Prevalence of malnutrition in School aged children, Kassala State, Sudan

Abstract Background : Childhood malnutrition is a major concern in developing countries due to high morbidity and mortality rate. To estimate the prevalence of malnutrition among school children, Kassala State, A cross-sectional study was conducted randomly among 2638 children. Height for age and body mass index for age z scores were calculated using WHO Anthro Plus software as indicators of stunting and thinness respectively. A multinomial logistic regression model was used to determine the associated factors. Results: The overall prevalence of stunted and thinness was 22.1% and 32.3% respectively. Stunting was significantly higher among children in age group 13-15 years old (OR 3.788; 95% CI: 2.802- 5.123), boys (OR 1.394; 95% CI: 1.114-1.743) and children from rural areas (OR 2.406; 95% CI: 1.768- 3.274). Likewise thinness was significantly higher among boys (OR 1.717; 95% CI: 1.436- 2.052), Rural residence (OR 1.885; 95% CI: 1.487- 2.389), child whose families depend on unsafe source of drinking water (OR 2.205; 95% CI: 1.484- 3.276). Moreover, children who skipped meal during the school day or bring their food from their houses OR 2.744; 95% CI: 2.131- 3.532, 1.752(95% CI: 1.441- 2.129) respectively). Maternal education and occupation, in addition to family size and child ordered had no effect on the prevalence of malnutrition. Conclusions: In the present study, different forms of malnutrition was documented and affected by child age, gender, residence, source of drinking water. Therefore, more attention is needed to focus on nutrition status, improving the school environment, maternal education, and regular health assessment.

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Factors influencing sustainability of open defecation free (ODF) status in rural India: A cross sectional study

IP Journal of Nutrition, Metabolism and Health Science ◽

10.18231/j.ijnmhs.2021.021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 116-125

Author(s):

P S Janaki Krishna ◽

R K Mishra ◽

Maschendar Goud

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression Model ◽

Open Defecation ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Rural Villages ◽

The Government ◽

The Empirical Analysis ◽

Free Status

Tackling a simple and sensitive concern of ‘Open Defecation (OD)’ is such a compounded and righteous challenge that enormous efforts and resources are needed to bring in the desired changes in the villages. Towards this, attaining open defecation free (ODF) status by providing toilet facilities to every household is the foremost step in rural sanitation programme under Swachh Bharat Mission – Gramin (SBM –G) being implemented by the Government of India. The present paper aims to examine the factors that have influence in attaining ODF status in rural areas. In this study, various parameters that contribute to attaining ODF status in the villages were identified and an extensive primary survey was conducted in 32,390 households across 686 rural villages in Krishna District of Andhra Pradesh, India. The empirical analysis of the data using a multinomial logistic regression model revealed that the factors such as water availability, safe excreta disposal, technology used for toilet construction and awareness on Swachh Bharat have an influence in achieving the open defecation free status in the villages to a greater extent.

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Family functioning and dental trauma, malocclusion and anthropometry in adolescents

Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences ◽

10.20396/bjos.v20i00.8661883 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 ◽

pp. e211883

Author(s):

Adelaine Maria de Sousa ◽

Thais Carine Lisboa Silva ◽

Bruna de Carvalho Vaigel ◽

Roberto Carlos Mourão Pinho ◽

Renata Cimões

Keyword(s):

Multivariate Analysis ◽

Public Schools ◽

Family Cohesion ◽

Maternal Education ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Dental Trauma ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significance Level

Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate perceived family cohesion and adaptability and its association with trauma, malocclusion and anthropometry in school adolescents. Methods: Cross-sectional study with a representative sample of 921 adolescents from 13 to 19 years old of both sexes, enrolled in state public schools of a northeastern Brazilian municipality. A questionnaire with sociodemographic questions, the FACES III scale was applied and a clinical oral examination (dental trauma and malocclusion) and anthropometric (BMI by age) were performed. For statistical analysis, was evaluated by the Chi-square test. The variables that presented significance in the bivariate analysis of up to 25% were taken to the multivariate analysis (multinomial logistic regression), variables that presented significance in bivariate analysis of up to 25% were taken to multivariate analysis and all conclusions were drawn considering the significance level of 5%. Results: As a result, it was identified that displaced families were associated with low maternal education, agglutinated families associated with the absence of caries. Rigid families were associated with marked overjet and caries. The prevalence of dental trauma (37.5%) was considered high. Conclusion: It was concluded that family cohesion and adaptability were associated with oral health and socioeconomic factors.

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Determinants of child malnutrition in rural and urban Ecuadorian highlands

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980013002528 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 17 (9) ◽

pp. 2122-2130 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Johana Ortiz ◽

John Van Camp ◽

Sylviana Wijaya ◽

Silvana Donoso ◽

Lieven Huybregts

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Maternal Education ◽

Economic Status ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Nutritional Interventions ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Sociodemographic Determinants ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Maternal Bmi

AbstractObjectiveTo identify and compare the sociodemographic determinants of stunting, wasting and overweight among infants of urban and rural areas in the Ecuadorian highlands.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingNabon (rural) and Cuenca (urban) cantons, Azuay Province, Ecuador.SubjectsA total of 703 children aged 0–24 months and their caregivers (227 rural and 476 urban) recruited during the period from June to September 2008.ResultsStunting prevalence was significantly higher in the rural area (37·4 %v. 17·7 %;P< 0·001) while wasting (7·1 %) and overweight (17·1 %) prevalence were more similar between areas. Determinants of stunting for the pooled sample were male gender (OR = 1·43; 95 % CI 1·06, 1·92;P= 0·02), preterm delivery (OR = 1·65; 95 % CI 1·14, 2·38;P= 0·008), child's age (OR = 1·04; 95 % CI 1·01, 1·07;P= 0·011), maternal education (OR = 0·95; 95 % CI 0·92, 0·99;P= 0·025) and facility-based delivery (OR = 0·57; 95 % CI 0·45, 0·74;P< 0·001). The latter was also a determinant of overweight (OR = 0·39; 95 % CI 0·25, 0·62;P< 0·001). Rural determinants of stunting were maternal height (OR = 0·004; 95 % CI 0·00004, 0·39;P= 0·018), diarrhoea prevalence (OR = 2·18; 95 % CI 1·13, 4·21;P= 0·02), socio-economic status (OR = 0·79; 95 % CI 0·64, 0·98;P= 0·030) and child's age (OR = 1·07; 95 % CI 1·02, 1·11;P= 0·005). Urban determinants were: maternal BMI for stunting (OR = 0·91; 95 % CI 0·84, 0·99;P= 0·027), cough prevalence (OR = 0·57; 95 % CI 0·34, 0·96;P= 0·036) and facility-based delivery (OR = 0·25; 95 % CI 0·09, 0·73;P= 0·011) for overweight, and hygiene for wasting (OR = 0·57; 95 % CI 0·36, 0·89;P= 0·013).ConclusionsInfant malnutrition was associated with different sociodemographic determinants between urban and rural areas in the Ecuadorian highlands, a finding which contributes to prioritize the determinants to be assessed in nutritional interventions.

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Access to Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: A Cross-Sectional Study among the Maasai in Tanzania

American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene ◽

10.4269/ajtmh.20-0134 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 104 (4) ◽

pp. 1535-1539

Author(s):

Boniphace Jacob ◽

Method Kazaura

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Use ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Waterborne Diseases ◽

Safe Drinking Water ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Safe Water ◽

Sanitation And Hygiene

ABSTRACTSafe water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) are among key components to prevent and control waterborne diseases such as cholera, schistosomiasis, and other gastrointestinal morbidities in the community. In 2018, there was cholera outbreak in Ngorongoro district that was fueled by inadequate and unsafe water as well as poor sanitation and hygiene. We used an analytical cross-sectional study first to determine the proportion of households with access to WaSH and second to assess factors associated with coverage of household’s access to WaSH. Methods included interviewing heads of the household to assess the availability of safe drinking water, use of unshared toilet/latrine by household members only, and the availability of functional handwashing facility. Eight percent of households had access to WaSH. Access to household’s WaSH was positively associated with household’s monthly income, education of heads of the household, and water use per person per week. To control water-related morbidities, there is a need to improve access to reliable safe drinking water, expand alternatives of households to earn more incomes, and enhance proper sanitation and hygiene services to rural areas and marginalized groups like the Maasai of Ngorongoro in Tanzania.

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Water and sanitation hygiene knowledge, attitudes and practices among school settings in rural Chennai

Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development ◽

10.2166/washdev.2014.052 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 192-200 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

S. Vishnupriya ◽

Satish Prasad ◽

Jyoti Bala Kasav ◽

Kate Trout ◽

Shruti Murthy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

School Students ◽

Purification Method ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Government School ◽

Water And Sanitation ◽

Staff Members ◽

Attitudes And Practices

This pilot cross-sectional study was conducted to assess water and sanitation hygiene-related knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) among rural school students in Chennai, South India in September 2013. A convenient sample of 80 participants (70 children and 10 staff members) was enrolled in the study. The inclusion criteria included participants residing in rural areas and studying in a government school. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to assess sociodemographic and school characteristics and water and sanitation hygiene (WASH)-related KAP. The mean age of the students was 14 years (SD = 2) and half of them were females. The school had a government drinking water supply and did not use any water treatment/purification method. The majority of the participants had correct WASH-related knowledge. However, one-third of the students reported diarrheal episodes in the school due to unsafe drinking water. There was disparity in the response of the students compared to the staff about toilet facilities in the school. This study concluded that there is a need for multifaceted intervention that will facilitate adequate water and sanitation hygiene practices among school children through the availability of proper sanitation infrastructure and family-centered education.

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Complementary Feeding Practices among Children (6-23 months) in Rural Lucknow, North India: A Cross-sectional Study

The Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics ◽

10.21048/ijnd.2019.56.2.22893 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 56 (2) ◽

pp. 184

Author(s):

Tuhina Rastogi ◽

Geetanjali Srivastava ◽

Shally Awasthi

Keyword(s):

Maternal Education ◽

Complementary Feeding ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Family Type ◽

North India ◽

High Morbidity ◽

General Category ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Maternal Characteristics

<p>Malnutrition is widely prevalent in India. Improper complementary feeding (CF) practices contribute to child malnutrition resulting in growth failure, high morbidity and mortality. Objective of the study was to assess CF practices and associated factors among children (6-23 months) in rural India. This cross-sectional study was conducted with mothers of eligible children. Mothers were identified using systematic random sampling and only those who consented to participate and were permanent residents were included. Children whose mother was unavailable were excluded. Data on socio-demographic, maternal characteristics and CF indicators was collected from June to October, 2017.Data was analyzed using SPSS. Mothers of mean age 24.98+3.91 years participated. 58.3% of mothers terminated breastfeeding before recommended duration. Of 85.3% children that received CF, 35.9%, 45.6% and 18.4% children had timely, early and delayed CF. Risk of untimely introduction of CF was higher among children of general category. Maternal education, religion, family type, child‘s gender, birth weight and birth order were not significantly associated with untimely CF practices. A large proportion of children did not consume sufficient diverse complementary foods to meet energy and micronutrient requirements. Study findings show that CF practices were suboptimal. Considerable gap existed between WHO recommendations and breastfeeding continuation, initiation of CF and meal frequency and quantity. Behavioral interventions involving mothers may improve CF practices and ensure better survival.</p>

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Prevalence of dental caries and its relationship with trace elements present in drinking water among 12 year old children in rural areas of andhra pradesh, india

Journal of Research in Dentistry ◽

10.19177/jrd.v3e52015791-797 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 3 (5) ◽

pp. 791 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Matheus Monica ◽

Anil Vilhena Ankola ◽

Mamata Hebbal

Keyword(s):

Trace Elements ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Andhra Pradesh ◽

Trace Element Analysis ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Caries Experience ◽

Element Analysis ◽

Cross Sectional

AIM: The purpose of the present study was to assess the relationship of trace elements present in drinking water and dental caries in children aged 12 years in rural areas of Andhra Pradesh India. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 451children aged 12 years. Clinical examination was carried out and caries experience was recorded. Drinking water samples were collected and subjected to trace element analysis using ICP-MS equipment. Oneway ANOVA, Chi-square test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient and Multiple Logistic Regression were used for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: A statistically significant relation was found between caries and trace elements like Vanadium (p<0.001), strontium (p<0.001) and lead (p<0.01) in the drinking water. CONCLUSION: It may be postulated from this study that a mixture of trace elements such as fluorine, strontium, boron, and molybdenum may work together to retard caries.

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Role of parental education in reduction of prevalence of childhood undernutrition in Bangladesh

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980018000162 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 21 (10) ◽

pp. 1845-1854 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Md. Belal Hossain ◽

Md Hasinur Rahaman Khan

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Parental Education ◽

Maternal Education ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Data Set ◽

Paternal Education ◽

Childhood Undernutrition ◽

Children Under 5

AbstractObjectiveDespite progress, levels of malnutrition among children in Bangladesh are among the highest in the world and this is one of the major causes of death in children. The pace of reduction in the prevalence of undernutrition among children is still relatively low. The present study aimed to examine the association between parental education and childhood undernutrition among Bangladeshi children under 5 years of age when adjusting for potential risk factors.DesignThe data set was extracted from a nationally representative survey based on a cross-sectional study, the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2014.SettingThe base survey was conducted using a two-stage stratified sample of households. In the first stage, 600 enumeration areas (EA) were selected with probability proportional to EA size (207 EA from urban areas, 393 EA from rural areas).SubjectsA total of 7173 children under 5 years from 17 863 households were considered for the analysis. A modified Poisson regression model was implemented to the data for assessing the relationship between parental education and childhood undernutrition when demographic and socio-economic covariates for the child, parents, households and clustering were adjusted.ResultsHigher parental education level was associated with lower levels of stunting and underweight, but not with wasting. Maternal and paternal education were both significantly associated with the reduction in prevalence of childhood undernutrition in Bangladesh.ConclusionsPaternal education appears equally as important as maternal education in reducing undernutrition prevalence among children under 5 years in Bangladesh.

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Risk factors of Helicobacter pylori infection in children: a cross-sectional study in Chenani

International Journal of Advances in Medicine ◽

10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20212344 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Vinod Gupta ◽

Akhil Gupta ◽

Sucheta Gupta

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Gastric Diseases ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Jammu And Kashmir ◽

H Pylori ◽

At Home

Background: H. pylori infections generally occur early in childhood and continue to cause gastric diseases later in life. Epidemiological studies suggest its transmission through fecal to oral and oral to oral routes. Several factors control this transmission including socioeconomic status, quality of drinking water, personal and environmental hygiene, contamination of food, overcrowding and density of population.Methods: A cross-sectional study, involving 100 children aged 1 to 15 years, presenting gastrointestinal complaints was conducted in the department of medicine, district hospital, Udhampur, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India from October 2019 to March 2020. Children with the pathology of central nervous system or with any other known pathology were excluded.Results: Majority of children belonged to the group >6, ≤11 years age (41%), 89% of children were school-going and 78% of participants belonged to the rural areas. Major economic activity of the participants came out to be business and trading (31%), as much as 62% of households were having a size of >4 persons per unit. As many as 24 children were found positive for antigen test upon stool sample examination. The infection rate was significantly higher among children having unsafe source of drinking water (14/24, 58.3%) and poor sanitation facilities (18/24, 66.7%). Overcrowding at home due to bigger household size was found to be a major risk factor among children.Conclusions: The prevalence of H. pylori among children was quite high. Major risk factors included sanitation and drinking water facilities at home and at schools.

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Urban–Rural Differences in Patterns and Associated Factors of Multimorbidity Among Older Adults in China: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on Apriori Algorithm and Multinomial Logistic Regression

Frontiers in Public Health ◽

10.3389/fpubh.2021.707062 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Chichen Zhang ◽

Shujuan Xiao ◽

Lei Shi ◽

Yaqing Xue ◽

Xiao Zheng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Chronic Disease ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Strong Association ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Apriori Algorithm ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Urban Rural

Introduction: Multimorbidity has become one of the key issues in the public health sector. This study aimed to explore the urban–rural differences in patterns and associated factors of multimorbidity in China and to provide scientific reference for the development of health management strategies to reduce health inequality between urban and rural areas.Methods: A cross-sectional study, which used a multi-stage random sampling method, was conducted effectively among 3,250 participants in the Shanxi province of China. The chi-square test was used to compare the prevalence of chronic diseases among older adults with different demographic characteristics. The Apriori algorithm and multinomial logistic regression were used to explore the patterns and associated factors of multimorbidity among older adults, respectively.Results: The findings showed that 30.3% of older adults reported multimorbidity, with significantly higher proportions in rural areas. Among urban older adults, 10 binary chronic disease combinations with strong association strength were obtained. In addition, 11 binary chronic disease combinations and three ternary chronic disease combinations with strong association strength were obtained among rural older adults. In rural and urban areas, there is a large gap in patterns and factors associated with multimorbidity.Conclusions: Multimorbidity was prevalent among older adults, which patterns mainly consisted of two or three chronic diseases. The patterns and associated factors of multimorbidity varied from urban to rural regions. Expanding the study of urban–rural differences in multimorbidity will help the country formulate more reasonable public health policies to maximize the benefits of medical services for all.

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