A Forced Ventilation Micropropagation System for Photoautotrophic Production of Sweetpotato Plug Plantlets in a Scaled-up Culture Vessel: II. Carbohydrate Status

Sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam., `Beniazuma'] plantlets were grown photoautotrophically (without sugar) for 12 days in an improved forced ventilation system designed with air distribution pipes for uniform spatial distributions of carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration. Enriched CO2 conditions and photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) were provided at 1500 μmol·mol-1 and 150 μmol·m-2·s-1, respectively. The forced (F) ventilation treatments were designated high (FH), medium (FM), and low (FL), corresponding to ventilation rates of 23 mL·s-1 (1.40 inch3/s), 17 mL·s-1 (1.04 inch3/s), and 10 mL·s-1 (0.61 inch3/s), respectively, on day 12. The natural (N) ventilation treatment was extremely low (NE) at 0.4 mL·s-1 (0.02 inch3/s), relative to the forced ventilation treatments. Total soluble sugar (TSS) and starch content were determined on day 12. Total soluble sugars (sucrose, glucose, fructose) of FH plantlets were lowest in leaf tissue and highest in stem tissue as compared to other ventilation treatments. Starch concentration was higher in leaf tissue of FH or FM plantlets as compared to that of FL or NE plantlets. Plantlets subjected to FH or FM treatments exhibited significantly higher net photosynthetic rates (NPR) than those of the other treatments; and on day 12, NPR was almost five times higher in the FH or FM treatment than the FL or NE treatments. Carbohydrate concentration of plantlets was also influenced by the position of the plantlets in the vessel. Within the forced ventilation vessels, leaf TSS of FH and FM plantlets was similar regardless of whether plantlets were located near the inlet or outlet of CO2 enriched air. However, under FH or FM conditions, leaf starch concentration was higher in plantlets located closest to the CO2 inlet as compared to the outlet.

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A Forced Ventilation Micropropagation System for Photoautotrophic Production of Sweetpotato Plug Plantlets in a Scaled-up Culture Vessel: I. Growth and Uniformity

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.11.1.90 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 90-94 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Jeongwook Heo ◽

Sandra B. Wilson ◽

Toyoki Kozai

Keyword(s):

Ipomoea Batatas ◽

Natural Ventilation ◽

Ventilation System ◽

Photon Flux ◽

Air Distribution ◽

Culture Vessel ◽

Forced Ventilation ◽

Photoautotrophic Growth ◽

Plantlet Growth ◽

Ventilation Rates

An improved forced ventilation micropropagation system was designed with air distribution pipes for uniform spatial distributions of carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and other environmental factors to enhance photoautotrophic growth and uniformity of plug plantlets. Single-node stem cuttings of sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. `Beniazuma'] were photoautotrophically (no sugar in the culture medium) cultured on a mixture of vermiculite and cellulose fibers with half-strength Murashige and Skoog basal salts in a scaled-up culture vessel with an inside volume of 11 L (2.9 gal). CO2 concentration of the supplied air and photosynthetic photon flux on the culture shelf were maintained at 1500 μmol·mol-1 and 150 μmol·m-2·s-1, respectively. Plantlets grown in forced ventilation systems were compared to plantlets grown in standard (natural ventilation rate) tissue culture vessels. The forced (F) ventilation treatments were designated high (FH), medium (FM), and low (FL), and corresponded to ventilation rates of 23 mL·s-1 (1.40 inch3/s), 17 mL·s-1 (1.04 inch3/s), and 10 mL·s-1 (0.61 inch3/s), respectively, on day 12. The natural (N) ventilation treatment was extremely low (NE) at 0.4 mL·s-1 (0.02 inch3/s), relative to the forced ventilation treatments. On day 12, the photoautotrophic growth of plantlets was nearly two times greater with the forced ventilation system than with the natural ventilation system. Plantlet growth did not significantly differ among the forced ventilation rates tested. The uniformity of the plantlet growth in the scaled-up culture vessel was enhanced by use of air distribution pipes that decreased the difference in CO2 concentration between the air inlets and the air outlet.

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Primary metabolite mobilization during germination in rosewood (Aniba rosaeodora Ducke) seeds

Revista Árvore ◽

10.1590/s0100-67622008000100003 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 19-25 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Renata Braga Souza Lima ◽

José Francisco de Carvalho Gonçalves ◽

Silvana Cristina Pando ◽

Andréia Varmes Fernandes ◽

André Luis Wendt dos Santos

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Amylase Activity ◽

Starch Content ◽

Initial Period ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Soluble Sugars ◽

Alpha Amylase ◽

Primary Metabolite ◽

Radicle Growth ◽

Starch Mobilization

This study aimed to characterize protein, oil, starch and soluble sugar mobilization as well as the activity of alpha-amylase during rosewood seed germination. Germination test was carried out at 25°C and the following parameters were analyzed: percentage of germination, initial, average, and final germination time. Seed reserve quantification was monitored in quiescent seeds and during different stages of radicle growth. Starch mobilization was studied in function of a-amylase activity. Germination reached 87.5% at the initial, average, and final time of 16, 21 and 30 days, respectively. Oil mobilization showed a negative linear behavior, decreasing 40% between the first and the last stage analyzed, whereas protein levels increased 34.7% during the initial period of germination. Starch content (46.4%) was the highest among those of the metabolites analyzed and starch mobilization occurred inversely to the observed for soluble sugars; alpha-amylase activity increased until the 15th day, a period before radicle emission and corresponding to the highest starch mobilization. The high percentage of rosewood seed germination may be related to the controlled condition used in the germination chamber as well as to high seed reserve mobilization, in special oil and starch.

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YIELD, PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PHASEOLUS VULGARIS SEEDS, PRODUCED IN THE STATE OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL, BRAZIL

Revista Científica Rural ◽

10.30945/rcr-v22i2.3086 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 224-239

Author(s):

Tiago Pedó ◽

Angelita Celente Martins ◽

Dominique Dos Santos Delias ◽

Emanuela Garbin Martinazzo ◽

Vinícius Jardel Szareski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Starch Content ◽

Block Design ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Soluble Sugars ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Agricultural Crops ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Physiological Quality

The objective of this study was to evaluate the yield and physiological quality of bean seeds in two agricultural crops, and the chemical composition of seedlings submitted to adverse temperatures during germination. For the field experiment, a randomized block design was used, using five genotypes, BRS Embaixador, IPR Tuiuiú, Guabiju, Carioquinha and Mouro, arranged in four replicates. The experimental units were composed of five lines with five meters in length, where 25 plants were randomly collected per experimental unit to measure the characters of interest. For laboratory testing the seeds produced were submitted to three temperatures (15, 25 and 35°C) during germination under controlled conditions. The evaluated characters were: grain yield, mass of a thousand seeds, germination, first germination count, starch content, soluble sugar, soluble protein and total amino acids. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and later compared by the Tukey test. Yield per plant revealed changes between the agricultural crops, as well as among the genotypes tested. Germination and the first germination count revealed higher magnitudes in seeds produced by BRS Embaixador, IPR Tuiuiu and Carioquinha genotypes. For all genotypes, protein and amino acid levels were higher in seedlings submitted to lower temperatures. The levels of starch and total soluble sugars were higher in seedlings produced at 35°C. Yield, seed physiological quality and chemical composition of seedlings are influenced by the crop and genotypes tested.

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The Physiological Response of Lettuce to Red and Blue Light Dynamics Over Different Photoperiods

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2020.610174 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Giedrė Samuolienė ◽

Akvilė Viršilė ◽

Jurga Miliauskienė ◽

Perttu J. Haimi ◽

Kristina Laužikė ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blue Light ◽

Physiological Response ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Leaf Gas Exchange ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Soluble Sugars ◽

Red Light ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Photon Flux ◽

Light Spectrum

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dynamic red and blue light parameters on the physiological responses and key metabolites in lettuce and also the subsequent impact of varying light spectra on nutritive value. We explored the metabolic changes in carotenes, xanthophylls, soluble sugars, organic acids, and antioxidants; the response of photosynthetic indices [photosynthetic (Pr) and transpiration (Tr) rates]; and the intracellular to ambient CO2 concentration ratios (Ci/Ca) in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. “Lobjoits Green Cos”). They were cultivated under constant (con) or parabolic (dyn) blue (B, 452 nm) and/or red (R, 662 nm) light-emitting diode (LED) photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFDs) at 12, 16, and 20 h photoperiods, maintaining consistent daily light integrals (DLIs) for each light component in all treatments, at 2.3 and 9.2 mol m–2 per day for blue and red light, respectively. The obtained results and principal component analysis (PCA) confirmed a significant impact of the light spectrum, photoperiod, and parabolic profiles of PPFD on the physiological response of lettuce. The 16 h photoperiod resulted in significantly higher content of xanthophylls (neoxanthin, violaxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin) in lettuce leaves under both constant and parabolic blue light treatments (BconRdyn 16 h and BdynRdyn 16 h, respectively). Lower PPFD levels under a 20 h photoperiod (BdynRdyn 20 h) as well as higher PPFD levels under a 12 h photoperiod (BdynRdyn 12 h) had a pronounced impact on leaf gas exchange indices (Pr, Tr, Ci/Ca), xanthophylls, soluble sugar contents, and antioxidant properties of lettuce leaves. The parabolic PPFD lighting profile over a 16 h photoperiod (BdynRdyn 16 h) led to a significant decrease in Ci/Ca, which resulted in decreased Pr and Tr, compared with constant blue or red light treatments with the same photoperiod (BconRdyn and BdynRcon 16 h). Additionally, constant blue lighting produced higher α + β-carotene and anthocyanin (ARI) content and increased carotenoid to chlorophyll ratio (CRI) but decreased biomass accumulation and antioxidant activity.

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ACCUMULATION AND METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES IN MARIGOLD SEEDLINGS

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.27.6.648d ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 27 (6) ◽

pp. 648d-648

Author(s):

Jack W. Buxton ◽

Donna Switzer ◽

Guoqiang Hou

Keyword(s):

Light Intensity ◽

Reducing Sugars ◽

Starch Content ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Soluble Sugars ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Night Temperature ◽

Temperature Regimes ◽

Lower Light ◽

Lower Light Intensity

Marigold seedlings, 3 weeks old, were grown in natural light growth chambers at 3 day/night temperature regimes, 8°N/16°D, 13°N/20°D and 18°N/24°D, in a factorial combination with ambient and 1000-1500 ppm CO2. Seedlings were harvested at regular intervals during a 24 hr period and were analyzed for soluble sugars (reducing sugars and sucrose) and starch. Neither temperature nor CO2 concentration affected the accumulation of soluble sugars or starch during the day or night. The soluble sugar concentration ranged from 3% of dry weight at sunrise to 6% at mid-day; the concentration changed little during the night. Light intensity was different during replications of the experiment. Increased light intensity appeared to cause a slight increase in the soluble sugars maintained by the seedling during the day. Accumulated starch increased 6% to 8% from sunrise to late afternoon. Preliminary results indicate that light intensity greatly affected the concentration of starch. On the higher light intensity day, starch accumulated to a maximum of 18% of dry weight; whereas on the lower light intensity day the maximum concentration was 10%. During the night following the lower light intensity day, the starch concentration decreased to approximately 3% by the end of the night; following a brighter day the starch content was 13% at the end of the night.

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A System for Measuring the In Situ CO2 Exchange Rates of In Vitro Plantlets

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.6.1076 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (6) ◽

pp. 1076-1078 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Genhua Niu ◽

Toyoki Kozai ◽

Chieri Kubota

Keyword(s):

Exchange Rates ◽

Ipomoea Batatas ◽

Natural Ventilation ◽

Dark Respiration ◽

Photon Flux ◽

Photosynthetic Parameters ◽

Culture Vessel ◽

In Vitro Plantlets

A system was designed for measuring the CO2 exchange rates [net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and dark respiration rate] of in vitro plantlets in situ (in the vessel with natural ventilation). The system, excluding gas cylinders, was placed in a growth chamber so that the desired photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) and temperature could be maintained during the measurement. The CO2 concentration inside the culture vessel (Ci) was indirectly controlled by controlling the CO2 concentration outside the vessel (Co). The Pn of the plantlets was estimated based on the measured Ci and Co at steady state using a gas chromatograph according to the method described by Fujiwara et al. (1987). The performance of the system was demonstrated by measuring the in situ Pn of sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam., cv. Beniazuma] and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. Hana Queen) plantlets in vitro under a range of CO2 concentrations and PPF. The photosynthetic parameters of the Pn model (Niu and Kozai, 1997) for the plantlets were then estimated based on the measured Pn. The preliminary measurements demonstrated the potential application of the system.

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`Hass' Avocado Carbohydrate Fluctuations. I. Growth and Phenology

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.124.6.671 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 124 (6) ◽

pp. 671-675 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Xuan Liu ◽

Paul W. Robinson ◽

Monica A. Madore ◽

Guy W. Witney ◽

Mary Lu Arpaia

Keyword(s):

Vegetative Growth ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Soluble Sugars ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Fruit Production ◽

Persea Americana ◽

Starch Concentration ◽

Total Soluble Sugar ◽

Hass Avocado

Seasonal fluctuations in nonstructural carbohydrates (starch and soluble sugars) were studied in `Hass' avocado (Persea americana Mill.) trees on `Duke 7' rootstock over a 2-year period in southern California. On a dry weight basis, total soluble sugar (TSS) concentrations ranged from 33.0 to 236.0 mg·g-1 dry weight and were high compared to starch concentration (2.0 to 109.0 mg·g-1 dry weight) in all measured organs (stems, leaves, trunks and roots). The seven carbon (C7) sugars, D-mannoheptulose and perseitol, were the dominant soluble sugars detected. The highest starch and TSS concentrations were found in stem tissues, and in stems, a distinct seasonal fluctuation in starch and TSS concentrations was observed. This coincided with vegetative growth flushes over both sampling years. Stem TSS and starch concentrations increased beginning in autumn, with cessation of shoot growth, until midwinter, possibly due to storage of photosynthate produced during the winter photosynthetic period. TSS peaked in midwinter, while starch increased throughout the winter to a maximum level in early spring. A second peak in stem TSS was observed in midsummer following flowering and spring shoot growth. At this time, stem starch concentration also decreased to the lowest level of the year. This complementary cycling between stem TSS and starch suggests that a conversion of starch to sugars occurs to support vegetative growth and flowering, while sugars produced photosynthetically may be allocated directly to support flowering and fruit production.

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Responses of Broccoli Seedlings to Light Quality during Low-temperature Storage in Vitro: II. Sugar Content and Photosynthetic Efficiency

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.7.1258 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (7) ◽

pp. 1258-1261 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Sandra B. Wilson ◽

Keiko Iwabuchi ◽

Nihal C. Rajapakse ◽

Roy E. Young

Keyword(s):

Low Temperature ◽

Sugar Content ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Soluble Sugars ◽

Photon Flux ◽

Media Composition ◽

Low Temperature Storage ◽

Photosynthetic Ability ◽

Temperature Storage

Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Botrytis group `Green Duke') seeds were cultured photoautotrophically (without sugar) or photomixotrophically (with sugar) in vitro for 3 weeks at 23 °C and150 μmol·m-2·s-1 photosynthetic photon flux (PPF). In vitro seedlings were stored for 0, 4, 8, or 12 weeks at 5 °C in darkness or under 5 μmol·m-2·s-1 of white (400–800 nm), blue (400–500 nm), or red (600–700 nm) light. Photosynthetic ability and soluble sugar contents were determined after removal from storage. Photomixotrophic seedlings contained approximately five times more soluble sugars than did photoautotrophic seedlings. Dark storage reduced soluble sugars in both photoautotrophic and photomixotrophic plants, but photosynthetic ability was maintained for up to 8 weeks in the latter whereas it decreased in the former. Illumination in storage increased leaf soluble sgars in both photoautotrophic and photomixotrophic seedlings. Soluble sugars in stems decreased during storage regardless of illumination, but remained higher in illuminated seedlings. Red light was more effective in increasing or maintaining leaf and stem soluble sugars than was white or blue light. Regardless of media composition or illumination, storage for more tan 8 weeks resulted in dramatic losses in quality and recovery, as well as photosynthetic ability. Seedlings stored for 12 weeks comletely lost their photosynthetic ability regardless of media composition or illumination. The results suggest that carbohydrate, supplied in the media or through illumination, is essential for maintenance of photosynthetic ability during low-temperature storage for up to 4 or 8 weeks.

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Isolation and functional characterization of a glucose-6-phosphate/phosphate translocator (IbG6PPT1) from sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.)

BMC Plant Biology ◽

10.1186/s12870-021-03372-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zhengdan Wu ◽

Zhiqian Wang ◽

Kai Zhang

Keyword(s):

Sweet Potato ◽

Ipomoea Batatas ◽

Starch Content ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Critical Role ◽

Functional Characterization ◽

Starch Synthesis ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biofuel Production ◽

Root Tips

AbstractSweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) is a good source of carbohydrates, an excellent raw material for starch-based industries, and a strong candidate for biofuel production due to its high starch content. However, the molecular basis of starch biosynthesis and accumulation in sweet potato is still insufficiently understood. Glucose-6-phosphate/phosphate translocators (GPTs) mediate the import of glucose-6-phosphate (Glc6P) into plastids for starch synthesis. Here, we report the isolation of a GPT-encoding gene, IbG6PPT1, from sweet potato and the identification of two additional IbG6PPT1 gene copies in the sweet potato genome. IbG6PPT1 encodes a chloroplast membrane–localized GPT belonging to the GPT1 group and highly expressed in storage root of sweet potato. Heterologous expression of IbG6PPT1 resulted in increased starch content in the leaves, root tips, and seeds and soluble sugar in seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana, but a reduction in soluble sugar in the leaves. These findings suggested that IbG6PPT1 might play a critical role in the distribution of carbon sources in source and sink and the accumulation of carbohydrates in storage tissues and would be a good candidate gene for controlling critical starch properties in sweet potato.

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Growth and Physiological Responses of Adenophora triphylla (Thunb.) A.DC. Plug Seedlings to Day and Night Temperature Regimes

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy8090173 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 173 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Ya Liu ◽

Xiuxia Ren ◽

Hai Jeong ◽

Hao Wei ◽

Byoung Jeong

Keyword(s):

Temperature Regime ◽

Starch Content ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Photon Flux ◽

Photon Flux Density ◽

Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽

Night Temperature ◽

Native Page ◽

Temperature Regimes

Adenophora triphylla (Thunb.) A.DC., three-leaf lady bell, is an important medicinal plant used against cancers and obesity. It has been well-established that the temperature regime affects plant growth and development in many ways. However, there is no study available correlating the growth of A. triphylla seedlings with different day and night temperature regimes. In order to find an optimal temperature regime, growth and physiology were investigated in A. triphylla plug seedlings grown in environment-controlled chambers at different day and night temperatures: 20/20 °C (day/night) (TA), 25/15 °C (TB), and 20/15 °C (TC). The seedlings in plug trays were grown under a light intensity of 150 μmol·m−2·s−1 PPFD (photosynthetic photon flux density) provided by white LEDs, a 70% relative humidity, and a 16 h (day)/8 h (night) photoperiod for six weeks. The results showed that the stem diameter, number of roots, and biomass were significantly larger for seedlings in TB than those in TA or TC. Moreover, the contents of total flavonoid, total phenol, and soluble sugar in seedlings grown in TB were markedly higher than those in seedlings in the other two treatments. Soluble protein content was the lowest in seedlings in TC, while starch content was the lowest in seedlings grown in TA. Furthermore, seedlings grown in TB showed significantly lower activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and guaiacol peroxidase. Native PAGE (polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) analysis further proved low activities of antioxidant isozymes in TB treatment. Meanwhile, the lowest content of hydrogen peroxide was observed in seedlings grown in TB. In conclusion, the results suggested that the 25/15 °C (day/night) temperature regime is the most suitable for the growth and physiological development of A. triphylla seedlings.

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