Dynamics to Enhance the Conservation of Locally Threatened Medicinal Plant Species (Maerua Oblongifolia) Through Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Study

Abstract Introduction: For generations, many plants were extracted to find drugs and to discover novel and new chemical structures from extracts. Maerua oblongifolia (Forsk.) A. Rich, “Sangganaa” in Dawuro language is a locally threatened traditional medicinal plant, which is traditionally used to treat diarrhea. The present study aimed to check the chemical contents of the different plant parts for possible shifting of the extensive use of the root to other parts of the plant.Methods: Phytochemical screening tests were carried out by standard procedures to investigate various classes of secondary metabolites. Roots, root bark, stem bark, and leaves were extracted by maceration in aqueous and ethanol to get crude extracts. Antibacterial effect of extracts against Escherichia coli and Salmonella thypi was evaluated by the disc diffusion method. Results: The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, phenols, carbohydrates, and proteins in the tested parts of the plant. Antibacterial activity displayed the extracts of M. oblongifolia against tested bacteria strains in dose dependent manner. Among tested extracts, roots and stem barks ethanol extracts showed potential antibacterial activity, with zone of inhibitions (19.0 ± 1.15, 17.0 ±1.00) in 100 mg/mL, and (17.3 ± 0.57, 15.0 ± 1.00) in 50 mg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: The finding showed a possibility to shift stem bark instead of roots in the use of traditional medicinal practices to ensure conservation and sustainable use of Maerua oblongifolia. The finding also supports the traditional use of the plant’s root or stem bark for the treatment of diarrhea.

Download Full-text

Determination of Biological Activities of the Root Bark of Senna singueana

Asian Journal of Chemical Sciences ◽

10.9734/ajocs/2020/v7i419029 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 25-34

Author(s):

Kidanemariam Teklay Hilawea ◽

Zelalem Yibralign Desta

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Total Flavonoid ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Root Bark ◽

Total Flavonoid Content ◽

Flavonoid Content

Aims: Senna singueana is a medicinal plant which is used for the treatment of different kinds of diseases and the plant was selected for the study because of its numerous uses. The main objective of this study was to determine the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of the extracts of the root barks of S. singueana. Methodology: The antibacterial activities of the extracts (determination of Minimal Inhibitory “MIC” and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration “MBC”) were determined by using agar well diffusion method. In addition to this the total flavonoid and total phenolic contents were determined by using aluminum chloride colorimetric complex assay and Folin-Ciocalteu method respectively. Results: Our results revealed that the total flavonoid content of the extracts is ranged from 30.39 mgQE/100 g to 240.83 mgQE/100 g. The extracts also showed good antioxidant activity and total phenolic content as well as weak to moderate antibacterial activity against some bacteria. Conclusions: The extracts of the root bark of Senna sinueana showed good total flavonoid content, DPPH radical scavenging activity and antibacterial activity. In addition to this, the extracts also showed the presence of some important compounds by phytochemical analysis.

Download Full-text

Phytochemical Screening, Characterization of Essential Oil and Antimicrobial Activity of Schinus molle (Anacardiaceae) Collected from Eastern Hararghe, Ethiopia

Brazilian Journal of Natural Sciences ◽

10.31415/bjns.v3i2.93 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 305

Author(s):

Tesfahun Lamboro ◽

Melese Mengistu ◽

Teshome Gonfa Hordofa

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Xanthomonas Campestris ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Root Bark ◽

Zone Of Inhibition ◽

Schinus Molle ◽

Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons

In the present study, antibacterial activity of leaf, stem bark and root bark extracts of Schinus molle (Anacardiaceae) was evaluated against two bacterial (Xanthomonas and Ranstonia) and two fungal (Aspergillusniger and Fusariumvert) species using agar diffusion method. The stem and root ethanol extracts of Schinusmolle exhibited relatively higher zone of inhibition (11.3mm) against Xanthomonas campestris, pv. Campestris. Higher zone of inhibition (10mm) was also observed by the ethanolic extracts of the root of Schinus molle against Fusarium verticillioides followed by the chloroform extracts of the root (8mm) against Aspergillus niger. Phytochemical analysis of leaf, stem bark and root bark extracts of Schinus molle revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, phenols, quinines, carbohydrates and proteins. The occurrence of these biologically active chemicals in the plants parts may justify their wide usage in traditional medicine. From GC-MS analysis, three terpenoids namely monoterpene (66.02%) as a major components, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (13.63%) and oxygenated sesquterpenes (11.07%) were identified from the roots. The essential oils obtained from leaves have been also rich in oxygenated sesquterpenes (68.28%), followed by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (18.33%), and alcohols (5.17%). The finding indicated that essential oils from different parts of Schinus molle have a promising potential on inhibiting activity of pathogenic microbes.

Download Full-text

Antibacterial, Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Potential of Ethanol Extract of Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i53b33685 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 97-106

Author(s):

G. Kokila ◽

P. Jeevan

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Medicinal Plant ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Inflammatory Activity ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Drug Candidate ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Human Beings ◽

Anti Inflammatory

In the present study we evaluate the antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of medicinal plant Ipomoea staphylina Roem & Schult. Many bacteria are harmful to human beings and animals. Theses bacteria make diseases the host organisms. Many antibiotics are available in the marker for the treatment of bacterial diseases. However, antibiotics cause unwanted side effect. Thus, the study focused to evaluate ethanol extract of Ipomoea staphylina against bacterial pathogens. Antibacterial activity was evaluated by the method of well diffusion method. Antiinflamatory and antioxidant activity was evaluated by in vitro study method. Ethanol extract of Ipomoea staphylina showed antibacterial activity against different bacteria isolated from chicken at dose depended manner ie., higher dose of plant extract possessed maximum inhibition zone (21.67 ± 1.45 mm) (P<0.05) against selected bacteria. Moreover, plant ethanol extract possessed anti-inflammatory activity and antioxidant activity at dose dependent manner (P<0.05). Higher dose (100 μg/ml) of ethanol extract of Ipomoea staphylina showed maximum anti-inflammatory activity (68.38 %) and antioxidant activity (72%). From this result it is concluded that the medicinal plant Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult. possessed antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. Further detailed study will be conducted for the new drug candidate discovery.

Download Full-text

EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF INDONESIAN VARIETIES SWEET POTATO LEAVES EXTRACT FROM CILEMBU AGAINST Shigella dysenteriae ATCC 13313

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i2.15773 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 377 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sri Agung Fitri Kusuma

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Sweet Potato ◽

Ipomoea Batatas ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Shigella Dysenteriae ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Sweet Potato Leaves

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the in Vitro antibacterial activity of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) leaves ethanol extract against Shigella dysenteriae ATCC 13313.Methods: The study was performed by collecting and determining plant samples, extraction, moisture content assay, phytochemical screening, Thin layer Chromatography, antibacterial activity using agar diffusion method using perforator of 11 mm in diameter and Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) test using macrodilution method against Shigella dysenteriae ATCC 13313.Results: The Phytochemical analysis of the sweet potato leaves extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannin, steroid and polyphenolic compound. The sweet potato leaves ethanol extract showed significant zone of inhibition in a dose dependent manner against Shigella dysenteriae ATCC 13313 with the range of MIC and MBC was 10-20 % b/v.Conclusion : It can be concluded that the sweet potato leaves ethanol extract shows promise as an antibacterial agent for inhibiting bacillary dysentery due to the presence of biologically active ingredients with antimicrobial activity in the extract.Keywords: sweet potato, Cilembu, Indonesia, antidysentery, Shigella dysenteriae ATCC 13313

Download Full-text

Evaluation of Phytochemical Content, Antibacterial Properties and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Andrographis echioidies (L) Nees

European Journal of Medicinal Plants ◽

10.9734/ejmp/2020/v31i130199 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Debasish Singha Roy ◽

Subhasish Maity ◽

Writtik Maity ◽

Somnath De ◽

Dulal Chandra Das

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Medicinal Plant ◽

Petroleum Ether ◽

Plant Extracts ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Inflammatory Activity ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Background: There is much investigation with the Andrographis paniculata which is a very well-known medicinal plant, people were using this plant from ancient years, but this another species Andrographis echioides was not explored too much for many years. In this study we tried to find out the important phyto constitiuents, antibacterial activity and anti-inflammatory activity of this plant. Aim: The main aim of the present study, was to screen phytochemical derivatives from an Indian medicinal plant Andrographis echioides (L) Nees and to evaluate the antibacterial potential, and anti-inflammatory activity also. Study Design: Various tests or experiment was done in this study according to the review of the literature with little modification, a preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out in the plant extracts using qualitative methods. The whole plant of Anrographis echioides was subjected to soxhlet extraction using organic solvent of methanol, acetone, and petroleum ether. The antibacterial activity of acetone, methanol and petroleum ether whole plant extracts of Andrographis echioides was carried out using agar well diffusion method, anti-inflammatory activity was checked using fresh egg albumin method, and a statistical analysis was done using SPSS to prove that there is a strong correlation between the activity of our plant sample and a standard commercial drug (NASID). Place and Duration of the Study: The whole study was done in Panskura Banamali College, Vidyasagar University, Department of Biotechnology sponsored by BOOST, Louis Pasteur laboratory, West Bengal, India. The study was done between 17th August 2018 - 30th February 2019. Results: All these tests were done triplicate and the mean value was taken. The phytochemical analysis reveals that the plant has some important phytoconstituents such as Tannins, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, glycosides and terpenoids. The Acetone and Methanol extracts are showed the best zone of inhibition against the severe pathogens such as S. aureus (A.E-33 mm, M.E-28 mm), S. typhi (A.E- 26.67 mm, M.E-28.33 mm). The methanolic extract of Andrographis echioides showed excellent anti-inflammatory activity comparing to the NASID (Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) Diclofenac sodium, it showed almost same activity. Conclusion: Experimental findings reveal Andrographis echioides is the best herbal to control specially S. typhi, E. coli, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae. The phytochemical constituents which are responsible for many pharmacological activities, may be useful for the evolution of pharmaceutical and for the therapy of ailments, and also can used as a an potent anti-inflammatory natural remedy without any side effect.

Download Full-text

Identification of Secondary Metabolites and Antibacterial Activity of Non Polar Fraction from Heterotrigona itama Propolis

Journal of Fundamental and Applied Pharmaceutical Science ◽

10.18196/jfaps.v2i1.12406 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 23-33

Author(s):

Abdul Aziz ◽

Veggy Nadya Yuliawan ◽

Paula Mariana Kustiawan

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

Phenolic Content ◽

Polar Fraction ◽

Hexane Fraction ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Phytochemical Content ◽

Color Changes

Propolis is one of the natural products produced by kelulut bees and is still not widely used. The type of stingless bee that is the prima donna in the community is Heterotrigona itama. This study aims to determine the phytochemical content of the n-hexane fraction of Heterotrigona itama bee propolis collected from Kutai Kartanegara, East Kalimantan. The n-hexane fraction was obtained from the methanol extract of H. itama propolis by the liquid-liquid partition method. After obtaining the n-hexane fraction, the research continued with a qualitative phytochemical test to identify the compound and determine total phenolic. Antibacterial activity was determined by the agar well diffusion method with a serial concentration in Escherichia coli bacteria. Qualitative phytochemical analysis in the form of color changes showed that the n-hexane fraction of H. itama propolis contained flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins. Based on the results, the total phenolic content of the n-hexane fraction sample was 490 mgGAE/100 g. It caused the n-hexane fraction to have lower phenolic content than the methanol extract (792 mg GAE100 g). Furthermore, this result indicated that the non-polar fraction was not substantial enough to extracted phenolic compounds. It correlated to the antibacterial activity of the n-hexane fraction, which was very weak (2 mm ± 1.5) at 200µg/mL concentration.

Download Full-text

In VitroAntibacterial Potential of Extracts ofSterculia africana,Acacia sieberiana, andCassia abbreviatassp.abbreviataUsed by Yellow Baboons(Papio cynocephalus)for Possible Self-Medication in Mikumi National Park, Tanzania

International Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1155/2018/9407962 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Irene Kirabo ◽

Faith P. Mabiki ◽

Robinson H. Mdegela ◽

Christopher J. D. Obbo

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Plant Extracts ◽

National Park ◽

Nonhuman Primates ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Root Bark ◽

Self Medication ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Acacia Sieberiana

In the animals in general and nonhuman primates in particular self-medication has been widely reported; however, little is still known about the pharmacological activity of the extracts present in their daily diet. Thein vitroantibacterial activity of the stem, root bark, and leaf extracts of three selected plants on which yellow baboons feed in an unusual manner in Mikumi National Park, Tanzania, was evaluated. Crude plant extracts were tested against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria of medical and veterinary importance employing a modified agar well diffusion method and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) technique. The lowest MIC value for Gram positive strains was 0.31 mg/ml demonstrated byCassia abbreviatassp.abbreviataagainstStaphylococcus aureus(ATCC 25923). The highest susceptibility to the ethanol plant extracts was exhibited byPseudomonas aeruginosa,Escherichia coli,andStaphylococcus aureus,examples of microbes that affect both human and nonhuman primates. These findings demonstrate that the plant extracts fromSterculia africana,Acacia sieberiana,andCassia abbreviatassp.abbreviatahave antibacterial activity and may be used as feed for their prophylactic benefits. Remarkably, the lowest MIC of 0.16 mg/ml was only 16-fold weaker than Gentamicin, a standard drug.

Download Full-text

ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF STEM BARK ESSENTIAL OIL CONSTITUENTS OF LITSEA GLUTINOSA C. B. ROB.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.22159/ijpps.2016v8i12.13577 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 258

Author(s):

Arunodaya H. S. ◽

Krishna V. ◽

Shashikumar R. ◽

Girish Kumar K.

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Vibrio Cholera ◽

Litsea Glutinosa ◽

Β Carotene ◽

Mic Value

Objective: To evaluate the chemical composition, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of stem bark essential oil of Litsea glutinosa C. B. Rob.Methods: The essential oil isolated from stem bark of L. glutinosa and their chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry detector. The in vitro antibacterial activity of the stem bark essential oil was investigated against eight human pathogenic bacterial clinical isolates using agar disc diffusion method and MIC value was determined by modified resazurin microtitre-plate assay. The antioxidant activity of essential oil was measured by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), 2, 2-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate radical cation (ABTS) and β-carotene bleaching assay.Results: GC-MS analysis of stem bark essential oil resulted in the identification of 37 compounds, off which 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (62.57%), hexadecanoic acid (12.68%), stigmast-5-en-3-ol (6.87%) and vitamin E (2.51%) were the main constituents representing 84.63% of the oil. The determination of in vitro antibacterial activity of stem bark essential oil resulted in significant inhibition zone (15.00±0.57 mm) and MIC value (0.15±0.15×10-2 mg/ml) against the pathogenic bacteria Vibrio cholera followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi. The results of DPPH radical scavenging (IC50:4.540±0.06 µg/ml), ABTS (IC50:256.02±0.06 µg/ml) and β-carotene bleaching assay (%I: 78.51±0.42 %) showed significant in vitro antioxidant property.Conclusion: L. glutinosa stem bark essential oil showed potential antibacterial activity against the Vibrio cholera. The results of this investigation supported the ethnomedical claim of essential oil as a demulcent, antidiarrheal and antioxidant drug.

Download Full-text

EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA ROOT EXTRACTS

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2020.v13i10.38950 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 166-170

Author(s):

SHUSHIL BHUSAL ◽

KHAGA RAJ SHARMA

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽

Glycyrrhiza Glabra ◽

Antioxidant Potential ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Meoh Extract ◽

Etoac Fraction

Objectives: The present study was designed to investigate the phytochemical analysis, antioxidant potential, and antibacterial activities of the traditionally used medicinal plant Glycyrrhiza glabra. Methods: The plant secondary metabolites were extracted through cold percolation using methanol (MeOH) as a solvent. The MeOH extract was further fractionated in different solvents in increasing order of polarity. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay. The antibacterial activity was studied by agar well diffusion method. Results: The antioxidant potential IC50 was found 43.13, 104.83, and 200.11 μg/ml for ethyl acetate (EtOAc), MeOH, and chloroform (CHCl3) extracts, respectively. The EtOAc fraction showed the potent antioxidant with IC50 43.13 μg/ml compared to the standard ascorbic acid 58.76 μg/ml. The antimicrobial activity exhibited by MeOH extract against Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6051) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538P) zone of inhibition was 18 mm and 17 mm, for chloroform extracts 15 mm and 13 mm, and for EtOAc fraction 11 mm against Bacillus subtilis. The highest dilution that yielded no single bacteria colony on the nutrient agar plates for Bacillus subtilis and S. aureus of MeOH extract was found 0.39 mg/ml and 6.25 mg/ml, for chloroform extract 3.125 mg/ml and 6.25 mg/ml and EtOAc fraction against Bacillus subtilis was 12.50 mg/ml as minimum bactericidal concentration. Conclusion: The plant extracts showed potent antioxidant and antibacterial activity. The results support for using the G. glabra in bacterial infection which provides partial scientific validation for using the plant against bacterial infections.

Download Full-text

Phytochemical Screening and TLC Profile of Fruits and Flowers of Alstonia venenata R. Br.

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research ◽

10.25004/ijpsdr.2016.080209 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (02) ◽

Author(s):

Thomas S. K. ◽

George E. ◽

Kunjumon M. ◽

Thankamani I.

Keyword(s):

Petroleum Ether ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Root Bark ◽

Good Resolution ◽

Peninsular India ◽

Spray Reagent ◽

Hexane Extracts ◽

Ceric Sulphate

Alstonia venenata R. Br. belonging to the family Apocynaceae is a tall evergreen shrub distributed throughout Peninsular India. Stem-bark, root-bark, fruits and leaves are used by many tribal communities and also in Ayurveda. The study investigates the phytochemical composition of hexane, butanol, methanol and water extracts of Alstonia venenata fruits and flowers as well as the TLC profile of hexane extracts of fruits and flowers. Quantitative data of the wet and dry weight, yields from different solvent fractions and percentage yields were noted. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins and phenolic compounds from the various extracts. Alkaloids were present in all the fractions tested. Methanol extracts of fruits and flowers showed the presence of major phytoconstituents. TLC profile of hexane extracts of fruits and flowers were developed using anisaldehyde sulphuric acid/ceric sulphate (steroids/terpenoids) and Dragendorff’s spray reagents (alkaloids). Petroleum ether: Chloroform: Methanol (5: 4.5: 0.5) showed good resolution for the hexane extracts of fruit and flower when treated with Dragendorff’s spray reagent. Petroleum ether: Chloroform (1:1) was best for the hexane exacts of flowers and fruits when sprayed with ceric sulphate spray reagent

Download Full-text