Interaction Between Income, Health Insurance, and Self-rated Health: a Path Analysis
Abstract Aim: The public health literature suggests health insurance and socioeconomic status (SES) are independent predictors of health outcomes; few studies have explored the interrelationships between these predictors and health. This study explores relationships between income, health insurance, and health, testing the following hypotheses: 1) people with health insurance have higher self-rated health than those who do not; 2) people who have higher income are more likely to have both insurance and higher self-rated health.Subject and Methods: This is retrospective, cross-sectional, secondary data analysis of 39,450 records from the 2016 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). The design utilizes path analysis to simultaneously assess relationships between health insurance status, income, and self-rated health, along with several socio-demographic covariates.Results: We find that higher income and having insurance were both significant predictors of higher self-rated health. Income had a stronger direct effect on health than being insured, as indicated by standardized coefficients. Higher income was also related to having health insurance, thereby influencing health indirectly through its relationship with health insurance. Several socio-demographic variables were also related to self-rated health, income, and insurance. Conclusions: Future research should explore effects of both insurance and income and their interrelationships on health. Health policies should consider that growing poverty and income inequality in the U.S. limit the effectiveness of health insurance and other social programs if larger social conditions are not addressed.