(82) Turf Species Affect Establishment and Growth of Cercis canadensis and Carya illinoiensis

Successful establishment and growth of newly planted trees in the landscape is dependent on many factors. Weed pressure and water conservation are typically achieved with either organic mulches or chemical herbicides applied over the root ball of the newly planted tree. In the landscape, eliminating turfgrass from the root zone of trees may be more complicated than resource competition. Studies have shown that tall fescue (Festucaarundinaceae Schreb.) has allelopathic properties on pecan trees [Caryaillinoiensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch]. Well-manicured tall fescue turf in the landscape may have negative effects on the establishment and growth of landscape trees as well. A study was designed to examine the effects of popular turfgrasses on the growth of newly planted pecan and redbud (Cerciscanadensis L.). Results demonstrate that the presence of turfgrass over the root zone of trees negatively impacts tree growth. Through two growing seasons, every growth parameter measured on redbuds (caliper, height, shoot growth, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, leaf area, and leaf weight) was significantly reduced by the presence of turf. However, the warm season bermudagrass [Cynodondactylon (L.) Pers.] was less inhibitied than the cool season grasses. The affects of turfgrass on pecan growth was less significant; however, caliper, leaf area, and root dry weight were significantly reduced when grown with turf.

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The effect of barley yellow dwarf virus on early plant growth in ryegrass (Lolium spp.)

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9890293 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 40 (2) ◽

pp. 293 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

DR Eagling ◽

RJ Sward ◽

GM Halloran

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Relative Growth ◽

Relative Growth Rates ◽

Root Dry Weight ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Barley Yellow Dwarf ◽

Yellow Dwarf Virus

Measurements were made on the effect of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) infection on the early growth of four commercial cultivars of ryegrass (Lolium spp.) under two different temperatures (24�C and 16�C). At 24'C, BYDV infection was associated with reduced root dry weight (30-40%) in all cultivars; the effect of infection on shoot dry weight and leaf area was variable. At 16�C, the effect of BYDV infection was variable, being associated with increases in root dry weight, shoot dry weight, and leaf area in one cultivar (Grasslands Ariki) and decreases in another (Victorian). In two other cultivars, root dry weight, shoot dry weight and leaf area were not significantly affected (P>0.05) by infection with BYDV.At 24�C, the reductions in root dry weight associated with BYDV infection were not concomitant with reductions in the root relative growth rates. Up to at least 28 days after inoculation (46-50 days after germination) reductions in root dry weight were associated with both aphid-feeding damage and virus infection. Experiments with the cultivar Victorian, showed that shoot dry weight was not significantly affected (P>0.05) by feeding with viruliferous (BYDV) or non-viruliferous aphids (Rhopalosiphum padi L.). At 16�C, changes in root and shoot dry weight were associated with changes in the root and shoot relative growth rates.

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EFFETS DE LA FERTILISATION AZOTÉE SUR LA CROISSANCE DE TRANSPLANTS DE TOMATE ET DE LAITUE CULTIVÉS EN PLATEAUX MULTICELLULAIRES AVEC OU SANS ÉCLAIRAGE D’APPOINT

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps90-148 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 70 (4) ◽

pp. 1199-1205 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

JEAN MASSON ◽

ANDRÉ GOSSELIN ◽

NICOLAS TREMBLAY

Keyword(s):

Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Lactuca Sativa ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Root Dry Weight ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Shoot Ratio ◽

Root To Shoot Ratio ◽

Fertilisation Azotée

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ’Springset’) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. ’Ithaca’) transplants were grown under natural and supplemental light (100 μmol m−2 s−1 PAR) and fertilized with four nitrogen doses (100, 200, 300, and 400 mg L−1 N). Supplemental light increased tomato shoot dry weight, shoot percent dry matter, leaf area, root dry weight, and root-to-shoot ratio. Lettuce transplants showed increased shoot and root dry weight as well as leaf area when supplemental light was present. For both species, nitrogen increased shoot dry weight and leaf area, but decreased shoot percent dry matter and root-to-shoot ratio. High nitrogen doses increased tomato and lettuce shoot dry weight and leaf area chiefly under supplemental light.Key words: Lycopersicon esculentum, Lactuca sativa, pretransplanting nutritional conditioning, seedling

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Marigold Growth in Six-packs following Transplanting from Plugs at Several Stages of Development

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.31.4.632f ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 632f-633

Author(s):

Kay Oakley ◽

Robert Geneve ◽

Sharon Kester ◽

Myra Stafford

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Root Length ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Separate Experiment ◽

Total Root Length ◽

Root Dry Weight ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Root Restriction

Root and shoot development in Marigold `Little Devil Flame' was studied after being grown for varying lengths of time in 392-count plugs before transplanting to six-pack cells. Seedlings were grown for 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 days before transplanting to six-packs. All plants were measured at day 25. There was no significant difference in total root length, area and dry weight per plant or in leaf area and shoot dry weight per plant for seedlings transplanted from 0 to 15 days. Both total root dry weight and total shoot dry weight of seedlings transplanted on day 20 was reduced by 32% compared to seedlings that were not transplanted. Total root dry weight of seedlings transplanted at day 25 was reduced by 60% while total shoot dry weight of seedlings was reduced by 56% from those not transplanted. In a separate experiment, the growth rate of seedlings grown in plugs was sigmoidal (r2 = 0.98). Growth rate was significantly reduced between 20 and 25 days in the plug. These results suggest that root restriction in the plug may be a factor in the reduction of seedling growth following transplanting.

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Yard Trimmings–Biosolids Co-compost can Substitute for Sphagnum Peatmoss in Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Transplant Media

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.488e ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 488e-489 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Monica P. Ozores-Hampton ◽

Charles Vavrina ◽

Thomas A. Obreza

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Renewable Resource ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Stem Length ◽

Media Composition ◽

Tomato Seed ◽

Root Dry Weight ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

The Media ◽

Number Of Leaves

Large volumes of a compost made by mixing and co-composting yard trimmings (YT) and biosolids (BS) feedstocks have recently become available to the Florida vegetable industry. Compost used as vegetable transplant medium may be less expensive than traditional Sphagnum peatmoss, which is a non-renewable resource. `Agriset 761' tomato seed were planted in five combinations of compost, peat, and vermiculite media: 0:70:30 (control), 18:52:30, 35:35:30, 52:18:30, and 70:0:30 by weight, respectively. The presence of compost in the media increased leaf area, shoot dry weight, and number of leaves 21 days after treatment (DAT), and leaf area, shoot dry weight, root dry weight 28 DAT compared with the control. There were no differences in root dry weight 21 DAT and number of leaves 28 DAT between treatments containing compost and the control. Plants in the compost treatments had greater final leaf area, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, and stem diameter but less chlorophyll content compared with the control. There was no effect of compost rate on any of the response variables measured. Neither final leaf number nor stem length were affected by media composition. The results suggest that YT/BS co-compost can be used as an alternative to peat media for tomato transplant production, and that the rate of use is not critical.

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Comparative responses of soybean (Glycine max), sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia), and Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) to root zone and aerial temperatures

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s004317450009158x ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 47 (2) ◽

pp. 167-174 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Shawn R. Wright ◽

Harold D. Coble ◽

C. David Raper ◽

Thomas W. Rufty

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Root Zone ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Palmer Amaranth ◽

Dry Matter Accumulation ◽

Weed Species ◽

Root Zone Temperature ◽

Root Dry Weight ◽

Aerial Temperature ◽

Zone Temperature

Experiments were conducted to compare germination efficiencies and vegetative growth of soybean and the competing weed species, sicklepod and Palmer amaranth, over a range of temperatures in the root zone and aerial environments. From genetic origins we hypothesized that the weeds would have a higher temperature optimum, which would help explain competitive interactions seen in the southeastern U.S. Germination experiments indicated that germination efficiency of the weeds was much more sensitive to low temperature than soybean, being markedly inhibited below 18 C. Similarly, experiments in an automated, temperature-controlled hydroponic system revealed that the weed species were less tolerant of low root zone temperature but more tolerant of high root zone temperature than soybean. At 16 C, dry weight of soybean was 74% of the control dry weight at 24 C, whereas dry weights of sicklepod and Palmer amaranth were 5 and 20% of the control, respectively. At 32 C, soybean root dry weight was only 80% of the 24 C treatment, whereas root dry weight of the weed species was not significantly different. When plants were grown at a low aerial temperature, growth of all plants was strongly inhibited] but the negative effects were somewhat more severe in the weed species than with soybean. An increase in aerial temperature from 26/22 C to 34/30 C (day/night) had a positive influence on dry matter accumulation of the weed species, stimulating sicklepod 150 to 200% and Palmer amaranth 150 to 1,600% compared to their respective controls, whereas soybean remained at about 80 to 90% of the control. All species grew taller with increasing temperature. Leaf area of the weeds increased but leaf area of soybean did not increase. Consistent with our original hypothesis, the results clearly show that the weeds, which originate from warm geographical regions, respond more negatively than soybean to low temperatures in the growth environment but more positively to high temperatures. The temperature characteristics help to explain why the intensity of weed pressure increases as the soybean growing season progresses, even after canopy closure.

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EFFECT OF MINERAL DEFICIENCY ON MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND ON SHOOT AND ROOT MINERAL PARTITIONING IN THREE SUNFLOWER VARIETIES / EFECTO DE LA FALTA DE ELEMENTOS MINERALAS SOBRE LOS PARAMENTROS MORFOLOGICOS Y FISIOLOGICOS Y REPARTICION DE ELEMENTOS MINERALES DE LA PARTE SOBRE EL SUELO Y DE LA RAIZ EN TRES VARIEDADES / INFLUENCE DE LA CARENCE D’ÉLÉMENTS MINÉRAUX SUR LES PARAMÈTRES MORPHOLOGIQUES ET PHYSIOLOGIQUES ET SUR LA DISTRIBUTION DES ÉLÉMENTS MINÉRAUX ENTRE LA PARTIE AÉRIENNE ET LA RACINE POUR TROIS SORTES DE TOURNESOL

Helia ◽

10.1515/helia.2001.24.35.135 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 24 (35) ◽

pp. 135-148

Author(s):

Mohammed El Midaoui ◽

Ahmed Talouizte ◽

Benbella Mohamed ◽

Serieys Hervé ◽

Ait Houssa Abdelhadi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Mineral Deficiency ◽

P Deficiency ◽

Plant Parts ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

K Deficiency ◽

Matter Effect

SUMMARYAn experiment has been carried out in order to study the behaviour under mineral deficiency of three sunflower genotypes, a population variety (Oro 9) and two hybrids (Mirasol and Albena). Sunflower seedlings were submitted to five treatments: N deficiency (N0), P deficiency (P0), K deficiency (K0), N and K deficiency (N0K0) and a control. Plants were harvested when they reached 3-4 true pairs of leaves. Growth parameters measured (height, total leaf area, root length, root and shoot dry mater) were all significantly reduced by mineral deficiency. Leaf area was most reduced by N0 (-61%) and P0 (-56%). Total dry matter was most affected by N0 (-63%) and by N0K0 (-66%). Genotype comparisons showed that Oro 9 had the highest shoot dry matter while Albena had the lowest root dry matter. Effect of mineral deficiency on content and partitioning of N, P, K, Ca and Na was significant and varied according to treatments and among plant parts. Shoot dry weight was significantly correlated with root N content (r2=0.81) and root K content (r2=-0.61) for N0 and K0.

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Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on growth and yield of semi-dwarf and tall varieties of winter wheat

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600056604 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 91 (1) ◽

pp. 31-45 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

I. Pearman ◽

S. M. Thomas ◽

G. N. Thorne

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Dry Weight ◽

The Other ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Phosphorus And Potassium ◽

Main Effects ◽

Dwarf Variety

SummaryEight amounts of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 210 kg N/ha were applied to two tall and one semi-dwarf variety of winter wheat in the spring of 1975 and 1976. The tall varieties were Cappelle-Desprez and Maris Huntsman; the semi-dwarf variety was Maris Fundin in 1975 and Hobbit in 1976. Interactions between varieties and nitrogen were few and small compared with the main effects. All varieties produced their maximum grain yields with 180 kg N/ha. The yield of the semi-dwarf varieties, but not the others, decreased slightly with more nitrogen.Cappelle-Desprez yielded less grain than the other varieties in both years. In 1975 the yields of Maris Fundin and Maris Huntsman were similar and in 1976 Hobbit yielded more than Maris Huntsman. The varieties had similar numbers of ears at maturity and similar patterns of tillering. The semi-dwarf varieties had most grains per spikelet, and hence grains per ear, and Cappelle-Desprez had least. The semi-dwarf varieties had the smallest grains. The semi-dwarf varieties had less straw than the other varieties and hence the largest ratios of grain to total above-ground dry weight. The decrease in dry weight of stem and leaves between anthesis and maturity was similar for all varieties. In 1975 the efficiency of the top two leaves plus top internode in producing grain was the same for all varieties, but in 1976 Hobbit was more efficient than the other two. There were some small differences between varieties in nutrient uptake that were not related to differences in growth. Maris Fundin tended to have a greater phosphorus and potassium content than the tall varieties. Hobbit contained slightly less nitrogen than the tall varieties at maturity, and had a smaller concentration of nitrogen in the grain.Applying 210 kg N/ha doubled grain yield in 1975. Applying nitrogen resulted in a largeincrease in number of ears and a small increase in number of grains per ear due to the development of more fertile spikelets per ear. Nitrogen decreased dry weight per grain, especially of the semi-dwarf varieties. With extra nitrogen, straw dry weight at maturity, shoot dry weight atanthesis and leaf area were all increased relatively more than grain yield, and stems lost moredry weight between anthesis and maturity than without nitrogen. The year 1976 was exceptionallydry and nitrogen had only small effects in that it affected neither straw dry weight nor numberof ears but slightly increased grain yield by increasing the number of spikelets and number of grains per spikelet. It also increased leaf area proportionately to grain yield. In 1975 nitrogen increased evaporation of water from the crop before anthesis but decreased it after anthesis, even though it continued to increase the extraction of water from below 90 cm.

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Exogenous Antioxidants Enhance Seedling Growth and Yield of Artificially Aged Cabbage and Lettuce Seeds

Horticulturae ◽

10.3390/horticulturae7090274 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (9) ◽

pp. 274

Author(s):

Ademola Adetunji ◽

Sershen ◽

Boby Varghese ◽

Norman Pammenter

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Seedling Growth ◽

Seedling Emergence ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Seed Vigour ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Antioxidant Defence System ◽

Aged Seeds

Aged seeds exhibit compromised vigour in terms of germination, seedling emergence and growth, but this can to some extent be alleviated by invigoration treatments before sowing. This study aimed to investigate ageing rates and patterns in cabbage (Brassica oleraceae) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seeds and whether the beneficial effects of invigorating aged seeds with exogenous antioxidants translate to enhanced seedling performance. Seeds were artificially aged to 25% viability before soaking in 0.4 mM glycerol, 0.6 mM GSH and 0.2 mM trolox for cabbage, and 0.6 mM glycerol, GSH and trolox for lettuce; deionised water served as a control. After 14 days of sowing, seedling emergence percentage, mean emergence time, mean daily emergence, and time taken to 25% emergence were computed. Seedling vigour index, root and shoot dry weight, root:shoot ratio, leaf area, leaf area ratio, and leaf chlorophyll content were assessed 6 weeks after sowing. Furthermore, the photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (E), and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured 6 weeks after sowing. Notably, ageing resulted in the loss of seed vigour and viability at higher rates in lettuce than cabbage. Seed pretreatment with glycerol promoted seedling growth in both species and shoot dry weight in lettuce, while glycerol and GSH enhanced Pn, Gs and E in lettuce. Trolox also enhanced Pn and E in lettuce. The beneficial effects of the antioxidant treatments are thought to be associated with the protection of photosystems from oxidative stress and/or stimulation of enzymes involved in photosynthesis, possibly through an enhanced antioxidant defence system during the early development stages when seedlings are particularly vulnerable to stress.

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Whole-plant Response of Six Poinsettia Cultivars to Three Fertilizer and Two Irrigation Regimes

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.121.1.69 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 121 (1) ◽

pp. 69-76 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ursula Schuch ◽

Richard A. Redak ◽

James Bethke

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Chlorophyll Content ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Shoot Biomass ◽

Vegetative Development ◽

Chlorophyll Contents ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Irrigation Regimes ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Leaf N

Six cultivars of poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Wind.), `Angelika White', `Celebrate 2', `Freedom Red', `Lilo Red', `Red Sails', and `Supjibi Red' were grown for 9 weeks during vegetative development under three constant-feed fertilizer treatments, 80,160, or 240 mg N/liter and two irrigation regimes, well-watered (high irrigation) or water deficient (low irrigation). Plants fertilized with 80 or 240 mg N/liter were 10% to 18% shorter, while those fertilized with 160 mg N/liter were 25 % shorter with low versus high irrigation. Leaf area and leaf dry weight increased linearly in response to increasing fertilizer concentrations. Low irrigation reduced leaf area, leaf, stem, and shoot dry weight 3670 to 41%. Cultivars responded similarly to irrigation and fertilizer treatments in all components of shoot biomass production and no interactions between the main effects and cultivars occurred. Stomatal conductance and transpiration decreased with increasing fertilizer rates or sometimes with low irrigation. Highest chlorophyll contents occurred in leaves of `Lilo Red' and `Freedom Red'. Leaves of plants fertilized with 80 mg N/liter were deficient in leaf N and had 40 % to 49 % lower leaf chlorophyll content compared to plants fertilized with 160 or 240 mg N/liter. Irrigation had no effect on leaf N or chlorophyll content. At the end of the experiment leaves of `Supjibi Red' and `Angelika White' contained higher concentrations of soluble proteins than the other four cultivars.

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Effects of Prodiamine on Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea) Rooting

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/s0890037x00024131 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 736-740

Author(s):

Sangwook Han ◽

Thomas W. Fermanian ◽

Thomas B. Voigt

Keyword(s):

Tall Fescue ◽

Root Length ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Kentucky Bluegrass ◽

Individual Response ◽

Root Dry Weight ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Maximum Root Length ◽

Maximum Root ◽

The Mean

With the increased development of new tall fescue cultivars used in turf, it is important to understand their individual response to herbicide treatment. The effect of prodiamine on tall fescue root dry weight and root length of selected tall fescue cultivars was studied in the greenhouse in 1.3-m-deep pots of calcined clay. Prodiamine at 0.8 kg ai/ha did not significantly affect either root dry weight or root length. However, the mean root dry weight and maximum root length averaged over all cultivars were significantly reduced at 4 wk after treatment with 1.7 kg/ha. When the prodiamine treatments were repeated in a second experiment, both rates caused a significant reduction in the mean root dry weight and maximum root length but there was no significant difference between prodiamine rates. Single degree of freedom contrasts between the untreated and treated turfs for each cultivar had some differential response in root dry weight. The reduction in root dry weight in the prodiamine treatments was more pronounced in the second study because the turf was less mature. ‘Olympic’ and ‘Rebel’ tall fescue had significantly reduced root dry weight at the 1.7 kg/ha rate in first study; whereas, ‘Amigo,’ Olympic, ‘Sundance,’ and ‘Taurus' tall fescue had significant reduction in root dry weight at both 0.8 and 1.7 kg/ha prodiamine rates. ‘Midnight’ Kentucky bluegrass had significantly reduced root length at both prodiamine rates in the second experiment but in general there was little difference among tall fescue cultivars treated with prodiamine.

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