(124) The Impact of Nitrogen Application on Nonstructural Carbohydrate Production in Cranberry Leaves

Five fertilizer treatments were applied to a `Stevens' cranberry bed in a 3-way split application (roughneck, 75% bloom, and 3 weeks after bloom) in Spring 2004 at State Bog in E. Wareham, Mass. Nitrogen rates were 0, 22, 45, 67, and 90 kg/ha; P was applied at 22 kg/ha, and K at 44 kg/ha. At mid-fruit development and again at preharvest, 20 vegetative and 20 fruiting uprights were collected from each plot in mid-morning. The N concentration per upright increased linearly with increased N application. Increased upright N concentration had no effect on soluble carbohydrate (sucrose + glucose + fructose) concentration, but decreased starch concentration, more so in vegetative uprights than in fruiting uprights on both sampling dates. Total nonstructural carbohydrate concentration (TNSC) was negatively impacted by increased N in vegetative and fruiting uprights at mid-fruit development, but N did not impact TNSC in either type of upright by harvest. Vegetative uprights contained greater concentrations of N, soluble carbohydrates, starch, and TNSC at both sampling dates, but contained lower concentrations of chlorophyll A and chlorophyll B.

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The association of dry-matter yield with nitrogen and soluble-carbohydrate concentration in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600039071 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 93 (3) ◽

pp. 657-667 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

J. Valentine ◽

A. H. Charles

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Concentration ◽

High Yield ◽

Soluble Carbohydrate ◽

Nitrogen Application ◽

Simple Correlation ◽

Nitrogen Levels ◽

Carbohydrate Concentration ◽

Growth Room ◽

Selection For ◽

Low Nitrogen

SUMMARYThe associations between yield, nitrogen and soluble-carbohydrate concentration within S. 23 perennial ryegrass were investigated at three levels of nitrogen application. Controlled growth room conditions were used.The simple correlation between yield and nitrogen concentration was negative at the low rate of nitrogen application, not present at the intermediate rate of nitrogen and positive though not significant at the high rate of nitrogen. Yield and soluble-carbohydrate concentration were only correlated (positively) at the low nitrogen rate.At low nitrogen there were ‘efficient’ genotypes with relatively high yield and low nitrogen concentration. ‘Inefficient’ genotypes had relatively low yields and high nitrogen concentration. The majority of genotypes were neither markedly efficient or inefficient. The efficient genotypes at low nitrogen maintained their yield advantage at higher nitrogen levels with average nitrogen concentration and high numbers of tillers. Inefficient genotypes remained relatively stable in yield, numbers of tillers and nitrogen concentration.Partial correlation indicated an underlying high degree of dependence between yield, nitrogen and soluble-carbohydrate concentration at all nitrogen levels. The association of yield and nitrogen concentration showed a similar trend over nitrogen levels to that obtained using simple correlation. Yield and soluble-carbohydrate concentration were positively related, and nitrogen and soluble-carbohydrate concentration inversely related, when the effects of the remaining attribute were eliminated.Data extracted from Lee et al. (1977) confirmed that yield and nitrogen concentration for varieties under field conditions varied with level of nitrogen application in a similar manner to genotypes in the controlled growth room. The variety (Melle) could be characterized as being particularly efficient.Both sets of results indicate that selection for high yield of nitrogen in herbage can best be achieved through selection for yield alone.

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291 Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization Time on Nitrogen Storage and Return Bloom of Pecan

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.34.3.492d ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 492D-492

Author(s):

Laura E. Acuña-Maldonado ◽

Michael W. Smith

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Fertilization ◽

Nitrogen Storage ◽

Nitrogen Application ◽

Application Time ◽

Split Application ◽

Single Application ◽

N Application ◽

Nitrate N ◽

N Concentration ◽

Return Bloom

A study was conducted to compare a single nitrogen application in March (125 kg N/ha) vs. a split application in March (75 kg N/ha) and October (50 kg N/ha) on 15-year-old `Maramec'. After one season, N application time did not affect return bloom. A split N application increased trunk wood Kjeldahl-N but decreased Kjeldahl-N in the current season's reproductive shoots and 1-year-old branches compared to a single application in March. Kjeldahl-N concentration was not affected by treatment in current season's vegetative shoots, trunk bark or roots. Nitrate-N concentration was not affected by treatment in any tissue sampled. Between the first week of October and the first killing frost in November, Kjeldahl-N increased 29% in current season's shoots, 21% in trunk bark, 32% in roots >1 cm in diameter, and 15% in roots <1 cm in diameter but decreased 42% in trunk wood and 5% in 1-year-old branches. Roots <1 cm in diameter accumulated more nitrate-N than other tissues during November.

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Growth and Carbon Partitioning in Cranberry Uprights as Influenced by Nitrogen Supply

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.41.7.1552 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 41 (7) ◽

pp. 1552-1558 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Justine E. Vanden Heuvel ◽

Joan R. Davenport

Keyword(s):

Chlorophyll Concentration ◽

Carbon Partitioning ◽

Nitrogen Supply ◽

Soil N ◽

N Application ◽

Current Season ◽

Starch Concentration ◽

Carbohydrate Concentration ◽

Nonstructural Carbohydrate ◽

Net Carbon Exchange

Information on growth and carbon partitioning of cranberry uprights in response to soil N application is lacking. Therefore, two experiments were initiated on `Stevens' uprights to determine the effect of soil-applied N on tissue N, growth, net carbon exchange (NCER), and nonstructural carbohydrate production of uprights of `Stevens' cranberry. Tissue N concentration increased linearly with increasing soil N but was greater in vegetative uprights than in fruiting uprights. Current season growth on vegetative uprights was more responsive to tissue N than on fruiting uprights. Although chlorophyll concentration and NCER increased with increased soil N, upright starch concentration and often total nonstructural carbohydrate concentration decreased with increased soil N at midfruit development and preharvest, especially in vegetative uprights.

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Nitrogen Application Frequency for Drip-irrigated Tomatoes

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.26.3.250 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 250-252 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Wilton P. Cook ◽

Douglas C. Sanders

Keyword(s):

N Uptake ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Nitrogen Application ◽

N Application ◽

Total N ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Nitrogen Levels ◽

N Concentration ◽

Application Frequency ◽

Raised Bed

Studies were conducted to determine the effect of N application frequency through drip irrigation on soil NO3-N movement in the bed profile and on yield and N uptake by tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. `Sunny') at two locations. Increasing N application frequency resulted in increased yields at Clayton, N. C., but not at Charleston, S.C. The number of fruit produced was not affected by N treatment at either location, but fruit size increased with increasing N application frequency at Clayton. Foliage N concentration decreased seasonally, but neither foliage N concentration nor total N content of the above-ground portion of the plants was affected by N application frequency. Regardless of N application frequency, NO3-N concentrations within the raised bed decreased with time due to plant uptake and leaching. Nitrogen levels declined most rapidly in the area closest to the drip tube.

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The Effect of Partial Defoliation on Vine Carbohydrate Concentration and Flavonoid Production in Cranberries

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.41.3.607 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 41 (3) ◽

pp. 607-611

Author(s):

Olanike O. Onayemi ◽

Catherine C. Neto ◽

Justine E. Vanden Heuvel

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Fruit Set ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Soluble Carbohydrates ◽

Total Leaf Area ◽

Total Anthocyanin ◽

Carbohydrate Concentration ◽

Nonstructural Carbohydrate ◽

Total Leaf ◽

Anthocyanin Concentration

The effect of partial defoliation (rate and timing) on vine carbohydrate concentration and the development of phenolic compounds in field-grown `Stevens' cranberry fruit was investigated in two experiments. In Expt. 1, partial defoliation rates of 0%, 18%, 39%, and 53% of total leaf area were applied before new growth, at fruit set, at midfruit development, and preharvest. In Expt. 2, treatments of 0% and 34% removal of new leaves were applied at postfruit set, and at midfruit development. In both experiments, upright samples were harvested for carbohydrate analysis 10d after defoliation, and fruit were removed for analysis before commercial harvest of the site. While total berry phenolic concentration was unaffected by partial defoliation in both studies, the separate pools of flavonoid compounds were affected differently by treatment. In Expt. 1, total flavonol concentration at harvest was improved by the highest rate of partial defoliation (53% of total leaf area) at both fruit set and midfruit development. Total anthocyanin concentration was improved by partial defoliation rates of 39% and 53% of total leaf area compared to the 18% defoliation treatment, but was not affected by timing of defoliation. Pearson correlation coefficients indicated that total flavonol concentration was positively correlated with vine total nonstructural carbohydrate concentration at preharvest, while total anthocyanin concentration was negatively correlated with vine soluble carbohydrates, starch, and total nonstructural carbohydrate concentration at midfruit development. In Expt. 2, total phenolics, flavonols, and anthocyanins were unaffected by partial defoliation; however there was a negative correlation between total anthocyanin concentration in the fruit and soluble carbohydrate concentration in the vine at midfruit development. In these experiments, partial defoliation early in the growing season improved total flavonols and total anthocyanins. Production of flavonols and anthocyanins appeared to be regulated independently of each other.

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Nutritional and fermentation quality of ensiled willow from an integrated feed and bioenergy agroforestry system in UK

Suomen Maataloustieteellisen Seuran Tiedote ◽

10.33354/smst.75342 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jo Smith ◽

Kaisa Kuoppala ◽

David Yáñez-Ruiz ◽

Katharine Leach ◽

Marketta Rinne

Keyword(s):

Agroforestry System ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Raw Material ◽

Soluble Carbohydrates ◽

Soluble Carbohydrate ◽

Residual Water ◽

Self Medication ◽

Carbohydrate Concentration ◽

Short Rotation

Agroforestry, the integration of trees and agriculture, is valued as a multifunctional land use approach that balances the production of commodities (food, feed, fuel, fibre etc.) with non-commodity outputs such as environmental protection and cultural and landscape amenities. In this study, the possibilities for fodder production from a short rotation coppice of willow (Salix viminalis) used for wood chips to produce energy were investigated. The nutritional value and ensilability were assessed from first year regrowth of willow harvested on 29 June 2011 at Wakelyns Agroforestry, Suffolk, UK. The willow branches with a stem diameter less than 8 mm were manually harvested from 4 plots in two replicates. From 2 plots, another sample was prepared including leaves only. Both dried raw material and silage samples ensiled in evacuated polyethylene bags were analyzed. The crude protein concentration was relatively high in leaf + stem silage (182 g/kg dry matter (DM)) and even higher in leaf only silage (219 g/kg DM) and the fibre concentration was relatively low. However, the organic matter digestibility determined by in vitro pepsin-cellulase method was low (0.421 for leaf + stem silage and 0.511 for leaf only silage) and it cannot be considered as a suitable feed for lactating dairy cows. However, it might be suitable for other animal groups with lower energy requirements. The appearance and smell of the silage samples at opening of the vacuum plastic bags was rather pleasant with minor deteriorations (probably yeasts) visible. The extent of fermentation was low and pH high (5.79) for a rather low DM material (DM concentration 276 g/kg). The water soluble carbohydrates of the raw material (35 g/kg DM) and the residual water soluble carbohydrate concentration in silages was relatively low, which at least partly explains the restricted production of fermentation acids. The fermentation profile was heterofermentative (acetic acid dominated instead of lactic acid). The concentrations of total condensed tannins fractions were almost twice as high in the leaf only silage compared to leaf + stem silage. Although the feed values of willow were low, it may have a role in multifunctional systems, where it can provide additional values in grazing situations such as self-medication and microclimate benefits. For easy and efficient use in animal production, controlled browsing might be used; otherwise methods for harvesting and preservation need to be developed. There seems to be some scope for ensiling willow material. This work is part of an EU FP7 funded project “Sustainable organic and low input dairying” (SOLID, KBBE.2010.1.2-02). For more information on the project, see www.solidairy.eu

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Seasonal Changes in Nonstructural Carbohydrates in Cranberry

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.119.5.1029 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 119 (5) ◽

pp. 1029-1033 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Marianna Hagidimitriou ◽

Teryl R. Roper

Keyword(s):

Seasonal Changes ◽

Fruit Set ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Soluble Carbohydrates ◽

Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽

Ground Tissue ◽

Carbohydrate Concentration ◽

Nonstructural Carbohydrate ◽

Subsequent Decrease ◽

Below Ground

`Searles' (low yielding) and `Stevens' (high yielding) cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) tissues were collected in 1990 and 1991 to determine the concentration of nonstructural carbohydrates in above-ground (uprights, woody stems) and below-ground tissue. Uprights had the highest total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) concentration, followed by woody stems, while below-ground tissue contained the lowest TNC concentration. Total nonstructural carbohydrate concentration in uprights increased early in the season, reached a maximum in late May, decreased as flowering approached, and remained low from late June to late August. The latter period corresponds to flowering, fruit set, floral initiation, and fruit development stages. In late August, when fruit were full size, TNC levels increased, reaching highest concentration in November as the plants were entering dormancy. Most TNC increase in the early season and the subsequent decrease were due to changes in starch. The increase of TNC late in the season was primarily due to increases in soluble carbohydrates. Total nonstructural carbohydrate concentration was greater in vegetative than fruiting uprights for the entire growing season. The lower TNC concentration in fruiting than vegetative uprights during flowering and fruit set was due to greater starch depletion in fruiting uprights. Seasonal changes in TNC in the two cultivars were similar; however, `Stevens' had generally higher TNC concentration and total dry weight as well as more fruiting uprights, fruit, and fruit weight per ground area. The low TNC concentration observed during fruit set and development suggests that the demands for carbohydrates are highest during that period and supports the hypothesis that competition for carbohydrate resources is one factor responsible for low cranberry fruit set.

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Preliminary Assessment of the Impact of Current Flooding Practices on Nonstructural Carbohydrate Concentrations of Cranberry

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.16.2.0277 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 277-285 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Michelle R. Botelho ◽

Justine E. Vanden Heuvel

Keyword(s):

Flash Flood ◽

Water Clarity ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Path Coefficient ◽

Flood Duration ◽

Carbohydrate Concentration ◽

Nonstructural Carbohydrate ◽

American Cranberry ◽

Early Fall ◽

The Impact

American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) production sites are often flooded for pest control and crop harvest. However, little is known about how this practice affects vines. A survey was conducted in Massachusetts over a 3-year period to determine the effect of spring, fall, and winter floods on total nonstructural carbohydrate concentration (TNSC) of cranberry uprights of four cultivars. With a few exceptions, TNSC generally was unaffected or increased during the course of the 1-month “late water” flood held from mid-April to mid-May. The 48-hour “flash” flood, held in mid- to late May, generally had little effect on vine TNSC. Fall “harvest” floods, which ranged in duration from 3 to 27 days, often resulted in a decrease in TNSC, with greater decreases in TNSC occurring in early fall floods compared to late fall floods. Decreases in TNSC during the harvest flood were as great as 42%. “Winter” floods had little effect on TNSC. Path coefficient analysis indicated that flood duration, date of application, water temperature, and dissolved oxygen concentration all impacted vine TNSC during the flood, while floodwater depth had little effect. Water clarity (i.e., light penetration to the vines during the flood) also appeared to have little impact. Due to the frequent observation of TNSC decline during fall flooding, it is possible that yield potential of cranberry vines is reduced by current flooding practices.

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Vermicompost Effects on Bulbing Dynamics, Nonstructural Carbohydrate Content, Yield, and Quality of `Rosado Paraguayo' Garlic Bulbs

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.41.3.589 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 41 (3) ◽

pp. 589-592 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Juan A. Argüello ◽

Alicia Ledesma ◽

Selva B. Núñez ◽

Carlos H. Rodríguez ◽

María del C. Díaz Goldfarb

Keyword(s):

Dry Weight ◽

Distribution Patterns ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Soluble Carbohydrates ◽

Yield And Quality ◽

Nonstructural Carbohydrate ◽

Garlic Bulb ◽

Solids Content ◽

The Impact

The objectives of this work were to a) determine vermicompost effect on bulbification dynamics in terms of garlic (Allium sativum L.) bulb dry weight and sucrose metabolism and b) evaluate the impact of vermicompost on garlic bulb yield and quality. The treatments were soil (control) and 1 soil: 1 vermicompost (by volume). The use of vermicompost as a substrate caused early bulbing (18 to 20 days) and lengthened bulb filling period. Bulb filling period corresponded to an increase in the total soluble carbohydrates and a later modification in nonstructural carbohydrate distribution patterns regarding fructan (scorodose) metabolism. The vermicompost treatment increased scorodose accumulation, which was directly related to the harvest index, resulting in greater yield and bulb quality. Bulb quality was not modified in terms of bulb pungency and soluble solids content by the use of vermicompost.

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The effects of ploidy and a phenotype conferring a high water-soluble carbohydrate concentration on carbohydrate accumulation, nutritive value and morphology of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600008480 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 136 (1) ◽

pp. 65-74 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

K. F. SMITH ◽

R. J. SIMPSON ◽

R. A. CULVENOR ◽

M. O. HUMPHREYS ◽

M. P. PRUD'HOMME ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

High Water ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Soluble Carbohydrates ◽

Soluble Carbohydrate ◽

Carbohydrate Concentration ◽

Genetic Potential ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Tetraploidy or the use of diploid genotypes with genes conferring high water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations are two mechanisms to increase the nutritive value of perennial ryegrass. This experiment compared the morphology, nutritive value and diurnal variation in water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentrations of 56-day-old plants from six perennial ryegrass cultivars grown under controlled environment conditions. Three of these cultivars were diploid (Melle, Aurora and Cariad) and three were tetraploids (Meltra, Prospero and AberOnyx) which had been derived from the respective diploid cultivars. Two of the diploid cultivars (Cariad and Aurora) had previously been selected for high concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrates. The tetraploid cultivars had fewer (mean 59), larger tillers than the diploids (mean 83). However, with the exception of Melle and Meltra the dry matter yield of the diploid cultivars was not significantly different from their tetraploid derivatives. The effect of tetraploidy on WSC concentrations was dependent on the genetic background of the cultivars. Melle, which had not been previously selected for increased WSC, had a significantly lower WSC concentration than its tetraploid derivative, Meltra. However, tetraploidy did not further increase the WSC concentration in those cultivars previously selected for high WSC concentrations. WSC concentrations in the leaf of both Aurora and Melle rose by 65–70 g/kg throughout the photoperiod, suggesting that differences in the total WSC concentration of these cultivars were not due to any increase in the amount of carbon fixed by Aurora but rather due to differences in the allocation of carbon during growth and development. This experiment demonstrated that tetraploidy was not beneficial in improving the WSC concentration of perennial ryegrass when imposed on two diploid cultivars which had the genetic potential for increased WSC accumulation. However, tetraploidy significantly increased the WSC concentration and by implication the nutritive value of a cultivar derived from a perennial ryegrass cultivar with standard WSC concentrations.

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