑭ is defined from the cut-off 1/ᑭ beyond which no spadal information is transferred.

Simulation performance signature evolution of optical inter satellite links based booster EDFA and receiver preamplifiers

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud M. A. Eid ◽  
Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed ◽  
Ehab Salah El-din
Keyword(s):  
Bit Error Rate ◽  
Error Rate ◽  
Fiber Amplifier ◽  
Input Power ◽  
Signal Power ◽  
Q Factor ◽  
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier ◽  
Simulation Performance ◽  
Erbium Doped ◽  
Satellite Links

AbstractAim and scope of this study is to simulate the performance signature of optical inter satellite links based booster Erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) and receiver preamplifiers. The study is simulated to demonstrated the effect of changing the propagation distances between satellites spacing based on the booster EDFA and receiver preamplifiers. Signal power amplitude, Max. Q factor, and min bit error rate are investigated against the input power variations.

scholarly journals Cognitive Interference Alignment Schemes for IoT Oriented Heterogeneous Two-Tier Networks

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 2548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Run Tian ◽  
Lin Ma ◽  
Zhe Wang ◽  
Xuezhi Tan
Keyword(s):  
Spectrum Sharing ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Interference Management ◽  
Interference Alignment ◽  
Network Capacity ◽  
High Signal ◽  
Noise Power ◽  
Optimal Capacity ◽  
Iot Devices

This paper considers interference management and capacity improvement for Internet of Things (IoT) oriented two-tier networks by exploiting cognition between network tiers with interference alignment (IA). More specifically, we target our efforts on the next generation two-tier networks, where a tier of femtocell serving multiple IoT devices shares the licensed spectrum with a tier of pre-existing macrocell via a cognitive radio. Aiming to manage the cross-tier interference caused by cognitive spectrum sharing as well as ensure an optimal capacity of the femtocell, two novel self-organizing cognitive IA schemes are proposed. First, we propose an interference nulling based cognitive IA scheme. In such a scheme, both co-tier and cross-tier interferences are aligned into the orthogonal subspace at each IoT receiver, which means all the interference can be perfectly eliminated without causing any performance degradation on the macrocell. However, it is known that the interference nulling based IA algorithm achieves its optimum only in high signal to noise ratio (SNR) scenarios, where the noise power is negligible. Consequently, when the imposed interference-free constraint on the femtocell can be relaxed, we also present a partial cognitive IA scheme that further enhances the network performance under a low and intermediate SNR. Additionally, the feasibility conditions and capacity analyses of the proposed schemes are provided. Both theoretical and numerical results demonstrate that the proposed cognitive IA schemes outperform the traditional orthogonal precoding methods in terms of network capacity, while preserving for macrocell users the desired quality of service.

scholarly journals Impact of accelerometer based in physical layer wireless networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2.5) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Zuhanis Mansor ◽  
Muhammad Khairulanwar bin Zulkafli
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Communication ◽  
Landscape Position ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
Noise Power ◽  
Signal Power ◽  
Propagation Channel ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Downlink Throughput ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Non Line Of Sight

The initial deployments of antenna in the handset consist of fixed non-rotated antenna for transmitting and receiving the signal in the wireless communication scenario. However, link correlation at the UE shows very bad performance when the handset rotates in landscape position. This paper evaluates the impact of accelerometer on the downlink propagation channel of 3G smartphone for non-line-of-sight links. The performance average received signal power is studied for user equipment. Results show that the exploitation of an accelerometer provide better performance in terms of received signal power when the handset rotated from portrait to landscape position. It can be concluded that the deployment of accelerometer can be used to improve existing 3G smartphone received signal. Results also indicate that accelerometer can be used to improve downlink throughput since the signal-to-noise-power is increased by approximately 16%.

scholarly journals Noise reduction in ECG Signals for Bio-telemetryb

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 505
Author(s):  
V. Jagan Naveen ◽  
K. Murali Krishna ◽  
K. Raja Rajeswari
Keyword(s):  
Reducing Power ◽  
Ecg Signal ◽  
Noise Power ◽  
Signal Power ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Rls Algorithm ◽  
Biomedical Signal ◽  
Ecg Signals ◽  
Power Line Interference ◽  
Line Interference

<p><span lang="EN-US">In Biotelemetry, Biomedical signal such as ECG is extremely important in the diagnosis of patients in remote location and is recorded commonly with noise. Considered attention is required for analysis of ECG signal to find the patho-physiology and status of patient. In this paper, LMS and RLS algorithm are implemented on adaptive FIR filter for reducing power line interference (50Hz) and (AWGN) noise on ECG signals .The ECG signals are randomly chosen from MIT_BIH data base and de-noising using algorithms. The peaks and heart rate of the ECG signal are estimated. The measurements are taken in terms of Signal Power, Noise Power and   Mean Square Error.</span></p>

scholarly journals Comparative analysis, design and optimisation of a 48 channel DWDM system using various design parameters

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jerrin Zachariah Mohan
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Communication Link ◽  
Q Factor ◽  
Bit Rate ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Transmission Impairments ◽  
Compensation Technique ◽  
Linear Effects ◽  
Dwdm System

In the current era, there is an ever-growing demand for data hungry applications and services that need large amounts of bandwidth to send digital information at very high speeds. In order to meet this challenge for higher bandwidth capacity, Dense Wave Division Multiplexing (DWDM) is used as the strategy to transmit multiple high-bit rate channels at extremely narrow channel spacings over a single fiber core. However, this gives rise to detrimental transmission impairments such as linear effects and non-linear effects. The dissertation minimises the impairments by optimally designing a new DWDM system that produces a detectable and acceptable quality of signal at the receiver. In this dissertation, a comparative analysis is performed on the simulative design of a 48-channel DWDM system that has a 25 Gb/s bit rate and a 100 km transmission distance. The research mitigates the effects of transmission impairments such that an error-free matched communication link is produced for equally spaced (ES) channels of 100 GHz, 50 GHz, 25 GHZ and 12.5 GHz and 6.25 GHz. Various design parameters are used to create the comparative analysis model to optimise the 48 channel DWDM network. The design is simulated using the Optisystem simulation platform and the signal analysis is based on the bit error rate (BER) and quality (Q) factor of the received signal’s eye diagrams. It is established in the desertion that modified networks with matched active components has ES frequency channels that are aligned to each other and has a higher optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) than mismatched networks. The maximum signal power and OSNR of the 3-erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA)-post symmetric compensation technique is always higher than the 1-EDFA post compensation technique for all channel spacings in any type of network. Modified duobinary return to zero (MDRZ) when compared to non-return to zero (NRZ) and return to zero (RZ) has a greater dispersion tolerance, higher fiber non-linearity tolerance and a higher acceptable signal transmission over longer distances with the least amount of errors. The optimised design parameter configurations produce the highest signal performance (highest Q factor > 6 and lowest BER > 10-9) and the highest bandwidth efficiency for the RZ Modulation (at 100 GHz, 50 GHz and 25 GHz channel spacings) and MDRZ Modulation (at 12.5 and 6.25 GHz channel spacing).

scholarly journals Validation of a Multilag Estimator on NJU-CPOL and a Hybrid Approach for Improving Polarimetric Radar Data Quality

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 180
Author(s):  
Shiqing Shao ◽  
Kun Zhao ◽  
Haonan Chen ◽  
Jianjun Chen ◽  
Hao Huang
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Hybrid Method ◽  
Radar Data ◽  
Noise Power ◽  
Signal Power ◽  
Polarimetric Radar ◽  
Moment Estimation ◽  
Spectrum Width ◽  
Differential Reflectivity

For the estimation of weak echo with low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), a multilag estimator is developed, which has better performance than the conventional method. The performance of the multilag estimator is examined by theoretical analysis, simulated radar data and some specific observed data collected by a C-band polarimetric radar in previous research. In this paper, the multilag estimator is implemented and verified for Nanjing University C-band polarimetric Doppler weather radar (NJU-CPOL) during the Observation, Prediction and Analysis of Severe Convection of China (OPACC) field campaign in 2014. The implementation results are also compared with theoretical analysis, including the estimation of signal power, spectrum width, differential reflectivity, and copolar correlation coefficient. The results show that the improvement of the multilag estimator is little for signal power and differential reflectivity, but significant for spectrum width and copolar correlation coefficient when spectrum width is less than 2 ms−1, which implies a large correlation time scale. However, there are obvious biases from the multilag estimator in the regions with large spectrum width. Based on the performance analysis, a hybrid method is thus introduced and examined through NJU-CPOL observations. All lags including lag 0 of autocorrelation function (ACF) are used for moment estimation in this algorithm according to the maximum usable lag number. A case study shows that this hybrid method can improve moment estimation compared to both conventional estimator and multilag estimator, especially for weak weather echoes. The improvement will be significant if SNR decreases or the biases of noise power in the conventional estimator increase. In addition, this hybrid method is easy to implement on both operational and non-operational radars. It is also expected that the proposed hybrid method will have a better performance if applied to S-band polarimetric radars which have twice the maximum useable lags in the same conditions with C-band radars.

Performance Investigate and Analysis of 96 × 10 Gbps DWDM System Using Suitable Rating from Optical Amplifiers

2019 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chakresh Kumar ◽  
Ghanendra Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Quality Factor ◽  
Fiber Length ◽  
Optical Amplifiers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Q Factor ◽  
Probability Of Error ◽  
Raman Amplifier ◽  
Quality Factor Q ◽  
Dwdm System

AbstractThe objective of current work is to design and analyzed 96×10 Gbps DWDM system taking EDFA, SOA, and RAMAN amplifier as an inline amplifiers up to a fiber length of 300 km. The performance of EDFA, SOA, and RAMAN amplifier is measured on the basis of power received, Q-factor, probability of error and BER for various values of fiber distance. In this paper it has been proved that for 96 channels DWDM system at 10 Gbps bit rate, EDFA reveals superior performance as far as the amount of power received is concerned. The value of quality factor (Q-factor) for RAMAN amplifier is almost identical to that of the Q-factor for EDFA and is higher than the Q-factor for SOA till a fiber length of roughly 80 km thereafter SOA reveals somewhat better Q-factor than EDFA and RAMAN amplifier. As far as BER is concerned EDFA and RAMAN amplifier show roughly identical and somewhat lower BER than SOA till a fiber length of roughly 80 km, afterwards SOA reveal somewhat lesser BER till the fiber length of 210 km. In relation to the probability of error P(E), It is analyzed that P(E) remains more or less same for the entire set of optical amplifiers(OAs) but beyond the fiber length of 240 km EDFA shows somewhat lower P(E) than the other two OAs. At the end the Eye diagrams for the three OAs are also figure out.

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