scholarly journals The language of the empire and the image of the "noble savage" in French travel essays of the second half of the 18th century

2021 ◽  
pp. 193-205
Author(s):  
Т.М. Демичева
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Intercultural Dialogue ◽  
Intercultural Contact ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The World ◽  
Noble Savage ◽  
Imperial Politics ◽  
Self Examination

В статье рассмотрен образ «благородного дикаря» на примере очерков о кругосветных плаваниях – «Кругосветном путешествии на фрегате “Будёз” и транспорте “Этуаль”» Луи Антуана де Бугенвиля и «Путешествии по всему миру на “Буссоли” и “Астролябии”» Жан-Франсуа де Лаперуза. Показано, как межкультурный контакт привел к возникновению шаблонов восприятия европейцами «других» народов. Отмечено, что эти очерки способствовали определению места и роли европейцев в мире. Данный шаблон включал как положительные, так и отрицательные элементы. Империя могла извлекать пользу из романтизированного образа «благородного дикаря», тем самым стимулируя новые колониальные захваты. В то же время на практике европейцы находили варваров агрессивными, лживыми и недалекими. Автор приходит к выводу, что межкультурный диалог, показанный во французских очерках о кругосветных путешествиях второй половины XVIII в., вряд ли можно назвать успешным, так как эти травелоги привели к возникновению очередного шаблона, рассматривающего «других» сквозь высоту европейского знания, основанного на привычной для европейского мира системе ценностей. In the article we use the round-the-world travel essays "Around-the-world trip on the frigate "Boudez" and the transport" Etoile" by Louis Antoine de Bougainville and "Travel all over the world to "Bussoli" and "Astrolabe" by Jean- Francois de La Perouse to show the image of the "noble savage". These travelogues show that the intercultural contact led to the emergence of patterns of perception of "Others" by Europeans. It is noted that travelogues contributed to self-examination and determined the place and the role of Europeans in the world. Moreover, this pattern includes positive and negative elements as well. The empire could have a benefit from a romanticized image of the "noble savage" thereby stimulating new colonial conquests. At the same time, travel essays could contradict the Enlightenment ideas, when Europeans found barbarians to be aggressive, deceitful and dimwitted. The purpose of this study is to consider the problematic aspects of describing "Others" and to define the role of travelogues in imperial politics. We will argue that the intercultural dialogue shown in French round-the-world travel essays of the second half of the 18th century can hardly be called successful. These travelogues led to the appearance of fascinating pattern of "other". That pattern looked at the “others” through the European knowledge based on system of values typical for the European world.

scholarly journals The role of cognitive style in the formation of a professional discursive personality of journalist N. I. Novikov

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (29) ◽  
pp. 307-315
Author(s):  
Tatyana Aleksandrovna Sidorova ◽  
Elena Revovna Kornienko ◽  
Elvira Nikolaevna Akimova ◽  
Natalya Evgenyevna Petrova
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Style ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Knowledge Structures ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
The World ◽  
Interpretative Analysis ◽  
Definition Of

The relevance of the research is due to the growing interest in finding new approaches to describing the discursive personality in General and professional, in particular. The main goal of the research is to identify the features of cognitive style and determine its role in the formation of professional discursive personality of N. I. Novikov as a journalist. The research is carried out within the framework of cognitive-discursive and linguistic paradigms. As the main one, we use an interpretative analysis of the knowledge structures behind the language means of N. I. Novikov's discourse. The paper highlights and interprets the components of the cognitive style of N. I. Novikov's discursive personality in correlation with his language consciousness. The methods of perception of the world by N. I. Novikov's discursive personality, the peculiarities of representation of the world's realities in discourse, and the manner of transmitting information about the world are determined. Personal preferences of a discursive person, as well as cognitive, semiological and motivational ones are revealed. It is proved that the features of N. I. Novikov's professional discursive personality are determined by the specifics of his cognitive style, objectified by cognitive and linguistic mechanisms of discursive activity. A definition of the concept of "cognitive style" is proposed. The components of cognitive style are interpreted as an element of theory for the analysis of a discursive personality. The role of cognitive style in the formation of a professional discursive personality of a journalist of the 18th century is determined.

Is Entrepreneurship Education Key to All Entrepreneurial Initiatives?

2021 ◽  
pp. 45-63
Author(s):  
Joana Costa
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Entrepreneurship Education ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
The Core ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
The World ◽  
Employment Generation ◽  
Different Cultures

Entrepreneurship is a worldwide reality. Since the beginning of times and all around the world people have created businesses. Entrepreneurial orientation, from a macroeconomic perspective, allows income and employment generation, thus boosting growth. At the microeconomic level, it is a competition booster playing a central role in a globalized market. In this entrepreneurial ecosystem in which knowledge-based activity is the core booster of employment, economic growth, and competitiveness, universities and, in particular, entrepreneurial universities play either the role of knowledge production and dissemination. The present work aims to understand the role of education (formal and entrepreneurship) on entrepreneurial activity combined with heterogeneous individual characteristics and different cultures and geographies. Specifically, the study identifies substitution and complementary effects among both types of education according to individual taxonomies.

scholarly journals The key to the solution of the world crisis we face

Human Affairs ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-39
Author(s):  
Nicholas Maxwell
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
World Crisis ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Problems ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Great Danger

Abstract Humanity faces two fundamental problems of learning: learning about the universe, and learning to become civilized. We have solved the first problem, but not the second one, and that puts us in a situation of great danger. Almost all of our global problems have arisen as a result. It has become a matter of extreme urgency to solve the second problem. The key to this is to learn from our solution to the first problem how to solve the second one. This was the basic idea of the 18th century Enlightenment, but in implementing this idea, the Enlightenment blundered. Their mistakes are still built into academia today. In order to le arn how to create a civilized, enlightened world, the key thing we need to do is to cure academia of the structural blunders we have inherited from the Enlightenment. We need to bring about a revolution in science, and in academia more broadly so that the basic aim becomes wisdom, and not just knowledge.

scholarly journals Postcolonialism, Islamophobia and Inserting Islam Facts in African-American Fiction: Umm Zakiyyah’s If I Should Speak

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 1-33
Author(s):  
Nadira Brioua
Keyword(s):  
Primary Source ◽  
American Fiction ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
The World ◽  
Critical Materials ◽  
Do So

Islam has been growing quickly in the world, yet it is a predominately misunderstood religion. Othering Islam through media propaganda and western writings, and mis associating it with some assumptions are still rampant. Thus, the researcher attempts at showing these assumptions stereotypical prejudgments of Islam and Muslims that are commonly associated with Western assumptions resulted in Islamophobia and exploring the role of counter-discourses in contemporary Black-American Fiction by analyzing Umm Zakiyyah’s If I Should Speak and showing to what extents the novel has an important role in correcting assumptions and narrating the Islamic facts. Thus, this article highlights Umm Zakiyyah’s narrative of Islam’s truth within its historical sources the Qur’an and the Sunnah. The paper analyses Umm Zakiyyah’s reconsideration of Islam’s truth, by focusing on the meaning of Islam and being a Muslim. To do so, this qualitative and non-empirical research is conducted in a descriptive-theoretical analysis, using the selected novel as a primary source and library and online critical materials, such as books and journal articles, as secondary references. Based on the analysis, it is found that Umm Zakiyyah narrates Islam and Muslims to counter the West’s negative view on Islam. Furthermore, based on the story, the power of Muslim self-identification within the historical transparent knowledge based on the Quran’s perspectives leads to the conversion of Tamika Douglass, proving that Islam can be perceived positively by non-Muslims; in this case, it is represented within its subjectivity. It is found that the novel can be a tool of Islamic da’wah [call for the faith]. Hence, the Muslim writers and novelists should write to solve the challenges facing Muslims and the Ummah by Islamizing English fiction.

Trust in Organizations

2011 ◽  
pp. 293-308
Author(s):  
Muhammad Mohtsham Saeed
Keyword(s):  
Business Environment ◽  
Sensitive Information ◽  
Global Business ◽  
Trust Development ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Internal Customers ◽  
The World ◽  
Innovative Products

Recent changes in the overall global business atmosphere, for example, opening of economies, increase in exchange relations, volatility of the business environment, innovative products and services, rapidly changing markets, and knowledge-based firms and information-based systems all demand quick sharing of quite sensitive information. This swift sharing of sensitive information is a major source of competitive advantage in today’s age and is not possible without trustworthy relationships of top management with external as well as internal customers (employees) of a business. Islam is the second biggest religion in the world with over 1/4th of the world’s population as its followers. Where traditional literature believes that long-term relationships result in trust development, Islam considers that trust development results in building and maintaining long-term relationships. This chapter is specifically meant to highlight the role of trust from an Islamic perspective in a leader-followers relationship as well as a leader-customers relationship.

Discording Enlightenment on China

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-177
Author(s):  
Selusi Ambrogio ◽  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
Intercultural Dialogue ◽  
The Political ◽  
Western Education ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Pierre Bayle

It is usually acknowledged that the core contribution of the Enlightenment is primarily twofold: the first being the introduction of reason and science as judgmental principles, and the second being the belief in the future progress of humankind as a shared destiny for humanity. This ‘modern’ reason—an exclusively human prerogative among creatures—could be applied to create a better society from the political, civil, educational, scientific, and religious points of view. What is usually less known is that for most of the Enlightenment thinkers, this philosophical and cultural step was the prerogative of European or Western-educated thinkers, which implied a gradual exclusion of extra-European civilizations from human progress as a natural phenomenon. Thus, with the exception of a few French libertines, the creation of a better society was due to reason and critical thinking absent in other civilizations, who could, at most, inherit this ‘rational power’ from Western education. This exclusion, which is usually attributed to the violence of the colonialist period, is already implied in the arguments of several Enlightenment thinkers. Our investigation will follow three steps: an exposition of the three Western historical paradigms in which Eastern civilizations were inserted between the 17th and 18th century; a comparison between the attitude toward China and Buddhism of two very distant philosophers of the Enlightenment—i.e. Pierre Bayle (1647–1706) and Johann Jacob Brucker (1696–1770)—and a brief reflection on the Enlightenment from an ‘external/exotic’ point of view that will suggest the necessity of a ‘new skeptical Enlightenment’ for inducing actual intercultural dialogue.

Towards Knowledge-Based Waqf Organizations

2020 ◽  
pp. 100-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelkader Laallam ◽  
Salina Kassim ◽  
Engku Rabiah Adawiah ◽  
Buerhan Saiti
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Science Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
The World

The world is changing at a great pace and acceleration. The role of science, knowledge, and learning has emerged, in developing and adopting appropriate methods to manage and transfer knowledge and experience within an organization and making it available for everyone to share and exchange easily, through knowledge fountains and databases. This chapter introduces the concept of knowledge management to waqf institutions and the potential contribution that can be provided by this in solving many problems and challenges confronting them, in the hope of achieving a qualitative leap in performance and restoring their leading role in societies. There is some evidence that researchers have addressed the issue of knowledge management in the context of waqf institutions. Consequently, this chapter draws attention to the importance of knowledge management for waqf institutions, with the intent of providing a comprehensive understanding of this topic and its association with the organizational performance enhancements, from different angles.

Cães Canibais, Homens Simiescos, Harmonia da Criação. Representações da Alteridade na Alemanha do Século XVIII

2000 ◽  
Vol 8 (15) ◽  
pp. 17-32
Author(s):  
Manuela Ribeiro Sanches ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Postcolonial Studies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Anatomical Studies ◽  
Dog Food ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The World ◽  
The Way

The paper deals with the representation of otherness in 18th Century Germany. Departing from an episode narrated in Georg Forster’s account of James Cook’s second voyage around the world, attention is paid to the way in which an uncanny experience for Europeans - eating dog food - is narrated, and translated according to European discursive premises. The analysis of Forster’s considerations on the relativity of customs, on what is to be attributed to nature or culture, on what is to be considered innate or acquired provide the departing point for the reconstruction (and questioning) of strategies of representing of otherness. In the following parts, diverse ways of representing otherness are briefly analyzed (anatomical studies, collections of bodies and artifacts in natural history cabinets) and emphasis is put on the way in which non-European peoples are always ultimately the object of a process of reification. The scientific implications of Contemporary debates on race are also taken into account, namely the controversy between Georg Forster and Kant. The tension between ethnographie empiricism (Forster) and anthropological rationalism (Kant) is stressed and brought onto relation with the Enlightenment discourse on the “Other”. The conclusion focuses on the limits and utopian possibilities of the Enlightenment discourse, by juxtaposing it to the critique of Western rationalism as proposed by postcolonial studies.

The Role of Dialogue, Otherness and the Construction of Insight in Psychosis: Toward a Socio-Dialogic Model

2005 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Dolson
Keyword(s):  
Emmanuel Levinas ◽  
Clinical Interview ◽  
Narrative Construction ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
The World ◽  
Clinical Phenomenon ◽  
Self Knowledge ◽  
The Individual

AbstractThe focus is on the intersubjective, narrative and dialogic aspects of the clinical phenomenon of insight in psychosis. By introducing a socio-dialogic model for the clinical production of insight, it can be learned how insight, as a form of self-knowledge (of a morbid alteration in one's relation to the world/others), is a product of the clinical interview, namely the dialogic relation between patient and clinical interviewer. Drawing upon the philosophy of Emmanuel Levinas, expressly his notion of the ethical encounter, the production of insight in the clinical interview is elucidated as both a synchronic and diachronic phenomenon—a provisional form of self-knowledge based on historically-produced frames of meaning which are recalled and narrated, i.e., produced at a specific moment in time. The production of insight, based on auto-biographical memory, is ultimately a processual and transactional phenomenon which arises out of the narrative construction of experience and the dialogic negotiation of the individual's "authored" experience. This process may be understood as a synergistic dynamic between intersubjective micro-processes (dialogue) and symbolic macro-processes (such as "culture"), which may, when crystallized at the individual level, precipitate a subjectively insightful account of the prodromal illness experience.

scholarly journals European and Italian trades on the Silk Road: a reassessment

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-135
Author(s):  
Salvatore Ciriacono
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
World Market ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Chinese Economy ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
The World ◽  
The Silk Road

The principal aim of my essay is looking at the presence and the role of  the European and particularly Italian merchants on the so called “Silk Road” during the 17th and 18th century. We have to remember that this expression was introduced by the German geologist Ferdinand von Richthofen, a topic that is receiving a growing attention from the contemporary historians. Indeed this focus is connected to the attention that is given by contemporary economic/political actors to the fortune of the Chinese economy. It is not an accident that Chinese advance is seen by many as the cause of the declining role of Western economies inside the world market.

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