Preemergence Herbicide Effects on Hybrid Bermudagrass Root Architecture and Establishment

Preemergence herbicides generally have a negative effect on hybrid bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy] establishment. However, little is known about the effect they have on root architecture and development. Research was conducted to determine the effects of commonly used preemergence herbicides on ‘Latitude 36’ hybrid bermudagrass root architecture and establishment. The experiment was conducted in a climate-controlled greenhouse maintained at 26 °C day/night temperature at Mississippi State University in Starkville, MS, from Apr. 2016 to June 2016 and repeated from July 2016 to Sept. 2016. Hybrid bermudagrass plugs (31.6 cm2) were planted in 126-cm2 pots (1120 cm3) and preemergence herbicide treatments were applied 1 d after planting at the recommended labeled rate for each herbicide. Preemergence herbicide treatments included atrazine, atrazine + S-metolachlor, dithiopyr, flumioxazin, indaziflam, liquid and granular applied oxadiazon, S-metolachlor, pendimethalin, prodiamine, and simazine. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications. Plugs treated with indaziflam and liquid applied oxadiazon failed to achieve 50% hybrid bermudagrass cover by the end of the experiment. Of the remaining herbicide treatments, all herbicides other than granular applied oxadiazon and atrazine increased the number of days required to reach 50% cover (Days50). In addition, all herbicide treatments reduced root mass when harvested 6 weeks after treatment (WAT) relative to the nontreated. By 10 WAT, all treatments reduced root mass in run 1, but during run 2, only prodiamine, pendimethalin, simazine, atrazine + S-metolachlor, liquid applied oxadiazon, and indaziflam reduced dry root mass compared with the nontreated. At 4 WAT, all treatments other than simazine and granular applied oxadiazon reduced root length when compared with the nontreated. By 10 WAT, only dithiopyr, S-metolachlor alone, and indaziflam reduced root length when compared with the nontreated. No differences were detected in the total amounts of nonstarch nonstructural carbohydrates (TNSC) within the roots in either run of the experiment. Results suggest that indaziflam, dithiopyr, and S-metolachlor are not safe on newly established hybrid bermudagrass and should be avoided during establishment. For all other treatments, hybrid bermudagrass roots were able to recover from initial herbicidal injury by 10 WAT; however, future research should evaluate tensile strength of treated sod.

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Response of ‘TifEagle’ Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon×C. transvaalensis) to Fenarimol and Trinexapac-Ethyl

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-04-168r2.1 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Patrick E. McCullough ◽

Lambert B. McCarty ◽

Haibo Liu

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Root Length ◽

Initial Treatment ◽

Cynodon Dactylon ◽

Poa Annua ◽

Root Mass ◽

Minor Injury ◽

Repeated Applications ◽

Growth Restrictions

Fall applications of fenarimol on hybrid Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon×C. transvaalensis) provide effective preemergencePoa annua(L.) control and suppressOphiosphaerellaspp. pathogens; however, concerns exist for turf injury and root growth restrictions. Two 60-d greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of fenarimol at 0, 1.6, and 3.2 kg ai/ha per 30 d with and without trinexapac-ethyl (TE) at 0.017 kg ai ha/15 d on ‘TifEagle’ Bermudagrass. Turf color was enhanced by TE 14 d after initial treatment (DAIT) and was continually superior throughout the experiment. Fenarimol at 3.2 kg/ha per 30 d decreased turf color 14 DAIT, but was similar to nontreated turf on all other observation dates. Increased fenarimol rates applied twice caused approximately 10% injury at 42, 49, and 56 d after treatment; however, injury was acceptable after initial and repeat applications. TE reduced clipping yield an average 39% from six sampling dates. Initial fenarimol applications (without TE) reduced clippings by 37% 20 DAIT and repeated applications reduced clippings 40, 50, and 60 DAIT. Increased fenarimol rate linearly decreased root mass for turf treated with and without TE; however, Bermudagrass receiving TE averaged 23% enhanced root mass 60 DAIT over all fenarimol rates. Bermudagrass receiving fenarimol at 0, 1.6, and 3.2 kg/ ha per 30 d with TE averaged 27, 24, and 16% higher root mass, respectively, compared to turf receiving fenarimol without TE. Treatments had no influence on root length. Results indicate that two consecutive fenarimol applications at 1.6 and 3.2 kg/ha per 30 d may cause minor injury to TifEagle Bermudagrass and restrict root growth. Repeated TE applications, however, could decrease injury from fenarimol and enhance rooting relative to fenarimol applied exclusively.

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014 Effects of Preemergence Herbicides on Weeds and Eighteen Containerized Crops

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.35.3.390c ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

pp. 390C-390

Author(s):

Robert H. Stamps ◽

Daniel W. McColley

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Combination Treatment ◽

Acer Rubrum ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Quercus Virginiana ◽

Weed Growth ◽

Herbicide Treatments ◽

Herbicide Effects ◽

Cycas Revoluta ◽

Preemergence Herbicides

Five preemergence herbicides (prodiamine 0.5 G, prodiamine 65 WDG, dithiopyr 0.27 G, thiazopyr 2.5 G, and oxyfluorfen + pendimethalin 3 G) were evaluated for weed control and crop safety on 18 plants (Acer rubrum, Agapanthus africanus, Asparagus densiflorus, Camellia sasanqua, × Cupressocyparis leylandii, Cycas revoluta, Galphimia gracillis, Gelsemium sempervirens, Illicium parviflorum, Lantana camara, Loropetalum chinense, Myrtis communis, Ophiopogon jaburan, Plumbago, Quercus virginiana, Rhododendron, Viburnum suspensum, and Zamia floridana. Herbicides were applied at 1.7 kg a.i./ha, except for oxyfluorfern + pendimethalin, which was applied at 3.4 kg a.i./ha. Treatments were applied twice at 4-month intervals. Untreated and weed-free controls were used to determine herbicide effects on weeds and crops, respectively. All herbicide treatments reduced weed growth (dry-weight basis) and weeding times. Major weeds were dogfennel [Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam.) Small], southern crabgrass [Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler], yellow woodsorrel (Oxalis stricta L.), tasselflower (Emilia spp.), and hairy crabweed [Fatoua villosa (Thumb.) Nakai]. Based on weed dry weights, overall weed control for the first 4 months was higher for diazopyr, thiazopyr, and prodiamine G than for the combination treatment. At 8 months, weed growth was similar for all herbicide treatments. The combination treatment was acutely phytotoxicity to more crops than the other treatments; however, phytotoxicity varied with crop, active ingredient, and formulation.

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Physiological Response of `TifEagle' Bermudagrass to Paclobutrazol

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.40.1.224 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 224-226 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Patrick E. McCullough ◽

Haibo Liu ◽

Lambert B. McCarty ◽

Ted Whitwell

Keyword(s):

Root Length ◽

Physiological Response ◽

Cynodon Dactylon ◽

Root Mass ◽

Clemson University ◽

Turf Quality

Research was conducted in two studies at the Clemson University Greenhouse Complex, Clemson, S.C., with the objective of evaluating `TifEagle' bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon × C. transvaalensis) response to paclobutrazol. TifEagle bermudagrass plugs were placed in 40 cm polyvinylchloride containers, with 20.3-cm-diameters and built to U.S. Golf Association specifications with 85 sand: 15 peatmoss (by volume) rootzone mix. Paclobutrazol was applied to separate containers at 0, 0.14, 0.28, and 0.42 kg·ha-1 (a.i.) per 6 weeks. Minor phytotoxicity occurred with 0.14 kg·ha-1 applications, but turf quality was unaffected. Severe bermudagrass phytotoxicity occurred from paclobutrazol at 0.28 and 0.42 kg·ha-1. Total clipping yield from 12 sampling dates was reduced 65%, 84%, and 92% from 0.14, 0.28, and 0.42 kg·ha-1, respectively. Root mass after 12 weeks was reduced 28%, 45%, and 61% for turf treated 0.14, 0.28, and 0.42 kg·ha-1, respectively. Paclobutrazol reduced root length 13%, 19%, and 19% by 0.14, 0.28, and 0.42 kg·ha-1, respectively. Turf discoloration and negative rooting responses advocate caution when using paclobutrazol on `TifEagle' bermudagrass. Chemical names used: (+/-)-(R*,R*)-ß-[(4-chlorophenyl) methyl]-alpha-(1, 1-dimethyl)-1H-1,2,4,-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol).

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Response of ‘TifEagle’ Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon × Cynodon transvaalensis) to Ethephon and Trinexapac-ethyl

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-04-230 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 251-254 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Patrick E. McCullough ◽

Lambert B. McCarty ◽

Haibo Liu ◽

Ted Whitwell

Keyword(s):

Root Length ◽

Cynodon Dactylon ◽

Peat Moss ◽

Root Mass ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Clemson University ◽

Soil Medium ◽

The Third ◽

Surface Areas ◽

Turf Quality

Turf managers combine ethephon with trinexapac-ethyl (TE) on bentgrass greens to suppress annual bluegrass, inhibit turf growth, and enhance turf quality; however, effects of this growth regulator combination have not been reported on bermudagrass greens. Two experiments were conducted at the Clemson University Greenhouse Complex to investigate the response of ‘TifEagle’ bermudagrass to ethephon and TE. TifEagle bermudagrass plugs were placed in pots with 23-cm depths, 324-cm2 total surface areas, and a soil medium of an 85:15 (v/v) sand and peat moss mix. Ethephon was applied at 0, 3.8 (EP1), and 7.6 (EP2) kg ai/ha/3 wk with TE at 0 and 0.04 kg ai/ha/ 3 wk over a 9-wk period. Initial responses of bermudagrass to ethephon included chlorotic leaves and severe thinning. Bermudagrass treated with ethephon had quality reduced as much as 33% from nontreated turf. TE enhanced turf quality 4 to 22% from 4 to 9 wk after initial treatment. TE helped mask ethephon-induced quality decline after the third application. In the presence of TE, bermudagrass clipping yield was reduced from nontreated turf by 57, 70, and 72% when ethephon was applied at 0, 3.8, and 7.6 kg/ha/3 wk. Ethephon linearly reduced root mass after 9 wk from nontreated turf by 20 and 33% at 3.8 and 7.6 kg/ha/3 wk, respectively. Compared with respective ethephon rates alone, bermudagrass treated with TE and ethephon at 0, 3.8, and 7.6 kg/ha/3 wk, averaged 28, 8, and 15% more root mass. Ethephon at 3.8 and 7.6 kg/ha/3 wk without TE reduced TifEagle bermudagrass root length 14 and 16%, respectively, compared with untreated turf. Bermudagrass treated with ethephon at 0, 3.8, and 7.6 kg/ha/3 wk with TE averaged 3, 11, and 17% higher root length compared with respective ethephon rates after 9 wk. Overall, ethephon may have negative effects on TifEagle root mass, root length, and turf quality. However, combining ethephon with TE may help reduce these deleterious effects.

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HERBICIDE USE IN PROPAGATION

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.26.5.485d ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 26 (5) ◽

pp. 485d-485

Author(s):

C. H. Gilliam ◽

D. J. Eakes ◽

J. W. Olive ◽

M. Thetford

Keyword(s):

Root Development ◽

Root Length ◽

Herbicide Effects ◽

Herbicide Use ◽

Preemergence Herbicides ◽

Root Quality

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate commonly used granular preemergence herbicides applied prior to the sticking of cuttings in propagation. Rooting percentage of the three cultivars, `Trouper' azalea, `Hino-Crimson' azalea, and `August Beauty' gardenia, was not affected in experiment 1. However, all three species exhibited some reduction in root quality or root length with all herbicides. In general, the herbicides with the least suppression were: Ronstar, Southern WeedGrass Control, OH-2, Snapshot 2.5 TG, and Rout. The second experiment with `August Beauty' gardenia evaluated the effect of cuttings depth in overcoming the negative herbicide effects on root development. The results were similar to those obtained in experiment 1.

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Herbicide Effects on Tensile Strength and Rooting of Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Sod

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/s0890037x00031948 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 353-357 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Sam S. Sharpe ◽

Ray Dickens ◽

David L. Turner

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Root Length ◽

Untreated Control ◽

Cynodon Dactylon ◽

Ground Cover ◽

Root Number ◽

Herbicide Treatment ◽

Herbicide Effects

The objective of this study was to determine how selected herbicides affect sod tensile strength and rooting of mature and immature turfs of ‘Tifway’ bermudagrass. Both immature and mature turf had 100% ground cover, but only mature turf had tensile strength adequate for harvesting and handling. Sod tensile strength at 2, 4, and 8 weeks after application generally was unaffected by herbicide treatment, although imazapyr killed bermudagrass top growth. Root number and root length initially were depressed by imazapyr, bensulide, napropamide, sethoxydim, and sulfometuron at most rates and intervals tested. Eight weeks after treatment, root length, root number, and sod tensile strength for all treatments, except those with imazapyr, were similar to that of the untreated control.

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Aktivitas Ekstrak Metanol Daun Akasia (Acacia mangium Wild) Terhadap Perkecambahan Dan Pertumbuhan Maman Ungu (Cleome rutidospermaeD.C) Dan Rumput Grinting (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers)

Jurnal Protobiont ◽

10.26418/protobiont.v7i3.29850 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Sumi Riza linda Diah Wulandari Rousdy

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Root Length ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

Cynodon Dactylon ◽

Acacia Mangium ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Wet Weight ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Germination And Growth

Acacia (Acacia mangium Wild.) have alelokimia compound that can suppress the growth of the plants that it can be used as bioherbicide. This aimto study determined the concentration of the methanol extract of leaf of acacia capable of inhibit the germination and growth of weed, purple maman (Cleome rutidospermae DC.) and grass grinting(Cynodon dactylon L.). This study use a completely randomized design (CRD) with five replication and five treatment consist of control, concentrationmethanolextract0.2; 0.4; 0.6 and 0.8 g mlˉ1.Resultshowed that the methanol extract of leafacacia with a concentration of 0.4 g mlˉ1able to inhibit germinationpurple maman and grass grinting. Concentration of 0.2 g mlˉ1extract acacia can inhibit the growth of plant height, root length, and a decrease in wet weight and dry weight in weed purple maman andgrass grinting

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Subsitusi Fitohormon Dengan Air Kelapa (Cocos nucifera L.) pada Medium Vacin and Went Terhadap Pertumbuhan Eksplan Anggrek Dendrobium sp Secara in Vitro

Jurnal SAINS ALAMI (Known Nature) ◽

10.33474/j.sa.v3i2.7222 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Wulan Dari Neng Gumiwang ◽

Tintrim Rahayu ◽

Ari Hayati

Keyword(s):

Root Length ◽

Cocos Nucifera ◽

Water Concentration ◽

Coconut Water ◽

Culture Bottle ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Cocos Nucifera L

The purpose of this research is to determine the concentration of young coconut water that is appropriate for the growth of orchid plantlets (Dendrobium sp.) In vitro. This study used an experimental method, descriptive data analysis to compare several different concentrations of coconut water. The design of this study uses a completely randomized design (CRD). The treatments consist of 0% coconut water concentration (as a control), 15%, 30% and 60%. Each concentration was carried out 5 replications and each repetition consisted of 5 Dendrobium sp plantlets in each culture bottle conducted for 40 HST, for observing the root length carried out for 50 HST. The highest number of shoots and leaves were produced at the same concentration, namely 150 ml / L coconut water treatment (15% concentration) with an average of 2.8 shoots and the average number of leaves 10.8 leaves. The average number of roots and the longest root length was produced at a concentration of 600 ml / L coconut water (60% concentration) with an average of 6 roots, and the longest root length was 0.5 cm.Keywords: Young coconut water, (Cocos nucifera L.), Dendrobium sp., in vitro, growth.ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini ialah menentukan konsentrasi air kelapa muda yang tepat untuk pertumbuhan planlet anggrek (Dendrobium sp.) secara in vitro. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen, analisis data secara deskriptif untuk membandingan beberapa konsentrasi air kelapa yang berbeda. Rancangan penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL). Perlakukan terdiri dari konsentrasi air kelapa 0 % (sebagai kontrol), 15% , 30% dan 60%. Masing-masing konsentrasi dilakukan 5 kali ulangan dan setiap ulangan terdiri dari 5 planlet Dendrobium sp dalam setiap botol kultur yang dilakukan selama 40 HST, untuk pengamatan panjang akar dilakukan selama 50 HST. Jumlah tunas dan jumlah daun terbanyak dihasilkan pada konsentrasi yang sama, yaitu perlakuan air kelapa 150 ml/L (konsentrasi 15%) dengan rata-rata jumlah tunas terbanyak 2,8 tunas dan rata-rata jumlah daun terbanyak 10,8 helai daun. Rata-rata jumlah akar terbanyak dan panjang akar terpanjang dihasilkan pada konsentrasi air kelapa 600 ml/L (Konsentrasi 60%) dengan rata-rata jumlah akar terbanyak sebanyak 6 akar, dan rata-rata panjang akar terpanjang 0,5 cm.Kata kunci : Air kelapa Muda (Cocos nucifera L.), Dendrobium sp., in vitro, pertumbuhan

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The Effect of Salinity on Root Architecture in Forage Pea (Pisum sativum ssp. arvense L.)

Legume Research - An International Journal ◽

10.18805/lr-608 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

S. Acikbas ◽

M.A. Ozyazici ◽

H. Bektas

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Root Architecture ◽

System Development ◽

Shoot Biomass ◽

Growth And Survival ◽

Legume Crop ◽

Root System Development ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Salinity Levels ◽

Root And Shoot Biomass

Background: Plants face different abiotic stresses such as salinity that affect their normal development, growth and survival. Forage pea is an important legume crop for herbage production in ruminants. Its agronomy requires high levels of irrigation and fertilization. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of salinity on seedling root system development in forage pea under semi-hydroponics conditions.Methods: Different treatment of NaCl doses (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 mM) on root architecture was investigated in two different forage pea cultivars (Livioletta and Ulubatlý) with contrasting root structures under controlled conditions. The experimental design was completely randomized design with three replications and nine plants per replication.Result: Salinity affects root and shoot development differently on these cultivars. Despite the salinity, Livioletta produced more shoot (0.71 g) and root biomass (0.30 g) compared to Ulubatlý (0.52 g and 0.25 g for Root and Shoot biomass, respectively) at 150 mM and all other salinity levels. Livioletta developed a better root system and tolerated salt to a higher dose than Ulubatlý. Understanding root system responses of forage pea cultivars may allow breeding and selecting salinity tolerant cultivars with better rooting potential.

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GROWTH RESPONSE OF BEHA GRASS (Brachiaria humidicola) FERTILIZED WITH GOAT MANURE

Indonesian Journal Of Animal Agricultural Science (IJAAS) ◽

10.33772/ijaas.v2i3.14080 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Budiman Budiman ◽

Natsir Sandiah ◽

La Malesi

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Root Length ◽

New Production ◽

Brachiaria Humidicola ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Length Data ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Goat Manure ◽

Difference Test

This study aimed to determine the best dosage of goat manure as a natural fertilizer on Beha grass(Brachiaria humidicola). This study used 64 poles of Beha grass grown in polybags divided into 16plots, and it used a completely randomized design (CRD) to analyze the data. This study consist of 4treatments that is P0 (0 ton/ha of goat manure), P1 (10 ton/ha of goat manure), P2 (15 ton/ha of goatmanure), and P3 (20 ton/ha of goat manure). This study's variables were plant height, number of leaves,numbers of tillers, new production, and root length. Data analysis used ANOVA variance continued withreal honest difference test. The result of this study showed that averages of plant height (cm) wereP0=26, P1=50.5, P2=51.5, and P3=52.75. Averages of the number of leaves were P0=22, P1=110,P2=160, and P3=185. Averages of numbers of tillers were P0=7, P1=25, P2=37, and P3=38. Averages ofnew production (g) were P0=17.75, P1=123.5, P2=178, and P3=192.25. Averages of root length (cm)were P0=37.8, P1=39.5, P2=41.775, and P3=49.5. Fertilization with natural fertilizer from goat manurehas a genuine effect (P<0.01) on the growth of Beha grass. The best dosage of fertilization with goatmanure was 15 ton/ha.

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