scholarly journals Unit Price of Manufacturing Exports that Process Natural Resources From Latin America.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerardo Fujii-Gambero ◽  
Rodrigo Morales-López
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Latin American ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
High Income ◽  
Unit Price ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Internal Processing

Abstract Lead-inWe explore the potential domestic income increase in Latin American exports following unit prices of exported products by processing stage.In various developed countries, manufacturing began through the internal processing of locally available natural resources. Currently, high-income countries participate in world trade by exporting these types of products. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the level of sophistication of these exports by monitoring the unit price of exports of the petrochemical chain (Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and Venezuela); copper (Chile and Peru); iron and steel (Brazil and Mexico); and soybean and its derivatives (Argentina and Brazil). We show the potential for elevating domestic income in exports by increasing manufacturing done within a country before export.JEL classification: F14, L61, L65, L66, L71, O13, Q17

Japan's FTA Strategy toward Highly Developed Countries: Comparing Australia's and Switzerland's Experiences, 2000––09

Asian Survey ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 1058-1081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hidetaka Yoshimatsu ◽  
Patrick Ziltener
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
European Market

This article analyzes Japan's motivations in opening negotiations on free trade agreements with Australia and Switzerland, highlighting intersections between domestic and international factors. While Australia is a security ally of Japan and a main source of natural resources, Switzerland is a traditional ally in World Trade Organization negotiations and considered a gateway to the European market.

scholarly journals Autoimmune Encephalitis in Latin America: A Critical Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel de Albuquerque Vasconcelos ◽  
Rodrigo Montenegro Barreira ◽  
Karmelita Emanuelle Nogueira Torres Antoniollo ◽  
Alina Maria Nuñez Pinheiro ◽  
Cíntia Fernandes Rodrigues Maia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Autoimmune Encephalitis ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Epidemiologic Factors ◽  
Nmda Receptor Encephalitis

Autoimmune encephalitis is an increasingly recognized cause of encephalitis. The majority of case series report patients residing in developed countries in the northern hemisphere. The epidemiologic features of autoimmune encephalitis in Latin America are still unclear. The aim of the study was to perform a review of the clinical presentation of autoimmune encephalitis in Latin America and compare to world literature. References were identified by an in-depth literature search and selected on the basis of relevance to the topic and authors' judgment. We selected clinical studies and case reports published from 2007 to July, 2020 including patients from Latin American countries. Of the 379 patients included, the majority were cases of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis (93.14%), followed by anti-VGKC-complex encephalitis (N = 17; 4.48%), anti-GAD encephalitis (N = 9; 2.37%), anti-AMPA receptor encephalitis (N = 1; 0.26%), anti-GABA receptor encephalitis (N = 1; 0. 26%), anti-mGluR5 encephalitis (N = 1; 0. 26%), and anti-mGluR1 encephalitis (N = 1; 0. 26%). Reported cases of Anti-NMDA encephalitis in Latin-America had a very slight female predominance, lower prevalence of associated tumors and a lower incidence of extreme delta brush on electroencephalogram. Autoimmune encephalitis is possibly underdiagnosed in underdeveloped countries. Its outcome after treatment, however, appears to be similarly favorable in Latin American patients as has been reported in developed countries based on available case reports and case series. Regional specificities in the manifestation of autoimmune encephalitis could be related to epidemiologic factors, such as the presence of different triggers and different genetic and immunologic background, that need to be studied by future research.

scholarly journals Latin America: Reduced S&T Investment Puts Sustainable Development at Risk

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Bolaños-Villegas ◽  
Pablo Bolaños-Villegas ◽  
Pablo Bolaños-Villegas ◽  
Pablo Bolaños-Villegas ◽  
Pablo Bolaños-Villegas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Extreme Case ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
The Face ◽  
Social Turmoil

Latin America is home to more than 600 million people and has considerable natural and human resources. However, investment in science and technology (S&T) lags far behind that in developed countries. This gap represents a barrier to the development of economies based on knowledge and hampers the region's ability to tackle environmental and social problems. This lack of investment is evident in the extreme case of Venezuela, where much of the science workforce has fled economic chaos, but also in every Latin American country, including science powers such as Brazil and Argentina, where federal budgets in science, technology and education have been drastically reduced in recent years. Investments in S&T foster cooperation, commerce and good will and enhance resilience in the face of environmental and social turmoil. Therefore, scientists must start to actively engage governments and encourage long-term spending in S&T to support the development of Latin American societies.

scholarly journals Smoking in Latin America: a major public health problem

1998 ◽  
Vol 14 (suppl 3) ◽  
pp. S109-S115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Luiza da Costa e Silva ◽  
Sergio Koifman
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Lung Cancer Mortality ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Tobacco Epidemic ◽  
Latin American Countries

Smoking has become a major public health problem in Latin America, and its scope varies from country to country. Despite difficulties in obtaining methodologically consistent data for the region, we analyzed the results from prevalence surveys in 14 Latin American countries. Smoking prevalence among men varied from 24.1% (Paraguay) to 66.3% (Dominican Republic) and among women from 5.5% (Paraguay) to 26,6% (Uruguay). By applying point prevalence data to the stage model of the tobacco epidemic in developed countries, we concluded that the Latin American countries are in stage 2, i.e., with a clearly rising prevalence among men, a prevalence for women that is beginning to increase, and mortality attributable to smoking among men still not reflecting peak prevalence. None of the countries analyzed appeared to have reached stage 3, in which one observes a downward trend in prevalence of smoking among men and peak prevalence among women, with broad impact on tobacco-related mortality. The only exception appears to be Paraguay, which is still emerging from stage 1, i.e., with low prevalence rates among men, too. Nevertheless, high lung cancer mortality rates in Uruguay and Argentina are comparable to those of the developed countries.

scholarly journals 1498. Assess Risk Factors, Mortality, and Healthcare Utilization Associated with Clostridioides difficile Infection (CDI) in 4 Latin American Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S545-S545
Author(s):  
Holly Yu ◽  
Nestor Flaster ◽  
Adrian Casanello ◽  
Daniel Curcio
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Hospital Admission ◽  
Healthcare Utilization ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Hospital Death ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile Infection

Abstract Background In contrast to Europe and North America, little is known about Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) in Latin America, especially about risk factors, mortality, and healthcare utilization. Methods We conducted a retrospective, case–control study at eight hospital centers in Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, and Chile. Hospital databases and medical records were used to identify nosocomial CDI cases from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2017. CDI cases were patients with diarrhea and a positive CDI testing ≥72 hours after hospital admission. Two controls with no CDI diagnosis and diarrhea were matched to each CDI case and were required to (1) have a length of hospital stay (LOS) ≥ 3 days, (2) be admitted ±14 days from the case, and (3) share the same ward. Risk factors associated with CDI were assessed by conditional logistic regression. Mortality and healthcare utilization were compared between cases and controls. Results A total of 1,443 patients (≥18 years old) who met eligibility criteria were selected (481 cases and 962 controls). Comparing cases to controls, the mean age and gender representation were similar (age: 58.7 vs. 56.7 years, P = 0.269; male: 56.3% vs. 53.4%, P = 0.293), but comorbidity was higher (mean Charlson Comorbidity index: 4.3 vs. 3.6, p Conclusion Antibiotic exposure, existing medical conditions, and recent hospital admission are CDI major risk factors in Latin America. CDI also increased in-hospital death risk and LOS. These findings are consistent with published literature in developed countries. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals Building a Network of Health Professionals for Breast and Cervical Cancer Control in the Andean Region

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Diana Mendoza-Cervantes ◽  
Isabel Otero ◽  
Jo Anne Zujewski ◽  
Jorge Ferrandiz Salazar ◽  
Gabriela López Córdova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Cancer Control ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Andean Region ◽  
Double Burden ◽  
Control Plan ◽  
Breast And Cervical Cancer

Purpose Cancer mortality is approximately twice as high in Latin American countries than in more developed countries. In particular, the countries of the high Andean region of Latin America carry a double burden of breast and cervical cancers. In these countries, there are disproportionately higher mortality to incidence ratios compared with other regions in Latin America. The US National Cancer Institute’s Center for Global Health, the Pan American Health Organization, and the Ministry of Health in Peru collaborated to design and execute an education and advocacy workshop in Lima, Peru. The workshop was convened to discuss regional challenges and practices, as well as to support the implementation of Plan Esperanza, Peru’s national cancer control plan. Methods Workshop participants included local and international experts to present the state of the science, health practitioners, and advocacy groups to discuss unique barriers that women in the region experience. Results Inequalities in access to and distribution of medical expertise, lack of continuity of cancer control plans, and the need for sustained public buy-in emerged as obstacles. Conclusion The workshop provided a forum to discuss key issues regarding breast and cervical cancer control among health professionals and advocates in Peru and the region. This article outlines the resulting recommendations.

Political Development and Socioeconomic Development: The Case of Latin America

1968 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 889-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin C. Needler
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Military Intervention ◽  
Past History ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Latin American Countries

One way of acquiring insight into the processes of political development in Latin America is to compare the countries of the area systematically in terms of the “degree of development” which each can be said to have attained. Ideally, such an enterprise can lead to the understanding of the past history of the “more developed” countries by reference to the present problems of the “less developed” while an understanding of the problems confronting the more developed countries can make possible a glimpse into the future of those now less developed. Isolation of the factors responsible for a state's being more or less developed can moreover prove instructive for the understanding of the relations between political and socioeconomic phenomena.Perhaps most important, such comparisons provide the means for holding constant effects attributable to characteristics shared by all, or nearly all, of the Latin American countries. Thus it can be argued with much plausibility that military intervention in politics, say, derives from elements in the Hispanic tradition. Yet it is clear that the frequency of military intervention varies from country to country, even where they share equally in that tradidition. Thus one is forced to go beyond the “Hispanic tradition” thesis with which the investigation might otherwise have come to rest.In the present article I will be concerned with the problem of the relation of political development to socioeconomic development in the Latin American context. For reasons that will become apparent below, I will not at this point attempt a rigorous analysis of the concept of political development, which has already been the subject of a large and rapidly growing literature.

Peritonitis in Latin America

2007 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 332-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pasqual Barretti ◽  
Kleyton A. Bastos ◽  
Jorge Dominguez ◽  
Jacqueline C.T. Caramori
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Great Relevance ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Technological Improvements ◽  
High Acceptance Rate

Peritoneal dialysis has a high acceptance rate in Latin America, thus the knowledge concerning complication patterns is of great relevance. This work reviews Latin American data on peritonitis, the most serious complication of peritoneal dialysis. The incidence of peritonitis has been reduced over time, concomitantly with the incorporation of safer exchange systems and the use of prophylactic measurements. Today, rates lower than 1 episode per 24 patient-months are commonly reported. Furthermore, changes in causative organisms have been observed, with predominance of Staphylococcus aureus up through the mid-1990s, as well as increases in coagulase-negative staphylococcus and participation of gram negatives. However, the prevalence of S. aureus is still high, due possibly to climatic conditions and the elevated prevalence of carriers. Resolution rate varies from 55% to 78%, transfer to hemodialysis from 10.9% to 15.4%, and death in 3% to 9.9% of cases. Outcome is worse in S. aureus episodes compared to those with coagulase-negative staphylococcus, despite the higher percentage of oxacillin-resistant strains among the former. In general, despite socioeconomic or climatic conditions, our results are similar to those in developed countries, perhaps as a consequence of technological improvements and/or center expertise.

scholarly journals Why Do Firms in Emerging Markets Report? A Stakeholder Theory Approach to Study the Determinants of Non-Financial Disclosure in Latin America

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 3111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignacio Duran ◽  
Pablo Rodrigo
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Stakeholder Theory ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Conceptual Development ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Financial Disclosure ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Panel Model ◽  
Regulatory Quality ◽  
Industry Membership

Even though literature studying the determinants of non-financial disclosure (NFD) is pervasive, Latin America has been overlooked in this tradition. In this sense, scholars have not evidenced which factors compel companies in this context to report this information despite its voluntary nature. Drawing on Stakeholder Theory as a basis, we derive eight possible antecedents of NFD from extant literature and test them in a sample of 643 Latin American firms for a 10 year span (2006–2015). Using a logit panel model, our evidence indicates that firm size, market-to-book ratio, systematic risk, and industry membership are factors that pressure companies to report. However, contrary to our conceptual development we find that profitability and regulatory quality inversely affects NFD. This leads us to posit that Latin America is unique in terms of reporting because agency costs may arise when disclosing data and also that feeble regulations could summon firms to fill this void through NFD. We thus contribute to this strand by revealing that stakeholders in this milieu are essentially different than in developed countries, and therefore the underlying reasons to engage in NFD also differ.

scholarly journals Gram-negative infections in pediatric and neonatal intensive care units of Latin America

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (08) ◽  
pp. 942-953 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eitan N Berezin ◽  
Fortino Solórzano
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Intensive Care Units ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Extremely Low Birth Weight ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care Units ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Acinetobacter Spp

In order to review the epidemiology of Gram-negative infections in the pediatric and neonatal intensive care units (PICUs and NICUs) of Latin America a systematic search of PubMed and targeted search of SciELO was performed to identify relevant articles published since 2005. Independent cohort data indicated that overall infection rates were higher in Latin American PICUs and NICUs versus developed countries (range, 5%–37% vs 6%–15%, respectively). Approximately one third of Latin American patients with an acquired PICU or NICU infection died, and crude mortality was higher among extremely low-birth-weight infants and those with an infection caused by Gram-negative bacteria. In studies reporting > 100 isolates, the frequency of Gram-negative pathogens varied from 31% (Colombia) to 63% (Mexico), with Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli the predominant pathogens in almost all countries, and Acinetobacter spp. and Serratia spp. isolated sporadically. The activity of quinolones and third-generation cephalosporins against P. aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp., and Enterobacteria was seriously compromised, coincident with a high prevalence of circulating extended-spectrum β-lactamases. Furthermore, we identified two observational studies conducted in Chile and Brazil reporting infections by P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii in PICUs, demonstrating resistance to carbapenems, and two outbreaks of carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae in Colombia and Brazil. The endemicity of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections in Latin American PICUs and NICUs is punctuated by intermittent clonal outbreaks. The problem may be alleviated by ensuring ICUs are less crowded, increasing staffing levels of better-trained health care personnel, and implementing antimicrobial stewardship and surveillance programs.

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