scholarly journals Effect of Treatment With Gonadoreline at the Embryo Transfer on Pregnancy Outcomes in Bovine.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Lobato Defensor ◽  
Ana Cláudia Fagundes Faria ◽  
Flávio Luiz Alves Marques ◽  
Gustavo Pereira Cadima ◽  
Mayara Oliveira Mafra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Transfer ◽  
Pregnancy Loss ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Gnrh Analogue ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Commercial Farms ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
And Control ◽  
Animal Category

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess whether administration of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist gonadorelin would increase conception rates at 30 (P / ET 30) and 60 (P / ET 60) days of gestation and reduce pregnancy losses (PL) in embryo recipients and what would be the correlation between the animal category and the season of the year in which the embryo transfer would occur. The experiment was conducted on 11 commercial farms in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Recipients were randomly divided into groups: treated (n = 624), cows that received 0.1 mg gonadorelin on the day of FTET, and control (n = 687), untreated cows. All embryos were produced in vitro from oocyte donors of different races. Recipients were classified as heifers, dry cows or lactating cows. Higher conception rate was observed at 30 days (p = 0.03) and 60 days (p = 0.01) in the treated group (45.8%; 43.0%, respectively). Dry and lactating cows had less pregnancy loss (p = 0.001) compared to heifers (2.70% and 2.47% vs 10.42%, respectively). During spring/summer, there was less P/FTET at 30 days (0.024). Embryo transfer carried out in the warmer seasons of the year reduced the pregnancy rate to 60 days and increased pregnancy loss. As an implication, the use of the GnRH analogue can be used as a tool to increase fertility in embryo recipients.

scholarly journals Administration of GnRH at Onset of Estrus, Determined by Automatic Activity Monitoring, to Improve Dairy Cow Fertility during the Summer and Autumn

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2194
Author(s):  
Zvi Roth ◽  
Yaron Z. Kressel ◽  
Yaniv Lavon ◽  
Dorit Kalo ◽  
David Wolfenson
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Activity Monitoring ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Gnrh Analogue ◽  
Automatic Activity ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
Uterine Diseases ◽  
And Control

We examined gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) administration at onset of estrus (OE), determined by automatic activity monitoring (AAM), to improve fertility of dairy cows during the summer and autumn. The study was performed on two dairy farms in Israel. The OE was determined by AAM recorded every 2 h, and a single im dose of GnRH analogue was administered shortly after OE. Pregnancy was determined by transrectal palpation, 40 to 45 d after artificial insemination (AI). Conception risk was analyzed by the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Brief visual observation of behavioral estrus indicated that about three-quarters of the events (n = 40) of visually detected OE occurred within 6 h of AAM-detected OE. Accordingly, the GnRH analogue was administered within 5 h of AAM-detected OE, to overlap with the expected endogenous preovulatory LH surge. Overall, pregnancy per AI (P/AI) was monitored over the entire experimental period (summer and autumn) in 233 first, second or third AI (116 and 117 AI for treated and control groups, respectively). Least square means of P/AI for treated (45.8%) and control (39.4%) groups did not differ, but group-by-season interaction tended to differ (p = 0.07), indicating no effect of treatment in the summer and a marked effect of GnRH treatment (n = 58 AI) compared to controls (n = 59 AI) on P/AI in the autumn (56.6% vs. 28.5%, p < 0.03). During the autumn, GnRH-treated mature cows (second or more lactations), and postpartum cows exhibiting metabolic and uterine diseases, tended to have much larger P/AI than their control counterparts (p = 0.07–0.08). No effect of treatment was recorded in the autumn in first parity cows or in uninfected, healthy cows. In conclusion, administration of GnRH within 5 h of AAM-determined OE improved conception risk in cows during the autumn, particularly in those exhibiting uterine or metabolic diseases postpartum and in mature cows. Incorporation of the proposed GnRH treatment shortly after AAM-detected OE into a synchronization program is suggested, to improve fertility of positively responding subpopulations of cows.

scholarly journals Improvement of quality of oocytes collected in the autumn by enhanced removal of impaired follicles from previously heat-stressed cows

Reproduction ◽  
2001 ◽  
pp. 737-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z Roth ◽  
A Arav ◽  
A Bor ◽  
Y Zeron ◽  
R Braw-Tal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Oocyte Quality ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Delayed Effect ◽  
Cleavage Rate ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Summer Heat

The fertility of dairy cows decreases during the summer and remains low during the cooler autumn although the animals are no longer under heat stress. The aim of this study was to characterize a delayed effect of summer heat stress on oocyte quality in the autumn and to improve oocyte quality by enhanced removal of follicles damaged during the previous summer. Lactating cows (n = 16) were subjected to heat stress during the summer. In autumn, ovarian follicles (3-7 mm in diameter) were aspirated by an ultrasound-guided procedure during four consecutive oestrous cycles. Follicles were aspirated from control cows on day 4 and from treated cows on days 4, 7, 11 and 15 of each oestrous cycle. All cows received PGF(2alpha) and GnRH injections on days 19 and 21, respectively, and maintained cyclicity, as indicated by plasma progesterone concentrations. On day 4 of each cycle, the oocytes recovered were examined morphologically, matured and activated in vitro, and cultured for 8 days. In cycle 1 (early October) both groups showed low percentages of grade 1 oocytes, cleavage, four- and eight-cell embryos, morulae and parthenogenetic blastocysts. Subsequently, the number of grade 1 oocytes increased earlier (cycle 2) in treated than in control cows (cycle 3; P < 0.05). The cleavage rate in the control group remained relatively low throughout (32-58%), whereas in the treated group it increased from 40% (cycle 1) to 75% (cycles 3 and 4; P < 0.05). The number at each stage of embryo development increased slightly but remained low throughout in the control group, whereas in the treated group significant (P < 0.05) increases of all stages were observed in cycles 3 and 4. The results show a delayed effect of summer heat stress on oocyte quality and embryo development in the autumn. Enhanced removal of the impaired cohort of follicles led to earlier emergence of healthy follicles and high quality oocytes in the autumn.

107 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE FERTILITY IN AN IVF EMBRYO TRANSFER PROGRAM IN DAIRY HEIFERS

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. Carrenho-Sala ◽  
R. V. Sala ◽  
M. Fosado ◽  
D. C. Pereira ◽  
S. Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Transfer ◽  
Pregnancy Loss ◽  
Embryo Quality ◽  
Prostaglandin F2α ◽  
Transfer Program ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Embryo Transfer Program ◽  
Embryo Stage ◽  
Major Factors

A retrospective study was performed to evaluate factors that influence pregnancy per embryo transfer (P/ET) in an IVF-embryo transfer program. A total of 5026 fresh in vitro-produced embryos were transferred during 2014 and evaluated for effects of embryo quality, embryo stage, size of corpus luteum (CL; 18–19.9 mm or ≥20 mm), interval from GnRH to embryo transfer, number of previous embryo transfer (0, 1, 2, 3, ≥4); and interaction of embryo stage and interval from GnRH to embryo transfer. One group (n = 850) had detection of oestrus after prostaglandin F2α application but most heifers (n = 4176) received fixed timed embryo transfer after a 5-day CIDR-Synch protocol: Day –8 CIDR inserted; Day –3 CIDR removed and prostaglandin F2α; Day –2 prostaglandin F2α; Day 0 GnRH. Ultrasound was performed on Day 6 after GnRH or oestrus to measure CL size and on Day 32 and 60 to determine pregnancy. Data for P/ET were analysed by logistic regression (LOGISTIC procedure, SAS 9.4). Embryo quality influenced P/ET at Day 32 [Grade 1 48.4% (1273/2631) v. Grade 2 37.6% (900/2395); P < 0.01] and at Day 60 [Grade 1 38.9% (1023/2631) v. Grade 2 29.0% (694/2395); P < 0.01], and altered pregnancy loss [Grade 1 19.6% (250/1273) v. Grade 2 22.9% (206/900); P = 0.03]. Stage of the embryo also had an effect on P/ET at Day 32 [Stage 6 35.5%a (582/1641), Stage 7 46.3%b (1431/3092), and Stage 8 54.6%c (160/293); P < 0.01] and at Day 60 [Stage 6 28.2%a (462/1641), Stage 7 36.6%b (1131/3092), and Stage 8 41.6%b (122/293); P < 0.01], but did not affect pregnancy loss (P = 0.22). Interestingly, interval from GnRH (or oestrus) until embryo transfer did not affect P/ET at Day 32 (P = 0.10), 60 (P = 0.23), or pregnancy loss (P = 0.3), nor was there an interaction between interval and embryo stage at Day 32 (P = 0.77), 60 (P = 0.96) or pregnancy loss (P = 0.55). As shown in Table 1, embryo stage 6 was always the lowest and stage 8 always the greatest P/ET regardless of interval from GnRH to embryo transfer. Size of CL also did not affect P/ET at Day 32 (P = 0.09), 60 (P = 0.21), or pregnancy loss (P = 0.90). Number of previous embryo transfer also did not alter P/ET at Day 32 [0 = 43.3% (886/2046), 1 = 44.1% (639/1450), 2 = 43.4% (444/1024), 3 = 42.6% (146/343), and ≥4 = 35.6% (58/163); P = 0.33] or 60 (P = 0.51) or pregnancy loss (P = 0.12). In conclusion, embryo stage and quality are the major factors that impacted P/ET in this study, with surprisingly little effect of interval from GnRH to embryo transfer, size of the CL, and number of previous embryo transfer. Thus, recipient programs for IVF-embryo transfer can be designed with substantial flexibility. Table 1.Effect of embryo stage and recipient synchrony on pregnancies per embryo transfer on Day 32 in recipient dairy heifers

160 CONCEPTION RATES FOLLOWING TREATMENT OF LACTATING HOLSTEIN RECIPIENTS WITH A GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE (GnRH) ANALOGUE AT THE TIME OF TRANSFER OF OVUM PICK-UP/IVF-DERIVED EMBRYOS

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 228
Author(s):  
T. L. C. Pinto ◽  
J. N. S. Sales ◽  
R. R. Carvalho ◽  
T. M. França ◽  
J. C. Souza
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Embryo Transfer ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Gnrh Analogue ◽  
Gnrh Analogues ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Conception Rates ◽  
Day Of Embryo Transfer

The use of lactating dairy cows as ovum pick-up (OPU)/IVF-derived embryo recipients in large-scale embryo transfer programs may be limited by the effects of low progesterone concentrations on the uterine environment and subsequent embryo development. It was hypothesized that the injection of a GnRH analogue on the day of embryo transfer would induce ovulation and formation of an accessory corpus luteum, increasing progesterone concentrations and, as a result, conception rates. An experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of two different GnRH analogues injected IM on the day of embryo transfer on conception rates of lactating Holstein recipients. Oestrus was not synchronized and was detected continuously by multiple observers during the day and in the evening until midnight. Recipient days in milk varied from 45 to 150, daily milk production ranged from 20 to 45 kg, body condition scores and age ranged from 2.5 to 4.5 and 2.5 to 5.5 years, respectively. Herd pregnancy rates after the first artificial insemination ranged from 15% to 70%, considering the period the experiment was conducted. Embryos were produced by standard in vitro techniques following OPU on Holstein donors. Lactating Holstein recipients (n = 224) were allocated randomly to one of three treatment groups 7 days after detected oestrus: Control (n = 77) = vehicle; Buserelin (Sincroforte®, Ouro Fino, Sao Paulo, Brazil; n = 75) = 10 µg; and Deslorelin (Sincrorrelin®, Ouro Fino; n = 72) = 750 µg. Embryos were transferred nonsurgically 6 to 8 days after observed oestrus. Pregnancy was detected by ultrasonography between 62 and 72 days after embryo transfer. Percent pregnant data were analyzed as a binomial distribution under the GENMOD procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Conception rates were similar (P = 0.13) between Control (28%, 22/77), Buserelin (24%, 18/75), and Deslorelin (38%, 28/72) treatment groups. These data demonstrate that conception rates from in vitro produced embryos transferred to lactating dairy cows are not improved by treatment with a GnRH analogue on the day of transfer. Although not critically tested, results indicate that adequate conception rates may be obtained in commercial dairy operations from OPU/IVF-derived embryos, adding an important management tool for reproduction and animal breeding enhancement.

scholarly journals Bugs and drugs: a systems biology approach to characterising the effect of moxidectin on the horse’s faecal microbiome

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Daniels ◽  
J. Leng ◽  
J. R. Swann ◽  
C. J. Proudman
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Anthelmintic Treatment ◽  
Metabolic Profiles ◽  
Faecal Microbiota ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Fermentation Kinetics ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background Anthelmintic treatment is a risk factor for intestinal disease in the horse, known as colic. However the mechanisms involved in the onset of disease post anthelmintic treatment are unknown. The interaction between anthelmintic drugs and the gut microbiota may be associated with this observed increase in risk of colic. Little is known about the interaction between gut microbiota and anthelmintics and how treatment may alter microbiome function. The objectives of this study were: To characterise (1) faecal microbiota, (2) feed fermentation kinetics in vitro and (3) metabolic profiles following moxidectin administration to horses with very low (0 epg) adult strongyle burdens. Hypothesis: Moxidectin will not alter (1) faecal microbiota, (2) feed fermentation in vitro, or, (3) host metabolome. Results Moxidectin increased the relative abundance of Deferribacter spp. and Spirochaetes spp. observed after 160 h in moxidectin treated horses. Reduced in vitro fibre fermentation was observed 16 h following moxidectin administration in vivo (P = 0.001), along with lower pH in the in vitro fermentations from the moxidectin treated group. Metabolic profiles from urine samples did not differ between the treatment groups. However metabolic profiles from in vitro fermentations differed between moxidectin and control groups 16 h after treatment (R2 = 0.69, Q2Y = 0.48), and within the moxidectin group between 16 h and 160 h post moxidectin treatment (R2 = 0.79, Q2Y = 0.77). Metabolic profiles from in vitro fermentations and fermentation kinetics both indicated altered carbohydrate metabolism following in vivo treatment with moxidectin. Conclusions These data suggest that in horses with low parasite burdens moxidectin had a small but measurable effect on both the community structure and the function of the gut microbiome.

scholarly journals Butylphthalide Inhibits TLR4/NF-κB Pathway by Upregulation of miR-21 to Have the Neuroprotective Effect

2022 ◽  
Vol 2022 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Lan Zhan ◽  
Yu Pang ◽  
Hao Jiang ◽  
Shicun Zhang ◽  
Hongwei Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sham Group ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Neurologic Impairment ◽  
Injury Model ◽  
Group A ◽  
Neuro2a Cells ◽  
And Control

Stroke is a disease with the highest incidence rate and the highest mortality rate in the world. The study aims to verify the neuroprotective effect of Butylphthalide. The mice were divided into sham group, MCAO group, and MCAO + Butylphthalide-treated group. The mice in MCAO + Butylphthalide-treated group were administered with 70 mg/kg Butylphthalide injection intraperitoneally after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. The normal saline with the same volume was administered intraperitoneally for the mice in the MCAO group and sham group. The levels of miR-21 in brain tissue and cells were detected by qPCR. The OGD/R injury model of Neuro2A cells was used to simulate the hypoxic-ischemic environment of neurons in vitro. The proliferation rate of Neuro2A cells was detected with CCK-8. The production of ROS was detected with DCFH-DA. Compared with the mice in MCAO group, a decrease ( P < 0.01 ) was observed in the functional neurologic impairment scoring, cerebral infarction volume, and brain loss volume in the mice treated with MCAO + Butylphthalide, but an increase ( P < 0.01 ) was observed in the level of miR-21, which was positively correlated with functional neurologic impairment scoring (r = −0.8933, P < 0.001 ). MTT assay showed that the cell viability of OGD/R + Butylphthalide group was significantly higher than that of other groups ( P < 0.001 ), and the activity of ROS was significantly decreased ( P < 0.001 ). The WB results showed that, compared with OGD/R + miR-NC and control groups, the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax in OGD/R + Butylphthalide group and OGD/R + miR-21 mimics group was significantly higher ( P < 0.05 ), while the ratio of caspase-3/GAPDH was significantly lower ( P < 0.05 ). In conclusion, Butylphthalide has neuroprotective effect on the mouse model of MCAO. It may upregulate the level of miR-21 to inhibit neuronal apoptosis and ROS production and improve the proliferation activity. The specific mechanism may lie in inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB pathway.

P–415 Clinical and In Vitro Fertilization laboratory parameters that contribute to clinical miscarriage after single euploid embryo transfer

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M D C Nogale. Barrios ◽  
J A García-Velasco ◽  
M Cruz ◽  
S D Frutos ◽  
E M Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Transfer ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Pregnancy Loss ◽  
Endometrial Thickness ◽  
Miscarriage Rate ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Endometrial Preparation ◽  
Euploid Embryo

Abstract Study question To investigate which factors, excluding embryo aneuploidies, are associated with miscarriage in patients who have undergone a single euploid blastocyst transfer. Summary answer Miscarriage was related to the body mass index (BMI), the type of cycle and the thickness of the endometrium. What is known already Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidies (PGT-A) is widely used in-vitro fertilization (IVF) to select euploid embryos. Several studies have shown that embryo aneuploidy is the main contributing factor for IVF failure, reinforcing the relevance of PGT-A as a method to select chromosomally normal embryos. A recent meta-analysis confirmed that patients undergoing PGT-A have a lower miscarriage rate than women that conceived naturally (9% vs 28%, respectively). Even though most of the studies show that PGT-A significantly reduces miscarriage rate, still some women do lose their pregnancies. We investigated which other reasons may be related to this early pregnancy loss. Study design, size, duration Retrospective, observational, and multicenter study of 6910 patients undergoing single euploid blastocyst transfer after PGT-A from January 2017 to December 2019 in our institution. Several laboratory and clinic variables were analyzed to study the effect of these variables on the miscarriage rate Participants/materials, setting, methods Indications for PGT-A were advanced maternal age, implantation failure, recurrent pregnancy loss and male factor. Embryos were cultured 5% O2 concentration and 6.5% CO2 concentration. Trophectoderm biopsy was performed on day 5/6 of development and analyzed through Next Generation Sequencing (NGS); embryos were vitrified until transfer was performed. Single euploid embryo transfer was performed in all cases. We performed a multivariate regression analysis to compare the different variables and search for there are significant differences. Main results and the role of chance We studied a total of 6910 patients undergoing PGT-A to describe which factors, excluding embryo aneuploidies, were correlated with miscarriage in patients who underwent single thawed euploid embryo transfer. When considering embryo morphology (embryo grading, quality of inner cell and quality of trophectoderm), we did not find differences in miscarriage rate among groups (high quality= 15.9%; normal quality= 14.3%; low quality= 15.0%; poor quality= 14.8%) p = 0.833. BMI was significantly associated with miscarriage rate (odds ratio [OD] 1.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.012–1–076 p = 0.006) and miscarriage rate. We observed a weak association between endometrial thickness and miscarriage rate ([OD] 0.65; 95%, 0.528–0.778 p = 0.04) and also between type of endometrial preparation (natural cycle or hormone replacement cycle) ([OD] 0.77; 95%, 0.528–0.778) p = 0.04. Body mass index, according to our findings, was the main variable correlated with miscarriage rate. We did not find any association with the other variables studied (biopsy day, maternal age, male age, duration infertility, cycle length, previous miscarriage, previous live birth, previous cycles IVF, endometrial pattern and diagnosis). Limitations, reasons for caution The retrospective study design limits the generalization of our results but offers a good insight to be validated in prospective trials. Wider implications of the findings: According to our findings, BMI, endometrial thickness the day of the embryo transfer, and the type of endometrial preparation should be considered when transferring an euploid blastocyst. Trial registration number NO APLICA

A Novel Interleukin-IL-6 (IL-6) Dependent Syngeneic Multiple Myeloma (MM) Model in SCID Mice.

Blood ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 4891-4891
Author(s):  
Mohamed H. Zaki ◽  
Zhao Zhou ◽  
Francis L. McCabe ◽  
Hillary J. Millar ◽  
Christine McCauley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Line ◽  
Tumor Volume ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Scid Mice ◽  
Tumor Bearing ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control

Abstract IL-6 is a multifunctional cytokine that is implicated in the pathophysiology of several malignant diseases including MM, an incurable malignant plasma cell disorder. IL-6 is known to enhance proliferation, differentiation and survival of malignant plasma cells in MM through an autocrine and/or a paracrine mechanism that involves the inhibition of apoptosis of the malignant cells, induction of resistance to chemotherapy and contribution to angiogenesis. Moreover, elevated levels of IL-6 in serum of patients with MM correlate with disease activity, unfavorable prognosis and refractoriness to standard therapy. Blocking IL-6 has been postulated to be an effective therapy (Klein et al, 1995) and several studies have investigated the effect of blocking IL-6 on MM cells and cell lines both in vitro and in vivo. However, the lack of a reliable IL-6 dependent MM model has hindered these efforts. Recently, mouse plasmacytomas were described as appropriate models to study the biology of human MM (Iankov et al., Immunobiology2004; 208(5)). The current study describes a new in vivo IL-6 dependent mouse plasmacytoma model in SCID mice. Mice were inoculated subcutaneously with 1 x 106 7TD1 cells, an IL-6 dependent mouse hybridoma/plasmacytoma cell line. Three days after tumor inoculation, mice were treated 2x/week i.p. with either PBS or 25 mg/kg of anti-mouse IL-6 (R & D systems, Clone MP520F3) or control mAb. Thirteen days after tumor implantation the mean tumor volume in the control mAb group and PBS group was 3204 +/− 360 SEM mm3, n = 10; and 2430 +/− 189 SEM mm3, n = 10, respectively. The mean tumor volume in the anti-IL-6 treated group was 635 +/− 149 SEM mm3, n = 10. Serum was tested by ELISA for levels of IL-6 and IgM (a mAb that is produced by 7TD1 cell line). IL-6 serum level was undetectable in naïve non-tumor bearing SCID mice. The IL-6 levels in the PBS treated group and control mAb group were 121 +/− 32 pg/ml and 125 +/− 14 pg/ml, respectively. IL-6 levels in animals treated with rat-anti- mouse IL-6 were not detected due to interference of the mAb with the ELISA. Serum IgM levels in optical density (OD) were 0.02 +/− 0.005 in the naïve non-tumor bearing animals, 0.80 +/− 0.02 in the PBS group, 0.77 +/− 0.03, in the control mAb group, and 0.19 +/− 0.17 in the rat anti-mouse IL-6 group. In conclusion the current study showed that 7TD1cells could be grown in SCID mice. Serum levels of both IgM and IL-6 were significantly elevated in the PBS and control mAb treated tumor-bearing animals. There was a significant reduction in the IgM levels in the rat anti-mouse IL-6 treated group (P &lt;0.0001), a positive correlation between final tumor weight and serum IgM level (P &lt; 0.0001, r2 = 0.782) and a 74% inhibition of tumor growth relative to either control mAb or vehicle control (P &lt;0.0001). Taken together the current study introduces a new IL-6 dependant mouse plasmacytoma model that can be used to study the biology of MM and to test the efficacy of IL-6 blocking agents in vivo.

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