scholarly journals Specific Aspects of Executive Functioning Impacted in HIV and Cocaine Dependence

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Nigro ◽  
Minjie Wu ◽  
Alinda Lord ◽  
Atash Sabet ◽  
Anthony Juliano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
Color Naming ◽  
Cocaine Dependence ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Premorbid Intelligence ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Stroop Color Word Test ◽  
Trail Making

Abstract Background: Our study aimed to understand the effects of HIV and cocaine dependence (CD) on discrete aspects of executive functioning via the Stroop Color-Word Test and the Trail Making Test (TMT). We recruited 101 participants (26 HIV+/CD+; 18 HIV+/CD-; 30 HIV-/CD+; and 27 HIV-/CD-. Methods: We utilized a series of 2 (HIV: yes/no) × 2 (Cocaine: yes/no) ANCOVA’s while controlling for age and premorbid intelligence on the Stroop trials (i.e., color-naming, word reading, interference), and ANOVA’s were used to test for group differences on TMT-A and TMT-B z-scores, the number of errors, and the B/A ratio score. Results: We found a significant main effect of HIV on the Stroop Interference (p = 0.012) and the TMT B/A ratio (p = 0.017), these findings are consistent with difficulties in cognitive flexibility. On the Color-Naming and Interference trials, individuals with CD made significantly more errors than non-users (p = 0.028), demonstrating difficulties with inhibition. Conclusions: Our results show HIV and CD are associated with different underlying cognitive processes which impact overall executive functioning. Understanding the different cognitive factors impacting executive functioning can help formulate tailored treatment recommendations and targeted interventions for people living with HIV and those with cocaine dependence.

An Hebrew Language Version of the Stroop Test

1988 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loring J. Ingraham ◽  
Frances Chard ◽  
Marcia Wood ◽  
Allan F. Mirsky
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
Color Word ◽  
Color Naming ◽  
Stroop Test ◽  
Language Version ◽  
Hebrew Language ◽  
Stroop Color Word Test ◽  
Lexical Content ◽  
College Educated

We present normative data from a Hebrew language version of the Stroop color-word test. In this sample of college-educated Israeli young adults, 18 women and 28 men with a mean age of 28.4 yr. completed a Hebrew language Stroop test. When compared with 1978 English language norms of Golden, Hebrew speakers were slower on color-word reading and color naming, similar on naming the color of incongruently colored names of colors, and showed less interference. Slowed color-word reading and color-naming may reflect the two-syllable length of the Hebrew names for one-syllable length English language colors; reduced interference may reflect the exclusion of vowels in much Hebrew printing and subjects' ability to provide competing, nonconflicting words while naming the color of words in which the hue and the lexical content do not match.

scholarly journals Relationship Between Cognitive Functions and Online Game Addiction

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikita Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Color Naming ◽  
Online Game ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Game Addiction ◽  
Stroop Color Word Test ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
The Relationship

The present study was aimed to examine the cognitive functions among adolescents with online game addiction behaviour. For the present study 60 adolescents who play online games were been studied living in Delhi-Ncr region following cross-sectional research design. The instruments used encompassed of a demographic data sheet, Game addiction scale, Stroop color word test, Trail making test, Eysenck’s series of digit span test and n-beck test. The obtained data was been analysed by using SPSS to see the relationship between cognitive functions and game addiction with Pearson-r, frequency distribution and correlation. The findings indicated that gamers who remained preoccupied with playing had difficulty in color naming and indicates withdrawal feature that interfere in their retrieval. And also indicates that online gamers who experienced conflict due to online gaming had significantly deficit in attention and concentration.

scholarly journals Relationship Between Cognitive Functions and Online Game Addiction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikita Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Color Naming ◽  
Online Game ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Game Addiction ◽  
Stroop Color Word Test ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
The Relationship

The present study was aimed to examine the cognitive functions among adolescents with online game addiction behaviour. For the present study 60 adolescents who play online games were been studied living in Delhi-Ncr region following cross-sectional research design. The instruments used encompassed of a demographic data sheet, Game addiction scale, Stroop color word test, Trail making test, Eysenck’s series of digit span test and n-beck test. The obtained data was been analysed by using SPSS to see the relationship between cognitive functions and game addiction with Pearson-r, frequency distribution and correlation. The findings indicated that gamers who remained preoccupied with playing had difficulty in color naming and indicates withdrawal feature that interfere in their retrieval. And also indicates that online gamers who experienced conflict due to online gaming had significantly deficit in attention and concentration.

scholarly journals Executive functioning in adult ADHD: a meta-analytic review

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 1097-1108 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. MARIJE BOONSTRA ◽  
JAAP OOSTERLAAN ◽  
JOSEPH A. SERGEANT ◽  
JAN K. BUITELAAR
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
Color Naming ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Medium Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Adhd Group ◽  
Analytic Review

Background. Several theoretical explanations of ADHD in children have focused on executive functioning as the main explanatory neuropsychological domain for the disorder. In order to establish if these theoretical accounts are supported by research data for adults with ADHD, we compared neuropsychological executive functioning and non-executive functioning between adults with ADHD and normal controls in a meta-analytic design.Method. We compared 13 studies that (1) included at least one executive functioning measure, (2) compared the performance of an adult ADHD group with that of an adult normal control group, (3) provided sufficient information for calculation of effect sizes, and (4) used DSM-III-R or DSM-IV criteria to diagnose ADHD.Results. We found medium effect sizes both in executive functioning areas [verbal fluency (d=0·62), inhibition (d=0·64 and d=0·89), and set shifting (d=0·65)] and in non-executive functioning domains [consistency of response (d=0·57), word reading (d=0·60) and color naming (d=0·62)].Conclusions. Neuropsychological difficulties in adult ADHD may not be confined to executive functioning. The field is in urgent need of better-designed executive functioning tests, methodological improvements, and direct comparisons with multiple clinical groups to answer questions of specificity.

Clinical Spanish Norms of the Stroop Test for Traumatic Brain Injury and Schizophrenia

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Genny Lubrini ◽  
José A. Periañez ◽  
Marco Rios-Lago ◽  
Raquel Viejo-Sobera ◽  
Rosa Ayesa-Arriola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
Color Word ◽  
Color Naming ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum ◽  
Stroop Color Word Test ◽  
First Episode Schizophrenia

AbstractThe Stroop Color-Word Test is a useful tool to evaluate executive attention and speed of processing. Recent studies have provided norms for different populations of healthy individuals to avoid misinterpretation of scores due to demographic and cultural differences. In addition, clinical norms may improve the assessment of cognitive dysfunction severity and its clinical course. Spanish normative data are provided for 158 closed traumatic brain injury (TBI) and 149 first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SCH) patients. A group of 285 Spanish healthy individuals (HC) was also considered for comparison purposes. Differences between groups were found in all Stroop scores with HC outperforming both clinical groups (p < .002 in all cases; d > .3 in all cases). TBI patients scored lower than SCH patients in word-reading (p < .001 and d = .6), and color-naming conditions (p < .001 and d = .4), but not in the color-word condition (p = .34 and d = .03). However, SCH patients exhibited a higher interference effect as compared to TBI (p < .002 and d = .5). Three sets of norms stratified by age and education (HC), and by education (TBI and SCH) are presented for clinical use.

Age-Related Trends of Interference Control in School-Age Children and Young Adults in the Stroop Color–Word Test

2011 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 577-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshifumi Ikeda ◽  
Hideyuki Okuzumi ◽  
Mitsuru Kokubun ◽  
Koichi Haishi
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Middle Childhood ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
Color Word ◽  
Color Naming ◽  
Interference Control ◽  
Word Test ◽  
Incongruent Color ◽  
Stroop Color Word Test ◽  
Naming Tasks

In this cross-sectional study, differences in interference control, one component of executive function, were investigated among three age groups, 15 early childhood (7- to 8-yr.-olds), 25 middle childhood (9- to 12-yr.-olds), and 20 young adults (21- to 30-yr.-olds). Participants were administered a computer version of the Stroop color–word test with an oral response; correct responses, response time (RT), and the interference ratio were examined. The data indicated that (1) most of the participants showed no errors in word reading, color-naming, and incongruent color-naming tasks; (2) in word-reading and color-naming tasks, RT for 7- to 8-yr.-olds was longer than that for 9- to 12-yr.-olds, while RT of 9- to 12-yr.-olds and young adults were comparable; (3) in an incongruent color-naming task, RT for 7- to 8-yr.-olds was longer than RT for 9- to 12-yr.-olds, which was longer than RT for young adults; and (4) the interference ratio was higher in 7- to 8-yr.-olds than in 9- to 12-yr.-olds, which was higher than in young adults. These results suggested the difference in interference control between early and middle childhood reported on the go/no-go task and the stop-signal procedure would be observed in the Stroop color–word paradigm as well. The utility of this modified Stroop color–word test for those with intellectual and developmental disabilities was discussed.

Predicting the Trail-Making Performance by Measures of Executive Functioning

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay Shaw ◽  
Jessica Foley ◽  
Cassandra Marsello ◽  
Robert Finlay ◽  
Mary B. Bailor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Trail Making

scholarly journals A-09 The Relationship Between Subjective Cognitive Complaints, Depression, and Executive Functioning in mTBI Veterans

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 782-782
Author(s):  
T Scott ◽  
J Spellman ◽  
N Walker ◽  
J Rivera ◽  
D Waltzman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Cognitive Complaints ◽  
Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Neuropsychological Measures ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
Subjective Complaints ◽  
Subjective Cognitive Complaints

Abstract Objective Among individuals with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), those with depression report greater subjective cognitive complaints than those without depression. In mTBI patients with general cognitive complaints, depression may account for poor performance on objective neuropsychological measures. This study seeks to expand this research by examining depression, subjective executive functioning (EF) complaints, and objective EF performance in Veterans with mTBI. Method Fifty-seven Veterans with deployment-related mTBI (12% female; age M = 42.0, SD = 13.6; years education M = 15.0, SD = 1.8) with (n = 29) or without (n = 28) a chart diagnosis of depression. Participants were administered the Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning (BRIEF) and objective neuropsychological measures of working memory (i.e., Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV Working Memory Index) and aspects of EF (i.e., Trail Making Test B and Delis-Kaplan Executive Functioning System (D-KEFS) subtests). Results Principal component analysis identified similar domains of EF to the BRIEF, including: task monitoring (Trail Making Test B, D-KEFS Letter Fluency, and D-KEFS Tower Test, eigenvalue = 1.93) and shifting (D-KEFS: Color-Word Interference Conditions 3 and 4, and Category Switching, eigenvalue = 1.24). Individuals with depression had greater subjective EF complaints in each BRIEF domain than non-depressed individuals (p’s ≤ .01). However, subjective complaints in these domains were not related to objective performance (r’s = −0.17,-0.19, p’s &gt; .05). Moreover, depressed and non-depressed individuals performed similarly on all EF measures (p’s &gt; .05). Conclusions mTBI Veterans with depression report more subjective EF complaints than those without depression. The lack of association between subjective complaints and objective EF performance suggests it is important to treat depression in mTBI patients to remedy perceived cognitive deficits.

scholarly journals Associations of community, famliy and early individual factors with body mass index z-scores trajectories among Chinese children and adolescents

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Liang ◽  
Si Zheng ◽  
Xuyang Li ◽  
Dianmin Xiao ◽  
Peigang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Chinese Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Critical Window ◽  
Community Factors ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Individual Family ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Z Scores

AbstractThe prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity is increasing. This study aimed to examine trajectories of BMI z-scores among Chinese children and the potential determinants including early individual, family and community factors. Group-based trajectory modeling was employed to identify BMI z-scores trajectories of children aged 2–18 years using the five waves data (2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, and 2018) of the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to determine the association between early individual, family, community factors and BMI z-scores trajectories of children. We identified three trajectories for boys and girls, named Class 1 as “not-overweight”, Class 2 as “persistent rapid descending but overweight during pre-school age”, and Class 3 as “rapid rising up to school age and then become-overweight” class. Macrosomia (OR 1.772; 95% CI 1.188–2.644) and being a single child (OR 2.038; 95% CI 1.453–2.859) were more likely to belong in Class 3 among boys. Girls living in the advantaged communities (OR 1.539; 95% CI 1.052–2.252), rural-living (OR 1.558; 95% CI 1.133–2.142) and with none social integration (OR 1.496; 95% CI 1.07–2.091) were more likely to belong in Class 2. There are heterogeneous BMI z-scores trajectories of children aged 2–18, and pre-school age is a critical window that could predict the long-term growth patterns. BMI z-scores trends need to be monitored during pre-school age, focusing on those at higher risk of later overweight obesity status, and targeted interventions at the early individual, family, community levels are essential.

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