scholarly journals Age-Related Effects of Executive Function on Takeover Performance: A Simulator Study in Automated Driving

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qijia Peng ◽  
Yanbin Wu ◽  
Nan Qie ◽  
Sunao Iwaki
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Steering Wheel ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Lane Changing ◽  
Elderly Drivers ◽  
Age Related

Abstract The development of highly automated vehicles (HAV) can meet elderly drivers’ mobility needs; however, worse driving performance after a takeover request (TOR) is frequently found, especially regarding non-driving related tasks (NDRTs). This study aims to detect the correlation between takeover performance and underlying cognitive factors comprising a set of higher order cognitive processes including executive functions. Thirty-five young and 35 elderly participants were tested by computerized cognitive tasks and simulated driving tasks to evaluate their executive functions and takeover performance. Performance of n-back tasks, Simon tasks, and task switching were used to generate updating, inhibition, and shifting components of executive functions by principal component analysis. The performance of lane changing after TOR was measured using the standard deviation of the steering wheel angle and minimum time-to-collision (TTC). Differences between age groups and NDRT engagement were assessed by two-way mixed analysis of variance.Older participants had significantly lower executive function ability and were less stable and more conservative when engaged in NDRT. Furthermore, a significant correlation between executive function and lateral driving stability was found. These findings highlight the interaction between age-related differences in executive functions and takeover performance; thus, provide implications for designing driver screening tests or human-machine interfaces.

The structure of time perspective: Age-related differences in Poland

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malgorzata Sobol-Kwapinska ◽  
Aneta Przepiorka ◽  
Philip P Zimbardo
Keyword(s):  
Factor Structure ◽  
Time Perspective ◽  
Developmental Change ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Polish Version ◽  
Separate Factor ◽  
Three Factor

The purpose of the paper is to present the main findings on the factor structure of time perspective measured using the Polish version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (Zimbardo and Boyd, 1999) in different age groups. A total of 2789 adults took part in the study. Confirmatory factor analysis of Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory items was conducted in a group of respondents aged 18–78 years to verify the original five-factor structure. Separate principal component analyses were carried out for three age groups: 18–27, 28–39, and 40–65 years old. In the group of students, a fairly clear five-factor structure of time perspective was found. In the group of the oldest respondents, a three-factor structure emerged, which can be described as follows: Past-Negative combined with Present-Fatalistic, Past-Positive combined with Future, and a separate factor corresponding to the Present-Hedonistic scale. Differences in the factor structure of time perspective were interpreted in the context of developmental change.

scholarly journals Isometric Strength in Volleyball Players of Different Age: A Multidimensional Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikola Majstorović ◽  
Milivoj Dopsaj ◽  
Vladimir Grbić ◽  
Zoran Savić ◽  
Aleksandar Vićentijević ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Isometric Strength ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Strength Tests ◽  
Volleyball Players ◽  
Physical Abilities ◽  
Single Score ◽  
Male Subjects

Physical abilities modelling has a profound connection with long-term athlete development and talent identification. There is not enough data to support evidence about age-related changes in volleyball players’ isometric strength. This study aimed to define the age-related model of volleyball players multidimensional muscles’ contractile characteristics. The participants were divided according to gender (male n = 112, female n = 371) and according to age into four groups: under 15 (U15), under 17 (U17), under 19 (U19), and under 21 (U21) years old. Participants performed three isometric strength tests: handgrip, lumbar extensors, and ankle extensors. Maximal force and rate of force development results from all three tests were transformed into a single Score value as a representation of contractile potentials using principal component analysis. The main findings were that Score values of both genders showed significant differences between age groups (male: F = 53.17, p < 0.001; Female: F = 41.61, p < 0.001). Trends of those yearly changes were slightly more balanced for female subjects (3.9%) compared to male subjects (6.3%). These findings could help in strength training adjustments when working with volleyball players of a certain age, and enable coaches to detect ones that stand out positively, considering them as strong in regard to their age.

scholarly journals Unique Transcriptome Changes in Peripheral B Cells Revealed by Comparing Age Groups From Naive or Vaccinated Mice, Including snoRNA and Cdkn2a

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (12) ◽  
pp. 2326-2332
Author(s):  
Robin L Baudier ◽  
Kevin J Zwezdaryk ◽  
Malwina Czarny-Ratajczak ◽  
Lauren H Kodroff ◽  
Deborah E Sullivan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Cell Cycle Checkpoint ◽  
Vaccine Responses ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Vaccination History ◽  
Canonical Pathways

Abstract Aging is associated with a decline in immune function that is not fully understood including vaccine failure. Here we report transcriptomic analysis on B cells from naive or influenza-vaccinated mice of 3 ages: young (15–23 weeks), middle-aged (63–81 weeks), and old mice (103–119 weeks). Our goal was expression profiling of B cells by age and history of vaccination to identify novel changes at the transcriptome level. We observed waning vaccine responses with age. In B cell transcripts, age and vaccination history were both important with notable differences observed in conducted analyses (eg, principal component, gene set enrichment, differentially expressed [DE] genes, and canonical pathways). Only 39 genes were significantly DE with age irrespective of vaccine history. This included age-related changes to box C/D small nucleolar (sno) RNAs, Snord123 and Snord1a. Box C/D snoRNAs regulate rRNAs through methylation and are linked to neurodegenerative, inflammatory, and cancer diseases but not specifically B cells or age. Canonical pathway changes implicated with age irrespective of vaccination history included EIF2, mTOR signaling, p53, Paxillin, and Tec kinase signaling pathways as well as cell cycle checkpoint. Importantly, we identified DE genes and pathways that were progressively altered starting in middle-age (eg, signaling by Rho family GTPases) or only altered in middle-age (eg, sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling), despite minimal differences in the ability of these mice to respond to vaccination compared to younger mice. Our results indicate the importance of vaccination or immune stimulation and analyses of multiple age ranges for aging B cell studies and validate an experimental model for future studies.

scholarly journals The developmental trajectories of executive function from adolescence to old age

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather J. Ferguson ◽  
Victoria E. A. Brunsdon ◽  
Elisabeth E. F. Bradford
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Middle Aged Adults

AbstractExecutive functions demonstrate variable developmental and aging profiles, with protracted development into early adulthood and declines in older age. However, relatively few studies have specifically included middle-aged adults in investigations of age-related differences in executive functions. This study explored the age-related differences in executive function from late childhood through to old age, allowing a more informed understanding of executive functions across the lifespan. Three hundred and fifty participants aged 10 to 86 years-old completed a battery of tasks assessing the specific roles of inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive flexibility, and planning. Results highlighted continued improvement in working memory capacity across adolescence and into young adulthood, followed by declines in both working memory and inhibitory control, beginning from as early as 30–40 years old and continuing into older age. Analyses of planning abilities showed continued improvement across adolescence and into young adulthood, followed by a decline in abilities across adulthood, with a small (positive) change in older age. Interestingly, a dissociation was found for cognitive flexibility; switch costs decreased, yet mixing costs increased across the lifespan. The results provide a description of the developmental differences in inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive flexibility and planning, above any effects of IQ or SES, and highlight the importance of including middle-aged adults in studies seeking to establish a more comprehensive picture of age-related differences in executive function.

scholarly journals Executive function and high ambiguity perceptual discrimination contribute to individual differences in mnemonic discrimination in older adults

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Gellersen ◽  
Alexandra N. Trelle ◽  
Richard Henson ◽  
Jon Simons
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Standardized Tests ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Perceptual Discrimination ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Component Processes ◽  
The Impact

Mnemonic discrimination deficits, or impaired ability to discriminate between similar events in memory, is a hallmark of cognitive ageing, characterised by a stark age-related increase in false recognition. While individual differences in mnemonic discrimination have gained attention due to potential relevance for early detection of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), our understanding of the component processes that contribute to variability in task performance across older adults remains limited. The present investigation explores the roles of representational quality, indexed by perceptual discrimination of objects and scenes with overlapping features, and strategic retrieval ability, indexed by standardized tests of executive function, to mnemonic discrimination in a large cohort of older adults (N=124). We took an individual differences approach and characterised the contributions of these factors to performance under Forced Choice (FC) and Yes/No (YN) recognition memory formats, which place different demands on strategic retrieval. Performance in both test formats declined with age. Accounting for age, individual differences in FC memory performance were best explained by perceptual discrimination score, whereas YN memory performance was best explained by executive functions. A dominance analysis confirmed the relatively greater importance of perceptual discrimination over executive functioning for FC performance, while the opposite was true for YN. These findings highlight parallels between perceptual and mnemonic discrimination in aging, the importance of considering demands on executive functions in the context of mnemonic discrimination, and the relevance of test format for modulating the impact of these factors on performance in older adults.

scholarly journals What determines cognitive estimation ability? Changing contributions of semantic and executive domains as a function of age

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Hoffman ◽  
Sarah E. MacPherson
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Semantic Knowledge ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Semantic Retrieval ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Cognitive Estimation ◽  
Cognitive Estimation Test

The Cognitive Estimation Test (CET) is commonly used in neuropsychological assessment. It is typically assumed to load on executive functions, although research has shown that CET performance also depends on semantic knowledge. Yet, it is unknown whether these contributions vary with age. It is important to examine this question as these abilities have divergent life course trajectories: executive functions tend to decline as people age but semantic knowledge continues to accrue. We investigated cognitive predictors of CET performance in healthy young and older adults. We found that better executive function was associated with more accurate estimation in both age groups. However, the effect of semantic knowledge on CET performance was significantly larger in older people, having no predictive power in the younger group. The ability to detect weak semantic associations, a measure of controlled semantic retrieval, also had divergent effects on CET performance in the two age groups. Our results provide empirical support for the idea that older people are more reliant on semantic knowledge when estimating quantities, which may explain why age-related decline in CET scores is not typically found. We conclude that deficits on the CET may be indicative either of semantic or executive impairments, particularly in older age groups.

Age-related variation in the nutrient reserves of breeding American Coots (Fulica americana)

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (10) ◽  
pp. 2417-2420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray T. Alisauskas ◽  
C. Davison Ankney
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fulica Americana ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Nutrient Reserve ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Nutrient Reserves

We analyzed the relationship between age and nutrient reserves of 186 American Coots, Fulica americana, collected in southern Manitoba during the breeding season in 1981. The first principal component from the correlation matrix of 13 morphological variables was used as the measure of body size. Protein reserves, as indexed by lean dry weight, and fat reserves were related to body size, but the relationship for fat reserves was weak. The oldest coots of each sex were the largest, and this partly explained their larger protein reserves compared with the youngest coots. However, by scaling different sex–age groups to the same body size, we found that older coots had relatively larger protein reserves before breeding than did younger coots. Males and females did not differ in relative protein reserves, but females had relatively more fat reserves than did males. The results also indicated that body size is an important consideration in studies of nutrient reserve dynamics.

scholarly journals Age-Related Differences in Executive Functions Within High-Level Youth Soccer Players

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Francis Beavan ◽  
Jan Spielmann ◽  
Jan Mayer ◽  
Sabrina Skorski ◽  
Tim Meyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Effect Of Age

Background: When measuring executive functions (EF), it is common for athletes to be assessed on their ability to detect and process explicit sources of information. Yet not all of the information is perceived explicitly in an environment. Aim: This study aimed to include a new assessment that measures the impact of implicitly perceived congruent and incongruent visual precues on response times. Method: Seventy-four male soccer players: U12 (n=15), U13 (n=17), U17 (n=21) and U19 (n=21) representing a German 1st league club were assessed on four cognitive tasks. Results: The MANOVAs revealed a multivariate effect of age group on a reactive stress tolerance task (F(6,140)=11.670, p<0.001, ES=0.38) and a Stop Signal Reaction Time task (F(6,144)=6.142, p<0.001, ES=0.20). A one-way ANOVA revealed an age group effect for response accuracy in a multiple-object-tracking task (F(3,74)=4.05, p=0.01, ES=0.14). Lastly, a within-subjects effect of congruency on the implicit precued task (F(1,74)=51.32, p<0.001, ES=0.41) and a between-subjects effect of age group (F(3,74)=4.30, p=0.008, ES=0.15) was observed. Interpretation: The results provided support for including an implicit precueing task, while the overall testing demonstrated that the magnitude of the increase in EF performance between ages was greater across the younger age groups compared to the older age groups.  

scholarly journals Executive function and high ambiguity perceptual discrimination contribute to individual differences in mnemonic discrimination in older adults

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Gellersen ◽  
Alexandra N. Trelle ◽  
Richard Henson ◽  
Jon Simons
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Standardized Tests ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Perceptual Discrimination ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Component Processes ◽  
The Impact

Mnemonic discrimination deficits, or impaired ability to discriminate between similar events in memory, is a hallmark of cognitive ageing, characterised by a stark age-related increase in false recognition. While individual differences in mnemonic discrimination have gained attention due to potential relevance for early detection of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), our understanding of the component processes that contribute to variability in task performance across older adults remains limited. The present investigation explores the roles of representational quality, indexed by perceptual discrimination of objects and scenes with overlapping features, and strategic retrieval ability, indexed by standardized tests of executive function, to mnemonic discrimination in a large cohort of older adults (N=124). We took an individual differences approach and characterised the contributions of these factors to performance under Forced Choice (FC) and Yes/No (YN) recognition memory formats, which place different demands on strategic retrieval. Performance in both test formats declined with age. Accounting for age, individual differences in FC memory performance were best explained by perceptual discrimination score, whereas YN memory performance was best explained by executive functions. A dominance analysis confirmed the relatively greater importance of perceptual discrimination over executive functioning for FC performance, while the opposite was true for YN. These findings highlight parallels between perceptual and mnemonic discrimination in aging, the importance of considering demands on executive functions in the context of mnemonic discrimination, and the relevance of test format for modulating the impact of these factors on performance in older adults.

scholarly journals Variation of Driving Skill among Elderly Drivers Compared to Young Drivers in Japan

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Indri Hapsari Susilowati ◽  
Akira Yasukouchi
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Road Accident ◽  
P Value ◽  
Accident Risk ◽  
Traffic Sign ◽  
Lane Changing ◽  
Elderly Drivers ◽  
Young Drivers ◽  
Driving Skill ◽  
Japanese Elderly

This study analyzed driving skill among Japanese elderly drivers comparedto young drivers and see which less skilled that might impact road accident risk in highway. Subjects included young and elderly drivers, consisting of 10 college students (20 – 24 years old) and 25 elderly drivers (14 men and 11 women) coming from The Silver Manpower Centre, an organization for elderly > 60 years. Elderly drivers were divided into two age groups, namely elderly 1 aged 60 – 65 years (10 persons) and elderly 2 aged > 65 years (15 persons). Driving performance was evaluated by using driving game simulator in laboratory. Analysis was conducted on consistency in the lane, lane-changing skill, traffic sign compliance, right-turning skill, braking and driving speed. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA test. Generally, performance of elderly 2 was lower than the young almost in all parameters including consistency in the lane (p value < 0.007), traffic sign compliance (p value < 0.011), right-turning skill (p value < 0.001) and braking (p value < 0.001). In the lane-changing skill, young drivers showed significantly higher score (p value < 0.007) than both elderly groups in which elderly 1 (p value < 0.004); elderly 2 (p value < 0.001). The group > 65 years old were likely to be wrong on seeing traffic signs due to visual limitation and long response of compliance.AbstrakPenelitian ini menganalisis kemampuan mengemudi pada pengemudi lanjut usia (lansia) dibandingkan dengan usia muda di Jepang dan melihat keterampilan mengemudi yang kurang sehingga dapat memengaruhi risiko kecelakaan di jalan raya. Subjek penelitian adalah pengemudi usia muda dan lansia, terdiri dari 10 mahasiswa (20 - 24 tahun) dan 25 pengemudi lansia (14 laki-laki dan 11 perempuan) berasal dari The Silver Menpower Center, organisasi bagi lansia > 60 tahun. Pengemudi lansia dibagi menjadi dua kelompok, yaitu lansia 1 berusia 60 - 65 tahun (10 orang) dan lansia 2 berusia > 65 tahun (15 orang). Kemampuan mengemudi dievaluasi dengan simulator permainan mengemudi dalam laboratorium. Analisis dilakukan pada konsistensi dalam jalur, perubahan jalur, kepatuhan pada rambu lalu lintas, kemampuan berbalik kanan, mengerem/akselerasi, dan kecepatan mengemudi. Analisis statistik menggunakan uji ANOVA. Secara umum, kemampuan pengemudi lansia 2 lebih rendah dibandingkan usia muda hampir di semua parameter, meliputi kekonsistenan dalam jalur (nilai p < 0,007), kepatuhan pada rambu lalu lintas (nilai p < 0,011), kemampuan berbalik kanan (nilai p < 0,001), dan keterampilan mengerem/akselerasi (nilai p < 0,001). Dalam keterampilan mengubah jalur, pengemudi usia muda menunjukkan skor signifikan (nilai p < 0,007) lebih tinggi dari kedua kelompok pengemudi lansia dimana lansia 1 (nilai p < 0,004); lansia 2 (nilai p < 0,001). Pengemudi > 65 tahun cenderung salah dalam melihat rambu lalu lintas karena terbatasnya penglihatan dan lamanya respons dalam mematuhinya.

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