scholarly journals Changes in Soluble Carbohydrates in Floral Organs of Lilium longiflorum during Flower Development

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 682c-682
Author(s):  
Anil P. Ranwala ◽  
William B. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Flower Development ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Open Flower ◽  
Stage 1

Easter lily flower buds at five stages of development (stage 1, 3–4 cm in length; stage 2, 6–7 cm; stage 3, 9–10 cm; stage 4, unopened buds, 13–14 cm; and stage 5, open flower one day after anthesis) were harvested, and flower organs were dissected for carbohydrate analysis. Extracting soluble sugars in distilled water at 70°C gave the optimum yield of soluble sugars among the several extraction methods tested including 80% ethanol, and distilled water at various temperatures. Separation of the extracted soluble sugars by alkaline high performance anion exchange chromatography revealed the presence of glucose, fructose, sucrose, and two other sugars of unknown identity. Glucose and fructose concentrations increased remarkably during the flower development in sepal (about 15-fold), style (about 10-fold), and filament (about 5-fold), while sucrose levels remained constant at low concentrations. In stigma, sucrose levels increased parallel to the increase of hexose sugars during development. Ovary had high sucrose levels relative to hexoses that remained constant while hexoses increased gradually. In anther, hexose concentrations increased at the stage 2 and then dropped at stage 3 and 4. Sucrose levels were higher than hexoses in anther, and it increased from stage 1 to stage 2, then dropped at stage 3, and increased thereafter. In addition to these sugars, anthers at stages 2 and 3 had a series of late eluting oligosaccharides. These oligosaccharides could be hydrolyzed to glucose with hot 1 m H2SO4 or with amyloglucosidase.

scholarly journals A Review of the Analytical Methods for the Determination of 4(5)-Methylimidazole in Food Matrices

Chemosensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 322
Author(s):  
Panagiota-Kyriaki Revelou ◽  
Marinos Xagoraris ◽  
Eleftherios Alissandrakis ◽  
Christos S. Pappas ◽  
Petros A. Tarantilis
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Sample Pretreatment ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Food Matrices

4(5)-Methylimidazole (4(5)MEI) is a product of the Maillard reaction between sugars and amino acids, which occurs during the thermal processing of foods. This compound is also found in foods with caramel colorants additives. Due to its prevalence in foods and beverages and its potent carcinogenicity, 4(5)MEI has received federal and state regulatory agency attention. The aim of this review is to present the extraction procedures of 4(5)MEI from food matrices and the analytical methods for its determination. Liquid and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry are the techniques most commonly employed to detect 4(5)MEI in food matrices. However, the analysis of 4(5)MEI is challenging due to the high polarity, water solubility, and the absence of chromophores. To overcome this, specialized sample pretreatment and extraction methods have been developed, such as solid-phase extraction and derivatization procedures, increasing the cost and the preparation time of samples. Other analytical methods for the determination of 4(5)MEI, include capillary electrophoresis, paper spray mass spectrometry, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, high-performance cation exchange chromatography, fluorescence-based immunochromatographic assay, and a fluorescent probe.

scholarly journals Effects of a Newly Developed Enzyme-Assisted Extraction Method on the Biological Activities of Fucoidans in Ocular Cells

Marine Drugs ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Dörschmann ◽  
Maria Dalgaard Mikkelsen ◽  
Thuan Nguyen Thi ◽  
Johann Roider ◽  
Anne S. Meyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Alginate Lyase ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Saccharina Latissima ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Age Related

Fucoidans from brown seaweeds are promising substances as potential drugs against age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The heterogeneity of fucoidans requires intensive research in order to find suitable species and extraction methods. Ten different fucoidan samples extracted enzymatically from Laminaria digitata (LD), Saccharina latissima (SL) and Fucus distichus subsp. evanescens (FE) were tested for toxicity, oxidative stress protection and VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) inhibition. For this study crude fucoidans were extracted from seaweeds using different enzymes and SL fucoidans were further separated into three fractions (SL_F1-F3) by ion-exchange chromatography (IEX). Fucoidan composition was analyzed by high performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC) after acid hydrolysis. The crude extracts contained alginate, while two of the fractionated SL fucoidans SL_F2 and SL_F3 were highly pure. Cell viability was assessed with an 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay in OMM-1 and ARPE-19. Protective effects were investigated after 24 h of stress insult in OMM-1 and ARPE-19. Secreted VEGF was analyzed via ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) in ARPE-19 cells. Fucoidans showed no toxic effects. In OMM-1 SL_F2 and several FE fucoidans were protective. LD_SiAT2 (Cellic®CTec2 + Sigma-Aldrich alginate lyase), FE_SiAT3 (Cellic® CTec3 + Sigma-Aldrich alginate lyase), SL_F2 and SL_F3 inhibited VEGF with the latter two as the most effective. We could show that enzyme treated fucoidans in general and the fractionated SL fucoidans SL_F2 and SL_F3 are very promising for beneficial AMD relevant biological activities.

scholarly journals 782 PB 424 INVERTASE ACTIVITY AND CARBOHYDRATE COMPOSITION IN DEVELOPING ANTIRRHINUM MAJUS L. FLOWERS

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 545a-545
Author(s):  
Ricardo Campos ◽  
William B. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Flower Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Invertase Activity ◽  
Acid Invertase ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Open Flower ◽  
Unknown Compound ◽  
Hexose Sugars

The relationship between the activity of soluble acid invertase and metabolism of soluble carbohydrates was investigated in snapdragon flowers. Flowers were harvested at three different developmental stages, and at four different dates. Soluble carbohydrates were extracted and analyzed by HPLC; invertase activity was determined in crude enzyme extracts. Sucrose concentration slowly increased throughout flower development from a closed bud to a fully open flower. Fructose and glucose concentration were relatively lower at the bud stage, increased during petal elongation, then slightly decreased at flower maturity. Mannitol concentration showed little change during flower development. An unknown compound increased in concentration during petal elongation and decreased at maturity. For all harvest dates, the specific activity of acid invertase increased with flower development. These results show a positive correlation of invertase activity and hexose sugars accumulation. It is possible that at maturity sugars are metabolized at a faster rate than produced, causing a slight decline in hexose sugars.

Non-structural carbohydrates of immature seeds of Caesalpinia echinata (Leguminosae) are involved in the induction of desiccation tolerance

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Nadur Motta Leduc ◽  
João Paulo Naldi Silva ◽  
Maríia Gaspar ◽  
Claudio José Barbedo ◽  
Rita de Cássia Leone Figueiredo-Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Desiccation Tolerance ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Anion Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Embryonic Axes ◽  
Immature Seeds ◽  
Peg Treatment ◽  
Caesalpinia Echinata

Seeds of Caesalpinia echinata fill up to physiological maturation phase ~60 days after anthesis (DAA) in the field. These seeds are desiccation tolerant to 0.08 gH2O gDW–1 and can be stored for 2 years under freezing temperatures without losing germinability. Starch (40–50%), soluble carbohydrates (10–15%, mainly sucrose and cyclitols), in addition to traces of raffinose and stachyose detected early at maturation, are supposed to be related to the acquisition of desiccation tolerance. In the present work we demonstrate that desiccation-intolerant immature seeds (45 DAA) of C. echinata can be dried until 0.14 gH2O gDW–1 when previously soaked in polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution, maintaining high germination percentage. In contrast, seeds of 55 DAA tolerated drying until 0.14 gH2O gDW–1 without previous PEG treatment, indicating that they have already reached desiccation tolerance at this developmental stage. High-performance anion exchange chromatography analysis revealed that cyclitols and sucrose increased markedly in the embryonic axes at 45 DAA after PEG treatment, reaching levels found in embryos at 55 DAA. These results suggest that PEG treatment mimics the natural maturation drying of C. echinata seeds, changing carbohydrate metabolism and triggering processes involved in desiccation tolerance.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Spasmolytic Effects of Jakyak-Gamcho Decoctions Derived via Different Extractants

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongwook Kwak ◽  
Changwoo Lee ◽  
Inseong Kong ◽  
JaeChul Lee ◽  
Donghee Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Effective Index ◽  
Muscle Cramp ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Index Components

Aim. To investigate whether differences in the amounts of effective index components in Jakyak-Gamcho decoctions derived via extraction with either water or ethanol were associated with differential spasmolytic effectiveness.Methods. The amounts of effective index components (paeoniflorin, benzoic acid, glycyrrhizin, and isoliquiritin) contained in water-extracted Jakyak-Gamcho decoction and 70% ethanol-extracted Jakyak-Gamcho decoction were compared by high-performance liquid chromatography. Muscle cramp reduction rates were compared between the two decoctions by comparing the degrees of muscle contraction, measured as the tension developed during electrical stimulation, before and 1 and 2 h after injection in rats.Results. The relative amounts of effective index components were, on average, about 43% higher in the 70% ethanol-extracted decoction than in the water-extracted decoction. Two hours after injection, 0.25 g/kg of 70% ethanol-extracted decoction produced a significantly greater spasmolytic effect than 0.25 g/kg of water-extracted Jakyak-Gamcho decoction or distilled water (bothp<0.05).Conclusion. Differences in the amounts of effective index components resulting from the use of different extractants were associated with differences in spasmolytic effectiveness. Hence, it may be worthwhile to investigate alternative extraction methods in terms of extraction efficiency andin vivoeffectiveness for various herbal medicines in the future.

scholarly journals The Effects of DNA Methylation Inhibition on Flower Development in the Dioecious Plant Salix Viminalis

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun-He Cheng ◽  
Xiang-Yong Peng ◽  
Yong-Chang Yu ◽  
Zhen-Yuan Sun ◽  
Lei Han
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Flower Development ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Epigenetic Modification ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Salix Viminalis ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Transition Stage

DNA methylation, an important epigenetic modification, regulates the expression of genes and is therefore involved in the transitions between floral developmental stages in flowering plants. To explore whether DNA methylation plays different roles in the floral development of individual male and female dioecious plants, we injected 5-azacytidine (5-azaC), a DNA methylation inhibitor, into the trunks of female and male basket willow (Salix viminalis L.) trees before flower bud initiation. As expected, 5-azaC decreased the level of DNA methylation in the leaves of both male and female trees during floral development; however, it increased DNA methylation in the leaves of male trees at the flower transition stage. Furthermore, 5-azaC increased the number, length and diameter of flower buds in the female trees but decreased these parameters in the male trees. The 5-azaC treatment also decreased the contents of soluble sugars, starch and reducing sugars in the leaves of the female plants, while increasing them in the male plants at the flower transition stage; however, this situation was largely reversed at the flower development stage. In addition, 5-azaC treatment decreased the contents of auxin indoleacetic acid (IAA) in both male and female trees at the flower transition stage. These results indicate that hypomethylation in leaves at the flower transition stage promotes the initiation of flowering and subsequent floral growth in Salix viminalis, suggesting that DNA methylation plays a similar role in vegetative–reproductive transition and early floral development. Furthermore, methylation changes during the vegetative–reproductive transition and floral development were closely associated with the biosynthesis, metabolism and transportation of carbohydrates and IAA. These results provide insight into the epigenetic regulation of carbohydrate accumulation.

scholarly journals Soluble Carbohydrates as Osmolytes in Several Halophytes from a Mediterranean Salt Marsh

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 09 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo GIL ◽  
Cristina LULL ◽  
Monica BOSCAIU ◽  
Inmaculada BAUTISTA ◽  
Antonio LIDÓN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Marsh ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Compatible Solutes ◽  
Amperometric Detection ◽  
Anion Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Multivariate Statistical

Compartmentalization of toxic ions in the vacuole and accumulation of osmolytes in the cytoplasm is a common response of halophytes to high soil salinity. Soluble carbohydrates, such as sugars and polyols, are some of the compatible solutes used for osmotic adjustment and osmoprotection. Major carbohydrates were identified and quantified by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography, combined with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), in five halophytic species from a Mediterranean salt marsh (Juncus acutus, Juncus maritimus, Plantago crassifolia, Inula crithmoides and Sarcocornia fruticosa). Sucrose, followed by glucose and fructose were the more representative sugars detected in J. acutus and J. maritimus, and sorbitol the only soluble carbohydrate present at significant levels in P. crassifolia. In the other two taxa analyzed, no clearly predominant carbohydrates were observed: polyols (myo-inositol and glycerol) seemed to be the most representative in I. crithmoides, albeit at relatively low concentrations, and sugars (sucrose and glucose) in S. fruticosa. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to correlate soil properties and meteorological conditions increasing soil salinity, with seasonal changes in carbohydrate contents, to establish their possible function as osmolytes and their contribution to salt tolerance in the investigated species. The obtained results confirmed sorbitol as the major functional osmolyte in P. crassifolia-as it has been described previously for other species of the genus-and suggested the participation of sucrose and, to a lesser extent, glucose and fructose in osmoregulatory mechanisms in J. acutus and J. maritimus.

The discovery of compositional variation for the raffinose family of oligosaccharides in pea seeds

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 305-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Jones ◽  
M. S. DuPont ◽  
M. J. Ambrose ◽  
J. Frias ◽  
C. L. Hedley
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Amperometric Detection ◽  
Anion Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Compositional Variation ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Legume Seeds

AbstractThe raffinose family of oligosaccharides (RFO) is present in relatively high levels in grain legume seeds. They are considered to be antinutritional compounds because they are, at least in part, believed to be responsible for causing flatulence in humans, which is the single most important factor in deterring people from including more legume seeds in their diet. The RFO also have important functions within the plant. They serve as transport metabolites in many legumes and have been proposed to play a positive role in cold acclimatisation and in conferring desiccation tolerance during seed maturation. These responses to environmental stresses are believed to result from the RFO acting as protecting agents for membrane bound-proteins. We have screened 70 pea lines from the test array of the John Innes Pisum germplasm collection, and lines were selected which had unusual RFO composition. The soluble sugars within these lines were quantified using High Performance Anion Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection (HPAEC-PAD), and variants were identified which were deficient in verbascose and one with a reduced level of raffinose. These selected lines are being used in a crossing programme designed to study the genetics of the RFO pathway and to produce new material to test the effect of specific RFO on the plant’s responses to the environment and on the diets of humans and animals.

scholarly journals Sugar Variation in Soybean Seed Assessed with a Rapid Extraction and Quantification Method

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hou ◽  
P. Chen ◽  
A. Shi ◽  
B. Zhang ◽  
Y.-J. Wang
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Amperometric Detection ◽  
Anion Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Rapid Extraction ◽  
Soybean Genotypes

Sugar content in soybean [Glycine max(L) Merr.] seed is an important quality attribute for soyfood and feed. Rapid extraction and quantification of soluble sugars in soybean seed are essential for large-scale breeding selections. In this study, using water as extractant combined with a high-performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) system, variability and repeatability of sugar content were tested in 20 diverse soybean genotypes. Individual sugars were clearly resolved and identified, including sucrose, stachyose, raffinose, glucose, fructose, and verbascose. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a highly reproducible estimation of sucrose, stachyose, and raffinose. PI 243545 was confirmed as a unique germplasm with the highest sucrose (105.48 mg/g) and total sugar (148.76 mg/g) content. Two low-oligosaccharide accessions, PI 200508 and 03CB-14, were confirmed with extremely low concentrations of raffinose and stachyose. PI 417559 was identified as a high glucose and fructose germplasm. The identified germplasm with unique sugar profiles will be valuable in breeding specialty soybeans for improved sugar content. The sugar testing method will facilitate the screening of seed sugar profiles in a large-scale soybean breeding program.

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