scholarly journals The Effect of Irradiance, Defoliation, and Bulb Size on Flowering of Nerine bowdenii W. Watson (Amaryllidaceae)

1996 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.I. Theron ◽  
G. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Growth Unit ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Number Of Leaves

Large Nerine bowdenii bulbs (>14 cm in circumference) were exposed to low ligbt intensities for different periods during two successive growing seasons. The flowering percentage and number of florets in the current season's inflorescence were recorded at anthesis. Small and large bulbs were subjected to continual defoliation starting at different times during the growing season. Bulbs were dissected at planting (26 Sept. 1992) and on 12 Jan. 1993 (nondefoliated control bulbs) to determine growth and developmental stage. At anthesis, inflorescences were harvested and the florets per inflorescence were counted. After anthesis in the fall, all bulbs were dissected and the following variables recorded: 1) percentage flowering, quiescence, or abortion of the current season's inflorescence; 2) developmental stage of quiescent inflorescences; 3) number of florets in the outermost inflorescence; 4) developmental stage of the innermost inflorescence; 5) number of leaves or leaf bases in each growth unit; 6) number of daughter bulbs; and 7) dry weight of new leaf bases. There were three reasons for nonflowering of the bulbs, viz., failure to initiate an inflorescence, inflorescences remaining quiescent, and inflorescence abortion. Individual florets that had not reached stage “Late G” (gynoecium elongated, carpels fused) at the start of rapid inflorescence elongation aborted. The more florets that aborted, the greater the probability that the entire inflorescence aborted. The inflorescence was more vulnerable to stress during the first half of the growing season due to its relatively weak position in the hierarchy of sinks within the bulb.

scholarly journals Budset and Growth of Eastern White Pine Following Application of 6-Benzylaminopurine to Seedlings Fertilized with Different Levels of Nitrogen

1988 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-45
Author(s):  
L. Eric Hinesley ◽  
Robert D. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
First Year ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
One Year ◽  
Different Levels

Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) were potted and solution fed once weekly during 2 growing seasons with 5 levels of N in the irrigation water: 50, 100, 200, 300 and 400 ppm. Leaders were treated with 750 ppm 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) in late June of the first year. The higher N levels resulted in greater stem diameter, greater foliage dry weight, longer and heavier needle fascicles, better foliage color, greater budset after application of BA, and more and longer branches on the BA-treated leader the second growing season. BA should be applied to trees with N concentration ≥ 1.5% in one-year-old foliage.

scholarly journals 437 PB 212 EFFECT OF SOIL FUMIGATION WITH METHYL BROMIDE ON MINERAL NUTRITION OF STRAWBERRY

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 493g-493
Author(s):  
M.E. Ragab ◽  
Kh. A. Okasha
Keyword(s):  
Total Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Zn And Cu In ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Strawberry Cultivar ◽  
Successive Season ◽  
Macro Nutrients ◽  
Plot Design

This study was earned out on strawberry (Fragana × ananassa, Duch.) during the tow successive season of 1988/1989 and 1989/1990, at the strawberry Improvement Center Experimental Farm at Omm saber, south Tahreer, El Behira Governorate. The objective of this work was to study the effect of strawberry cultivar Douglas A split-plot design with four replicates was adopted. The results indicated a substantial increase in the content of the available macro and micro nutrients in the fumigated soils compared to the non fumigated ones. A significant increase in the number of leaves per plant, fresh and dry weight, early and total yield per plant was recorded. Fumigation accompanied by fertilization increased the available content (N,P and K and (Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu) in the soil in the both growing seasons compared to fumigated only or the control. Plants grown in the fumigated fertilized plots contained the highest amount of macro and macro nutrients in both the growing seasons. Fumigated non fertilized plots had the highest amount of available P and K than all other treatment The maximum early and total yield per plant was obtained from the fumigated non fertilized plots.

scholarly journals Effects of Transplant Season and Container Size on Landscape Establishment of Kalmia latifolia L.

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-138
Author(s):  
Anne-Marie Hanson ◽  
J. Roger Harris ◽  
Robert Wright
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Kalmia Latifolia ◽  
Post Transplant ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Canopy Volume ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
Landscape Establishment

Abstract Mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia L.) is a common native shrub in the Eastern United States; however, this species can be difficult to establish in landscapes. Two experiments were conducted to test the effects of transplant season and container size on landscape establishment of Kalmia latifolia L. ‘Olympic Wedding’. In experiment one, 7.6 liter (2 gal) and 19 liter (5 gal) container-grown plants were planted into a simulated landscape (Blacksburg, VA, USDA plant hardiness zone 6A) in early fall 2000 and in late spring 2001. Plants in 19 liter (5 gal) containers had the lowest leaf xylem potential (more stressed) near the end of the first post-transplant growing season, and leaf dry weight and area were higher for spring transplants than for fall transplants. For spring transplants, 7.6 liter (2 gal) plants had the highest visual ratings, but 19 liter (5 gal) plants had the highest visual ratings for fall transplants three growing seasons after transplanting. Plants grown in 7.6 liter (2 gal) containers had the highest % canopy volume increase after three post-transplant growing seasons. In the second experiment, 19 liter (5 gal) plants were transplanted into above-ground root observation chambers (rhizotrons) in early fall 2000 and late spring 2001. Roots of fall transplants grew further into the backfill than spring transplants at the end of one post-transplant growing season. Overall, our data suggest that smaller plants will be less stressed the first season after transplanting and will likely stand a better chance for successful establishment in a hot and dry environment. Fall is the preferred time to transplant since capacity for maximum root extension into the backfill will be greater than for spring transplants.

scholarly journals Effects of Transplant Season and Container Size on Landscape Establishment of Kalmia latifolia L.

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 884B-884
Author(s):  
Anne-Marie Hanson ◽  
J. Roger Harris* ◽  
Robert Wright
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Kalmia Latifolia ◽  
Post Transplant ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Canopy Volume ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
Landscape Establishment

Mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia L.) is a common native shrub in the Eastern United States; however, this species can be difficult to establish in landscapes. Two experiments were conducted to test the effects of transplant season and container size on landscape establishment of Kalmia latifolia L. `Olympic Wedding'. In experiment one, 7.6-L (2-gal.) and 19-L (5-gal.) container-grown plants were planted into a simulated landscape (Blacksburg, Va., USDA plant hardiness zone 6A) in early Fall 2000 and in late Spring 2001. 19-L (5-gal.) plants had the lowest leaf xylem potential (more stressed) near the end of the first post-transplant growing season, and leaf dry weight and area were higher for spring transplants than for fall transplants. For spring transplants, 7.6-L (2-gal.) plants had the highest visual ratings, but 19-L (5-gal.) plants had the highest visual ratings for fall transplants three growing seasons after transplanting. 7.6-L (2-gal.) plants had the highest % canopy volume increase after three post-transplant growing seasons. In experiment two, 19-L (5-gal.) plants were transplanted into above-ground root observation chambers (rhizotrons) in early Fall 2000 and late Spring 2001. Roots of fall transplants grew further into the backfill than spring transplants at the end of one post-transplant growing season. Overall, our data suggest that smaller plants will be less stressed the first season after transplanting and will likely stand a better chance for successful establishment in a hot and dry environment. Fall is the preferred time to transplant since capacity for maximum root extension into the backfill will be greater than for spring transplants.

Effect of Shade on Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) Growth, Seed Production, and Dormancy

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 452-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iliya A. Bello ◽  
Micheal D. K. Owen ◽  
Harlene M. Hatterman-Valentp
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Abutilon Theophrasti ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Number Of Seeds ◽  
Number Of Branches

Growth, seed production, and dormancy of velvetleaf in response to shading were evaluated in the field. Velvetleaf plant height, leaf number, number of branches, and plant dry weight decreased linearly with increasing shade. No differences were observed for plant height, number of leaves, or branches/plant when plants were shaded 30% or not shaded throughout the growing season. However, the 76% shade treatment reduced velvetleaf height (1984 only), leaf number, stem branches, and plant dry weight. These reductions were greater in 1984 than 1985 except for plant dry weight that decreased by 88% each year. The number of capsules and the number of seeds/plant decreased linearly with increasing shade levels, while the seed weight increased with increasing shade level. Shading also decreased seed dormancy. These results demonstrate that shade suppresses velvetleaf growth and seed production, and shortens the dormancy of seeds that are produced by these plants.

scholarly journals Effect of Container Design on Plant Growth and Root Deformation of Littleleaf Linden and Field Elm

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 1824-1829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Amoroso ◽  
Piero Frangi ◽  
Riccardo Piatti ◽  
Francesco Ferrini ◽  
Alessio Fini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Root Deformation

This experiment investigated the effect of different container design on growth and root deformation of littleleaf linden (Tilia cordata Mill.) and field elm (Ulmus minor Mill.). The trial was carried out over two growing seasons (2008 to 2009). In April 2008, 1-year-old bare-root seedlings of the two species were potted in three types of 1-L containers: Superoots® Air-Cell™ (The Caledonian Tree Company, Pathhead, UK), Quadro fondo rete (Bamaplast, Massa e Cozzile, Italy), and smooth-sided containers. At the beginning of the second growing season, the same plants were repotted in the following 3-L containers: Superoots® Air-Pot™ (The Caledonian Tree Company), Quadro antispiralizzante (Bamaplast), and smooth-sided containers. At the end of each growing season, a subset of the plants from each container type was harvested to determine shoot and root dry mass and root deformation (by dry weight of root deformed mass relative to the whole root mass). Chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf chlorophyll content were measured during the second growing season. For both species, at the end of first growing season, the poorest root architecture was observed in the smooth-sided containers, whereas Superoots® Air-Cell™ and Quadro fondo rete both reduced the percentage of deformed root mass. At the end of the second growing season, plants of both species grown in Superoots® Air-Pot™ showed less deformed root mass, whereas Quadro antispiralizzante provided good results only in littleleaf linden. A reduction of field elm root biomass and littleleaf linden shoot biomass was observed at the end of the trial in plants grown in Superoots® Air-Pot®. Plants grown in these containers showed less leaf chlorophyll content compared with plants grown in smooth-sided containers at the end of the second year.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF MULCHES ON NURSERY SEEDBEDS OF WHITE SPRUCE

1965 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 454-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Mullin
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Laboratory Measurements ◽  
The Third ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Rye Straw ◽  
A Minor

Several kinds of seedbed mulch were used in an experiment to study frost heaving of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) in a nursery. Treatments consisted of silica gravel (of three sizes), hardwood sawdust, vermiculite, shredded sphagnum, mixed silica and sphagnum, and rye straw (the regular nursery mulch). These were applied to beds sown in the fall of 1958, 1959 and I960. Shading of beds during the winter between the first and second growing seasons was also examined.During the first growing season, several counts were made of the number of trees and weeds. At the beginning of the second growing season a count was made of the trees heaved and the residual stand. At the beginning of the third growing season, samples were taken for laboratory measurements of top length, root length, stem diameter, oven-dry weight and top-root ratio.The sawdust mulch was superior in most respects. It permitted the highest germination and survival, better prevention of heaving than rye straw, and better weed control than rye straw. Although the sawdust mulch treatment produced small and poorly balanced trees this was believed due chiefly to high bed density, and compared favourably with the rye straw. The use of hardwood sawdust as a mulch offered considerable advantage over the presently used rye-straw.Heaving was found to be a minor cause of mortality over the three year period examined. Shading of the beds offered no advantage in reducing this loss.

scholarly journals Container Size and Initial Trunk Diameter Effects Growth of Acer rubrum L. During Production

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-22
Author(s):  
Donna C. Fare
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Bare Root

Abstract Two studies were conducted to determine container size and liner (young bare root trees) trunk diameter effects on growth of Acer rubrum L. ‘Franksred’, Red Sunset™ red maple. In experiment 1, maples liners with initial mean trunk diameters of 12.2 mm (0.5 in), 15.9 mm (0.6 in), and 22.3 mm (0.9 in) were potted in 26.5 liter (#7), 37.8 liter (#10), and 56.8 liter (#15) containers and grown for 18 months (2 growing seasons). Height and trunk diameter growth at the end of each growing season were affected by both the initial liner trunk diameter and container size. During year 1, liners with an initial trunk diameter of 12.2 mm (0.5 in) increased 28 and 70% more in height growth compared to liners initially 15.9 mm (0.6 in) and 22.3 mm (0.9) in trunk diameter, respectively. Twenty three percent more height growth occurred with maples in 37.8 liter (#10) and 56.8 liter (#15) containers compared to those in 26.5 liter (#7) containers. Trunk diameter growth increased 50% more with 12.2 mm (0.5 in) liners compared to 22.3 mm (0.9 in) liners. A 25% increase in trunk diameter growth occurred with liners potted in 56.8 liter (#15) compared to 26.5 liter (#7) containers. At the end of the second growing season, final tree size was similar with liners that were initially 12.2 mm (0.5 in) and 15.9 mm (0.6 in) liners in trunk diameter to those initially 22.3 mm (0.9 in) when potted into 37.8 liter (#10) and 56.8 liter (#15) containers. In experiment 2, maple liners with trunk diameters 17.5 mm (0.7 in), 20.5 mm (0.8 in), and 29.0 mm (1.1 in) were potted in container sizes 26.5 liter (#7), 37.8 liter (#10), and 56.8 liter (#15) and grown for 18 months (2 growing seasons). Liners grown in 56.8 liter (#15) containers had 92% more height growth and 48% more trunk diameter growth than with liners in 26.5 liter (#7) containers. At termination, the shoot dry weight was 41% larger with maples in 56.8 liter (#15) containers compared to those grown in 26.5 liter (#7) containers.

Effects of solar UV radiation on birch and pine seedlings in the sub-Arctic

Polar Record ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 38 (206) ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Turunen ◽  
M.-L. Sutinen ◽  
K. Derome ◽  
Y. Norokorpi ◽  
K. Lakkala
Keyword(s):  
Uv Radiation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Solar Uv Radiation ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Acrylic Plate ◽  
Solar Uv ◽  
Uv Exclusion

AbstractThe responses of Betula pubescens Ehr. (European white birch), B. pendula Roth (silver birch) and two provenances of Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine) to solar ultraviolet (UV < 400 nm) radiation were investigated in a UV-exclusion field experiment during the 1997–99 growing seasons in Finnish Lapland (68°N). The seedlings were grown from seed under UV-B exclusion (a clear polyester filter) and UV-B/UV-A exclusion (a clear acrylic plate) as compared to control treatment (a polyethene filter) and ambient plants (no plastic filter). The mean daily maximum solar biologically effective UV-B irradiance (UV-BE) was 88 mW m-2, 68 mW m-2, and 91 mW m-2 for 1997, 1998, and 1999. A number of growth and biomass variables, PSII (Photosystem II) efficiency, and total concentration of nitrogen were recorded during and/or at the end of the experiment. Exposure (191 d) to solar UV radiation over three growing seasons did not cause many statistically significant UV effects in the growth or biomass of the seedlings. The only significant impacts of UV exclusion were found in P. sylvestris provenance Enontekiö. During the first growing season, the UVB/ UV-A exclusion treatment significantly accelerated the height increment (18–20%) off. sylvestris, and in the same seedlings, the UV-B exclusion treatment resulted in significantly increased dry weight of one-year-old needles (45–57%) after the second growing season. These UV impacts could not be seen at the end of the experiment or in any other species. The low concentration of N in current foliage was related to increased dry weight, but not to solar UV radiation (control vs UV exclusion). The present study indicated that solar UV radiation had limited, but sometimes transient, impacts on the growth of tree seedlings in the sub-Arctic. Longer-term field studies are needed, however, in order to detect the cumulative characteristics of the UV responses.

Nursery growth of conifer seedlings using fertilizers of different solubilities and application time, and their forest growth

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. van den Driessche
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Growing Seasons

Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) (Franco) and white spruce (Piceaglauca) (Moench) Voss) seedlings were grown in a bare-root nursery for two growing seasons with one of four fertilizers, Osmocote (17-7-12) (OSM), ammonium phosphate (11-55-0) (AMP), ammonium sulphate (21-0-0) (AMS), or Hi-Sol (20-20-20) (HIS), each supplying one of three levels of N: 0, 210, or 350 kg N ha−1, at two different frequencies throughout the growing seasons. Fertilizers, levels, and frequencies were arranged in a factorial design and replicated in three blocks on each species. Additionally, Douglas-fir seedlings that had been grown for two seasons without fertilization were treated with the same amounts, as supplied over two seasons, of AMP, AMS, and HIS between 1 September and 20 October, as a late-season treatment. After two seasons, mean dry weight differences due to fertilizers were, for Douglas-fir seedlings: AMP > AMS > HIS = OSM, and for white spruce seedlings: AMS = AMP > HIS > OSM. Dry weight was increased by increasing level of fertilizer. Fertilization increased shoot growth compared with root growth and resulted in seedlings having more dry matter in stems and less in needles at the end of two seasons. Dry weight of 2-0 white spruce was correlated with soil pH (r2 = 0.61) NO3 (r2 = 0.57), and P (r2 = 0.34) measured in September of the first growing season, indicating that fertilizers affected growth by their influence on these factors. Measurements made at planting showed late-season fertilized Douglas-fir had higher N and P tissue concentrations than growing-season fertilized trees. On average late-season fertilized trees had 6% higher survival than growing-season fertilized trees after planting in the forest. Survival appeared related to needle N concentration at planting, with maximum survival occurring at about 2.1% N. Height and stem volume relative growth rates were higher for late-season fertilized trees, although growing-season fertilized trees were still 9% taller than late-season fertilized trees after three seasons in the forest. Results suggested that fertilizer solubility was not as important for nursery growth as fertilizer composition, and its effect on soil pH, and that late-season fertilized stock might outperform growing-season fertilized stock in the forest.

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