Carbon dioxide atmospheric concentration and hydrometeorological disasters

Abstract We study the long-run dynamic and predictive connection between atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and the probability of hydrometeorological disasters. For a panel of 193 countries over the period 1970-2016 we estimate the probabilities of hydrometeorological disasters at country levels by means of Bayesian sampling techniques. We then separate the effects of climatological and socio-demographic factors (used as proxies for exposure and vulnerability) and other country-specific factors, from a global probability of disasters (GPOD). Finally, we subject these global probability time paths to a cointegration analysis with CO2 concentration and run projections to year 2040 of the GPOD conditional on nine Shared Socioeconomic Pathways scenarios. We detect a stable long-term relation between CO2 accumulation and the GPOD that allows to determine projections of the latter process conditional on the former. This way, we demonstrate that generally and readily available statistical data on CO2 global atmospheric concentrations can be used as a conceptually meaningful, statistically valid and policy useful predictor of the probability of occurrence of (global) hydrometeorological disasters.

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A Model to Account for Potential Correlations Between Growth of Loblolly Pine and Changing Ambient Carbon Dioxide Concentrations

Southern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/sjaf/27.4.279 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 279-284 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

James A. Westfall ◽

Ralph L. Amateis

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Loblolly Pine ◽

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Co2 Concentration ◽

Site Index ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Site Quality ◽

Carbon Dioxide Concentrations ◽

Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract Continuously increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) may be leading to enhanced growth rates for loblolly pine. In order to plan effectively silvicultural regimes and harvesting schedules, managers of loblolly pine plantations may wish to account for these potential changes when making growth and yield projections. Data from 94 unthinned plots across the Southeast were used to develop an equation that utilizes change in ambient CO2 concentration and initial site quality to predict change in site index (ΔSI). For a given change in CO2 concentration, a greater increase in site index is afforded to lower quality sites. The ΔSI equation was incorporated into a loblolly pine growth model. Simulations with and without site index adjustments were performed and plot volume estimates were compared to observed values. Mean percent residual dropped from 9.7% with no adjustment to -0.5% when ΔSI was employed. Forest managers can use this model to evaluate how possible CO2-induced growth increases may affect long-term timber yields and management strategies. South. J. Appl. For. 27(4):279–284.

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Elevated CO2 Concentration Improves Heat-Tolerant Ability in Crops

10.5772/intechopen.94128 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ayman EL Sabagh ◽

Akbar Hossain ◽

Mohammad Sohidul Islam ◽

Muhammad Aamir Iqbal ◽

Ali Raza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Elevated Co2 ◽

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽

Crop Production ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Production Systems ◽

Temperature Response ◽

Co2 Concentration ◽

Crop Plants ◽

Carbon Dioxide Co2

The rising concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (aCO2) and increasing temperature are the main reasons for climate change, which are significantly affecting crop production systems in this world. However, the elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration can improve the growth and development of crop plants by increasing photosynthetic rate (higher availability of photoassimilates). The combined effects of elevated CO2 (eCO2) and temperature on crop growth and carbon metabolism are not adequately recognized, while both eCO2 and temperature triggered noteworthy changes in crop production. Therefore, to increase crop yields, it is important to identify the physiological mechanisms and genetic traits of crop plants which play a vital role in stress tolerance under the prevailing conditions. The eCO2 and temperature stress effects on physiological aspects as well as biochemical profile to characterize genotypes that differ in their response to stress conditions. The aim of this review is directed the open-top cavities to regulate the properties like physiological, biochemical, and yield of crops under increasing aCO2, and temperature. Overall, the extent of the effect of eCO2 and temperature response to biochemical components and antioxidants remains unclear, and therefore further studies are required to promote an unperturbed production system.

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The Exploitation of Local Vitis vinifera L. Biodiversity as a Valuable Tool to Cope with Climate Change Maintaining Berry Quality

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10010071 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 71

Author(s):

María Carmen Antolín ◽

María Toledo ◽

Inmaculada Pascual ◽

Juan José Irigoyen ◽

Nieves Goicoechea

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Fruit Quality ◽

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Co2 Concentration ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Vitis Vinifera L ◽

Grape Quality ◽

Berry Quality ◽

Carbon Dioxide Co2

(1) Background: The associated increase in global mean surface temperature together with raised atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration is exerting a profound influence on grapevine development (phenology) and grape quality. The exploitation of the local genetic diversity based on the recovery of ancient varieties has been proposed as an interesting option to cope with climate change and maintaining grape quality. Therefore, this research aimed to characterize the potential fruit quality of genotypes from seven local old grapevine varieties grown under climate change conditions. (2) Methods: The study was carried out on fruit-bearing cuttings (one cluster per plant) that were grown in pots in temperature gradient greenhouses (TGG). Two treatments were applied from fruit set to maturity: (1) ambient CO2 (400 ppm) and temperature (T) (ACAT) and (2) elevated CO2 (700 ppm) and temperature (T + 4 °C) (ECET). (3) Results: Results showed that some of the old genotypes tested remained quite stable during the climate change conditions in terms of fruit quality (mainly, total soluble solids and phenolic content) and of must antioxidant properties. (4) Conclusion: This research underlines the usefulness of exploiting local grapevine diversity to cope with climate change successfully, although further studies under field conditions and with whole plants are needed before extrapolating the results to the vineyard.

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Ammonium application mitigates the effects of elevated carbon dioxide on the carbon/nitrogen balance of Phoebe bournei seedlings

Tree Physiology ◽

10.1093/treephys/tpab026 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Xiao Wang ◽

Xiaoli Wei ◽

Gaoyin Wu ◽

Shengqun Chen

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Enzyme Activities ◽

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽

Global Climate ◽

Co2 Concentration ◽

Rubisco Activase ◽

Plant Responses ◽

N Metabolism ◽

C And N ◽

Phoebe Bournei

Abstract The study of plant responses to increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration is crucial to understand and to predict the effect of future global climate change on plant adaptation and evolution. Increasing amount of nitrogen (N) can promote the positive effect of CO2, while how N forms would modify the degree of CO2 effect is rarely studied. The aim of this study was to determine whether the amount and form of nitrogen (N) could mitigate the effects of elevated CO2 (eCO2) on enzyme activities related to carbon (C) and N metabolism, the C/N ratio, and growth of Phoebe bournei (Hemsl.) Y.C. Yang. One-year-old P. bournei seedlings were grown in an open-top air chamber under either an ambient CO2 (aCO2) (350 ± 70 μmol•mol−1) or an eCO2 (700 ± 10 μmol•mol−1) concentration and cultivated in soil treated with either moderate (0.8 g per seedling) or high applications (1.2 g per seedling) of nitrate or ammonium. In seedlings treated with a moderate level of nitrate, the activities of key enzymes involved in C and N metabolism (i.e., Rubisco, Rubisco activase and glutamine synthetase) were lower under eCO2 than under aCO2. By contrast, key enzyme activities (except GS) in seedlings treated with high nitrate or ammonium were not significantly different between aCO2 and eCO2 or higher under eCO2 than under aCO2. The C/N ratio of seedlings treated with moderate or high nitrate under eCO2was significantly changed compared with the seedlings grown under aCO2, whereas the C/N ratio of seedlings treated with ammonium was not significantly different between aCO2 and eCO2. Therefore, under eCO2, application of ammonium can be beneficial C and N metabolism and mitigate effects on the C/N ratio.

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Using airborne HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) to evaluate model and remote sensing estimates of atmospheric carbon dioxide

10.5194/acp-2015-961 ◽

2016 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

C. Frankenberg ◽

S. S. Kulawik ◽

S. Wofsy ◽

F. Chevallier ◽

B. Daube ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Added Value ◽

Total Carbon ◽

Accuracy And Precision ◽

Atmospheric Carbon ◽

Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽

Global Carbon ◽

Comparable Quality

Abstract. In recent years, space-borne observations of atmospheric carbon-dioxide (CO2) have become increasingly used in global carbon-cycle studies. In order to obtain added value from space-borne measurements, they have to suffice stringent accuracy and precision requirements, with the latter being less crucial as it can be reduced by just enhanced sample size. Validation of CO2 column averaged dry air mole fractions (XCO2) heavily relies on measurements of the Total Carbon Column Observing Network TCCON. Owing to the sparseness of the network and the requirements imposed on space-based measurements, independent additional validation is highly valuable. Here, we use observations from the HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) flights from January 2009 through September 2011 to validate CO2 measurements from satellites (GOSAT, TES, AIRS) and atmospheric inversion models (CarbonTracker CT2013B, MACC v13r1). We find that the atmospheric models capture the XCO2 variability observed in HIPPO flights very well, with correlation coefficients (r2) of 0.93 and 0.95 for CT2013B and MACC, respectively. Some larger discrepancies can be observed in profile comparisons at higher latitudes, esp. at 300 hPa during the peaks of either carbon uptake or release. These deviations can be up to 4 ppm and hint at misrepresentation of vertical transport. Comparisons with the GOSAT satellite are of comparable quality, with an r2 of 0.85, a mean bias μ of −0.06 ppm and a standard deviation σ of 0.45 ppm. TES exhibits an r2 of 0.75, μ of 0.34 ppm and σ of 1.13 ppm. For AIRS, we find an r2 of 0.37, μ of 1.11 ppm and σ of 1.46 ppm, with latitude-dependent biases. For these comparisons at least 6, 20 and 50 atmospheric soundings have been averaged for GOSAT, TES and AIRS, respectively. Overall, we find that GOSAT soundings over the remote pacific ocean mostly meet the stringent accuracy requirements of about 0.5 ppm for space-based CO2 observations.

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Responses of pea (Pisum sativum L.) to the rising atmospheric concentration of carbon-dioxide

Acta Agraria Debreceniensis ◽

10.34101/actaagrar/72/1613 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 185-188

Author(s):

András Tamás ◽

Ágnes Törő ◽

Tamás Rátonyi ◽

Endre Harsányi

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Environmental Factors ◽

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽

Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽

Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽

Growing Season ◽

Atmospheric Concentration ◽

Pisum Sativum L ◽

Key Factor ◽

Carbon Dioxide Levels

The atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide increases from decade to decade in increasing pace. In 1957, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels were around 315 ppm, while in 2012 it amounted to 394.49 ppm concentration. In parallel, the global temperature is rising,which is projected to average 1.5–4.5 °C. The carbon dioxide concentration is a key factor – in interaction with the light – affects the plant's photosynthesis. Among the various factors significant interactions prevail: environmental factors affect - the growth and the development of plants, leaf area size and composition, the function of the photosynthetic apparatus, the duration of growing season.

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ESTIMATING ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS THRESHOLD FOR NIGERIA: A GUIDE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH ◽

10.29121/granthaalayah.v6.i9.2018.1219 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (9) ◽

pp. 178-195

Author(s):

Aliyu Alhaji Jibrilla

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽

Population Change ◽

Distributed Lag ◽

Long Run ◽

Long Term Effect ◽

Short Run ◽

Pollution Emissions

This study empirically evaluates whether Green House Gases (GHGs) significantly increase with the rising population and urban growth in Nigeria. In addition, the study examine whether the energy demand also influences Nigerian contribution of global pollution emissions. The results of the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) cointegration test indicated long-run and stable relationships among the variables. For affluence, we find evidence that, in the long run, domestic per capita income significantly increases carbon dioxide emissions and then falls after a certain extreme point, providing evidence of an inverted EKC hypothesis in Nigeria. The EKC finding was further supported by appropriate inverted U test. The results also demonstrated that both urbanisation and population change do not have a long term effect on emissions; although urbanisation seems to significantly raise emissions in the short-run. Energy demand has been found to have a significantly positive elasticity effect on carbon dioxide emissions both in the long- and short-run. The short-run Granger causality results indicate that, all variables make a short-run adjustment to correct any deviation from the long-run equilibrium. In addition, analysis of the error correction models reveals that all of the variables contribute to their stable long-run relationship.

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Multi-Year Comparison of CO2 Concentration from NOAA Carbon Tracker Reanalysis Model with Data from GOSAT and OCO-2 over Asia

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs12152498 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (15) ◽

pp. 2498

Author(s):

Farhan Mustafa ◽

Lingbing Bu ◽

Qin Wang ◽

Md. Arfan Ali ◽

Muhammad Bilal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Spatial Distribution ◽

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽

Carbon Budget ◽

Co2 Concentration ◽

Mitigation Strategies ◽

Spatial Correlations ◽

Western Asia ◽

Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽

Good Agreement

Accurate knowledge of the carbon budget on global and regional scales is critically important to design mitigation strategies aimed at stabilizing the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. For a better understanding of CO2 variation trends over Asia, in this study, the column-averaged CO2 dry air mole fraction (XCO2) derived from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) CarbonTracker (CT) was compared with that of Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) from September 2009 to August 2019 and with Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) from September 2014 until August 2019. Moreover, monthly averaged time-series and seasonal climatology comparisons were also performed separately over the five regions of Asia; i.e., Central Asia, East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Western Asia. The results show that XCO2 from GOSAT is higher than the XCO2 simulated by CT by an amount of 0.61 ppm, whereas, OCO-2 XCO2 is lower than CT by 0.31 ppm on average, over Asia. The mean spatial correlations of 0.93 and 0.89 and average Root Mean Square Deviations (RMSDs) of 2.61 and 2.16 ppm were found between the CT and GOSAT, and CT and OCO-2, respectively, implying the existence of a good agreement between the CT and the other two satellites datasets. The spatial distribution of the datasets shows that the larger uncertainties exist over the southwest part of China. Over Asia, NOAA CT shows a good agreement with GOSAT and OCO-2 in terms of spatial distribution, monthly averaged time series, and seasonal climatology with small biases. These results suggest that CO2 can be used from either of the datasets to understand its role in the carbon budget, climate change, and air quality at regional to global scales.

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Reduction of Plant Suitability for Corn Leaf Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Under Elevated Carbon Dioxide Condition

Environmental Entomology ◽

10.1093/ee/nvz045 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

pp. 935-944 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yu Chen ◽

Laurent Serteyn ◽

Zhenying Wang ◽

KangLai He ◽

Frederic Francis

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Feeding Behavior ◽

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽

Global Climate ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

Electrical Penetration Graph ◽

Hordeum Vulgare L ◽

Feeding Site ◽

Corn Leaf Aphid ◽

Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract In the current context of global climate change, atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations are continuously rising with potential influence on plant–herbivore interactions. The effect of elevated CO2 (eCO2) on feeding behavior of corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) on barley seedlings Hordeum vulgare L. was tracked using electrical penetration graph (EPG). The nutrient content of host plant and the developmental indexes of aphids under eCO2 and ambient CO2 (aCO2) conditions were also investigated. Barley seedlings under eCO2 concentration had lower contents of crude protein and amino acids. EPG analysis showed the plants cultivated under eCO2 influenced the aphid feeding behavior, by prolonging the total pre-probation time of the aphids (wandering and locating the feeding site) and the ingestion of passive phloem sap. Moreover, fresh body weight, fecundity and intrinsic population growth rate of R. maidis was significantly decreased in eCO2 in contrast to aCO2 condition. Our findings suggested that changes in plant nutrition caused by eCO2, mediated via the herbivore host could affect insect feeding behavior and population dynamics.

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Development and field testing of a rapid and ultra-stable atmospheric carbon dioxide spectrometer

Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions ◽

10.5194/amtd-7-8101-2014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 7 (8) ◽

pp. 8101-8123

Author(s):

B. Xiang ◽

D. D. Nelson ◽

J. B. McManus ◽

M. S. Zahniser ◽

R. Wehr ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Field Test ◽

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽

Field Measurements ◽

Field Testing ◽

Thermal Control ◽

Long Term Ecological Research ◽

Calibration Protocol ◽

Atmospheric Carbon ◽

Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract. We present field test results for a new spectroscopic instrument to measure atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) with high precision (0.02 ppm at 1 Hz) and demonstrate high stability (within 0.1 ppm over more than 8 months), without the need for hourly, daily, or even monthly calibration against high-pressure gas cylinders. The technical novelty of this instrument (ABsolute Carbon dioxide, ABC) is the spectral null method using an internal quartz reference cell with known CO2 column density. Compared to a previously described prototype, the field instrument has better stability and benefits from more precise thermal control of the optics and more accurate pressure measurements in the sample cell (at the mTorr level). The instrument has been deployed at a long-term ecological research site (the Harvard Forest, USA), where it has measured for eight months without on-site calibration and with minimal maintenance, showing drift bounds of less than 0.1 ppm. Field measurements agree well with those of another commercially available cavity ring-down CO2 instrument (Picarro G2301) run with a standard calibration protocol. This field test demonstrates that ABC is capable of performing high-accuracy, unattended, continuous field measurements with minimal use of calibration cylinders.

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