scholarly journals HIV situation in Russia at the beginning of implementation of state strategy aimed to combat the spread of HIV infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 15-24
Author(s):  
O. B. Nechaeva
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
Expert Assessment ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Federal Statistical ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
State Strategy ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Near Future

The objective of the study: to determine the objectivity of statistical data on HIV infection, to analyze HIV situation in Russia at the beginning of implementation of the State Strategy Aimed to Combat the Spread of HIV Infection in the Russian Federation until 2030.Subjects and methods. The data from federal statistical surveillance forms no. 4, 8, 30, 33, and 61 were studied. The number of those died is presented as per the Rosstat data. Epidemiological and statistical analysis, expert assessment, and content analysis of publications and regulations were applied.Results. In Russia, HIV epidemic situation has stabilized; in 2019-2020, HIV-associated incidence and mortality were decreasing, and the number of deaths in patients with TB/HIV co-infection is also going down. In Russia, COVID-19 will not contribute to an increase in HIV incidence and mortality in the near future. The negative effects of the pandemic are partially offset by a sharp reduction in contacts, the stable supply of antiretroviral drugs, and the expansion of hospital-replacement technologies in specialized medical units. It is necessary to set up a unified monitoring system for HIV infection in this country. Federal statistical surveillance form no. 61 on HIV infection requires improvement and revision.

scholarly journals The state and prospects of TB control service in Russia during the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 98 (12) ◽  
pp. 7-19
Author(s):  
O. B. Nechaeva
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
The State ◽  
Expert Assessment ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Tb Control ◽  
Incidence And Mortality

The objective: to determine the state and prospects of TB control services including the period during the COVID-19 pandemic.Materials. Data from Federal Statistic Surveillance Forms no. 4, 8, 14, 14-DS, 30, 33, 47, and 61 were analyzed. The number of those died is presented as per the data of Rosstat.Research methods: epidemiological and statistical analysis, expert assessment, and content analysis of publications and regulations.Results. In Russia in the second decade of the XXI century, there was a significant improvement of tuberculosis situation. From 2010 to 2019, the reduction of the rates was the following: incidence – from 77.2 to 41.2 per 100,000 population (by 46.6%); prevalence – from 177.5 to 86.4 per 100,000 population (by 51.3%); mortality – from 15.4 to 5.1 per 100,000 population (3-fold reduction).In recent years, one can anticipate the stabilization of HIV situation. Over 10 years (2006-2015), the average growth rate of indicators was the following: incidence – by 9.8%, prevalence at the end of the year – by 9.4%, mortality – by 26.6%. In 2016-2019, HIV incidence became stable (2019 – 54.6 per 100,000 population). In 2019, for the first time HIV mortality decreased by 2.1% and reached 13.7 per 100,000 population. The number of lethal TB/HIV co-infection cases is going down. People at the age of 15-34 fall ill (2019 – 37.6%) and die (23.6%) less often versus all new cases and those who died of HIV infection. Russia has the highest coverage of the population with HIV tests (28.5%).Epidemics of tuberculosis and coronavirus infection are developing in the opposite directions. High rates of COVID-19 are observed in regions with low tuberculosis rates, therefore the COVID-19 pandemic will not result in the increase of tuberculosis incidence in the population that is predominantly not infected with tuberculosis. Conversely, in regions with a high level of tuberculosis infection in the population, the number of coronavirus cases is significantly lower.In Russia, in the near future COVID-19 will not contribute to the increase in incidence and mortality of tuberculosis and HIV infection. The negative effects of the pandemic are partially offset by a sharp reduction in contacts, an increase in lung computed tomography, regular supply of anti-tuberculosis and antiretroviral drugs purchased by the state budgets of different levels, improved patients’ adherence to treatment, and the expansion of hospital-replacing technologies in specialized medical organizations.Facilities, resources and personnel of medical TB control services make it possible to expand their functions to fulfill the goals and objectives of the RF Healthcare Development Strategy for the period up to 2025 for socially significant infectious diseases that pose a biological threat to the population (tuberculosis, HIV infections, and parenteral viral hepatitis).

scholarly journals CRITERIA OF RATIONAL PHARMACOTHERAPY: EVIDENCE FROM HIV TREATMENT

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47
Author(s):  
N. B. Rostova ◽  
N. A. Gudilina
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
Hiv Treatment ◽  
Laboratory Diagnostics ◽  
Minimum Potential ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
The Impact

Results of evaluation of the impact of drugs on indicators of clinical laboratory diagnostics as a criterion of safety of therapy are presented. Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection was chosen as an example. Information from official sources (summary of product characteristics and medicinal product labels) on the potential impact of antiretroviral drugs registered in the Russian Federation on indicators of clinical laboratory diagnostics was analyzed and systematized. Individual INN and antiretroviral regimens recommended by WHO documents and protocols of follow-up and treatment of patients with HIV infection in the Russian Federation with the maximum and minimum potential impact on indicators of clinical laboratory diagnostics were revealed. The research results can be used to develop recommendations for the rational choice, prescription and use of medicines.

scholarly journals Clinical testing of antiretroviral drugs as future prevention against vaginal and rectal transmission of HIV infection – a review of currently available results

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-319
Author(s):  
Jakub Vysloužil ◽  
Kateřina Kubová ◽  
Veronika Nováková Tkadlečková ◽  
David Vetchý
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Clinical Testing ◽  
Strict Adherence ◽  
Hiv Epidemic ◽  
Vaginal Rings ◽  
Near Future

Abstract The original purpose of vaginally applied microbicides was to slow down the HIV epidemic among the population until an effective vaccination was developed. Nowadays, antiretrovirals applied in the form of gels or vaginal rings are considered most prominent in this field and are tested via vaginal or, rarely, rectal applications in numerous clinical studies (9 different antiretroviral drugs in 33 clinical studies, especially in Africa). Only tenofovir (1 % gel) and dapivirine (25 mg in vaginal ring) progressed into the phase III clinical testing. Their efficiency depended on the user´s strict adherence to the application regimen (for tenofovir 54 %, for dapivirine 61 % in participants over 25 years of age). Despite this, they are expected to be important and effective tools of preventive medicine in the near future. This review summarizes the results obtained during long-term clinical testing (2005–2018) of antiretroviral drugs against vaginal and rectal transmission of HIV infection.

Developing the basis of the matrix model of the regional innovation subsystem

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 2183-2204
Author(s):  
E.I. Moskvitina
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Matrix Model ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Expert Assessment ◽  
Regional Innovation ◽  
Regional Strategies ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Russian Federation

Subject. This article deals with the issues related to the formation and implementation of the innovation capacity of the Russian Federation subjects. Objectives. The article aims to develop the organizational and methodological foundations for the formation of a model of the regional innovation subsystem. Methods. For the study, I used the methods of analysis and synthesis, economics and statistics analysis, and the expert assessment method. Results. The article presents a developed basis of the regional innovation subsystem matrix model. It helps determine the relationship between the subjects and the parameters of the regional innovation subsystem. To evaluate the indicators characterizing the selected parameters, the Volga Federal District regions are considered as a case study. The article defines the process of reconciliation of interests between the subjects of regional innovation. Conclusions. The results obtained can be used by regional executive bodies when developing regional strategies for the socio-economic advancement of the Russian Federation subjects.

ВНЕШНЕПОЛИТИЧЕСКАЯ СИТУАЦИЯ В ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ АЗИИ: В КОНТЕКСТЕ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ И НОВЫХ ТЕНДЕНЦИЙ В МИРОВОЙ ПОЛИТИКЕ

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Токтобек Рыскулов
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Transnational Corporation ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Gas Oil ◽  
Political Events ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Near Future

Аннотация. В статье очерчено геополитическое и геостратегическое положение ЦА. Охарактеризована внешнеполитическая ситуация в ЦА в контексте новых тенденций в мировой политике. Показаны основные интересы и политические тренды РФ, США, КНР по отношения к государствам ЦА. Отмечено, что современная Центральная Азия, притягивает к себе все большее внимание внешних игроков. Объяснение кроется в том, что Центральная Азия обладает не только удобным геополитическим и выгодным геостратегическим положением, но и большим количеством природных ресурсов. Анализируя современные российско-китайские отношения приходим к мысли, что не все так безоблачно во взаимоотношениях двух государств, ведь еще никто не опроверг постулат о постоянных интересах государств и о непостоянстве друзей. В недалеком будущем конкуренция за энергоресурсы (газ, нефть) ЦА приведет к обострению отношений, к конфликту интересов России и Китая, практически это политическая аксиома. Готовы ли государства ЦА и России к такому сценарию политических событий? Ключевые слова: Центральна Азия, геополитика и геостратегия. Большая Игра, РФ, США, КНР. ЕАЭС, Большая Центральная Азия, ТНК, терроризм, экстремизм. Аннотация. Макалада геосаясий жана геостратегиялык абалдары чийилген. Борбордук Азиядагы тышкы саясий кырдаал дүйнөлүк саясаттагы жаңы тенденциялардын контекстинде мүнөздөлдү. БА мамлекеттеринин мамилелери боюнча РФ, АКШ, КЭР негизги кызыкчылыктары жана саясий тренддери көрсөтүлдү. Учурдагы Борбордук Азия тышкы оюнчулардын көбүрөөк көңүлүн өзүнө тартып жаткандыгы байкалган. Түшүндүрмө берүү, Борбордук Азия ыңгайлуу геосаясий жана пайдалуу геостратегиялык абалга гана ээ болбостон, көптөгөн жаратылыш ресурстарына ээ. Анализируя заманбап российско-кытай мамилелери приходим карата ойлорун, бул эмес баары эле безоблачно өз ара мамилелеринде эки мамлекеттин, анткени дагы эч ким опроверг постулат жөнүндө туруктуу кызыкчылыгында мамлекеттердин жөнүндө жана непостоянстве досторунун. Жакынкы келечекте ба энергия ресурстары үчүн атаандаштык (газ, мунай) Россия жана Кытайдын таламдарынын кагылышына, мамилелердин күчөшүнө алып келет, бул иш жүзүндө саясий аксиома. Борбордук Азия жана Орусия мамлекеттери мындай жагдайды саясий окуяларга даярбы? Түйүндүү сөздөр: Борбор Азия, геополитика жана геостратегия. Чоң оюн, РФ, АКШ, КЭР. ЕАЭС, Чоң Борбордук Азия, ТНК, терроризм, экстремизм. Annotation. The article outlines the geopolitical and geostrategic position of Central Asia. The article describes the foreign policy situation in Central Asia in the context of new trends in world politics. The main interests and political trends of the Russian Federation, the USA, China in relation to the Central Asian States are shown. It is noted that modern Central Asia attracts more and more attention of external players. The explanation lies in the fact that Central Asia has not only a convenient geopolitical and advantageous geostrategic position, but also a large number of natural resources. Analyzing the current Russian-Chinese relations, we come to the conclusion that not everything is so cloudless in the relations between the two States, because no one has yet refuted the postulate about the permanent interests of States and the impermanence of friends. In the near future, competition for energy resources (gas, oil) in Central Asia will lead to an aggravation of relations, to a conflict of interests between Russia and China, this is practically a political axiom. Are the Central Asian and Russian States ready for such a scenario of political events? Key words: Central Asia, geopolitics & geostrategy. Big Game, the RF, the USA, the CPR. EAEC, Big Central Asia, Transnational Corporation, terrorism, extremism

An Overview of Antiretroviral Agents for Treating HIV Infection in Paediatric Population

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 760-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Melo ◽  
Agostinho Lemos ◽  
António J. Preto ◽  
Beatriz Bueschbell ◽  
Pedro Matos-Filipe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Reverse Transcriptase ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
Viral Reservoir ◽  
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors ◽  
Replication Process ◽  
Antiretroviral Agents ◽  
Multiple Drugs

Paediatric Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a life-threatening and infectious disease in which the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is mainly transmitted through Mother-To- Child Transmission (MTCT) during pregnancy, labour and delivery, or breastfeeding. This review provides an overview of the distinct therapeutic alternatives to abolish the systemic viral replication in paediatric HIV-1 infection. Numerous classes of antiretroviral agents have emerged as therapeutic tools for downregulation of different steps in the HIV replication process. These classes encompass Non- Nucleoside Analogue Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs), Nucleoside/Nucleotide Analogue Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs/NtRTIs), INtegrase Inhibitors (INIs), Protease Inhibitors (PIs), and Entry Inhibitors (EIs). Co-administration of certain antiretroviral drugs with Pharmacokinetic Enhancers (PEs) may boost the effectiveness of the primary therapeutic agent. The combination of multiple antiretroviral drug regimens (Highly Active AntiRetroviral Therapy - HAART) is currently the standard therapeutic approach for HIV infection. So far, the use of HAART offers the best opportunity for prolonged and maximal viral suppression, and preservation of the immune system upon HIV infection. Still, the frequent administration of high doses of multiple drugs, their inefficient ability to reach the viral reservoirs in adequate doses, the development of drug resistance, and the lack of patient compliance compromise the complete HIV elimination. The development of nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems may enable targeted delivery of antiretroviral agents to inaccessible viral reservoir sites at therapeutic concentrations. In addition, the application of Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD) approaches has provided valuable tools for the development of anti-HIV drug candidates with favourable pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic properties.

On the system of classification and coding territories in the Russian Federation

2020 ◽  
Vol 959 (5) ◽  
pp. 41-53
Author(s):  
G.G. Pobedinskiy ◽  
M.V. Vyushkov ◽  
Y.R. Belykh
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Statistical Information ◽  
Spatial Description ◽  
Suspected Infection ◽  
Spatial Reference ◽  
Federal Statistical ◽  
Multifactor Analysis ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

The most common method of statistical analysis in epidemiology is the retrospective analysis of infectious disease cases. Recorded in the system of Federal statistical observation they are not bound on specific localities, but to the areas of territorial bodies’ of Russian Federation Health Care Ministry and Rospotrebnadzor responsibility. In order to load the information into databases and use them in GIS, the spatial reference of statistical information to specific coordinates of suspected infection sites or to a specific administrative or specially designated territory having a spatial description is necessary. The aim of the work is to analyze the system of classification and coding administrative and specially allocated territories of the Russian Federation at various levels for the implementation of multifactor analysis of the epidemiological situation with the involvement of climatic, landscape, land management and other data, as well as to solve other problems of the territories spatial development.

scholarly journals Primary Care Guidelines for the Management of Persons Infected With HIV: 2013 Update by the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. e1-e34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith A. Aberg ◽  
Joel E. Gallant ◽  
Khalil G. Ghanem ◽  
Patricia Emmanuel ◽  
Barry S. Zingman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
New Information ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Care Guidelines ◽  
Evidence Based Guidelines ◽  
Specific Health

Abstract Evidence-based guidelines for the management of persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were prepared by an expert panel of the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. These updated guidelines replace those published in 2009. The guidelines are intended for use by healthcare providers who care for HIV-infected patients. Since 2009, new antiretroviral drugs and classes have become available, and the prognosis of persons with HIV infection continues to improve. However, with fewer complications and increased survival, HIV-infected persons are increasingly developing common health problems that also affect the general population. Some of these conditions may be related to HIV infection itself or its treatment. HIV-infected persons should be managed and monitored for all relevant age- and sex-specific health problems. New information based on publications from the period 2009–2013 has been incorporated into this document.

Residential Institutions Redress Board of the Irish Government 2002–2018

2021 ◽  
pp. 002581722098090
Author(s):  
John Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Roman Catholic Church ◽  
Expert Assessment ◽  
Irish Government ◽  
Residential Institutions ◽  
Irish Republic ◽  
Set Up

In 1999, the Irish Government commissioned a report into the abuse of children who were in the care of facilities managed and run under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Church in the Irish Republic in the 1940s and 1950s. It reported in 2009. A Redress Board was set up to investigate and compensate claimants who were abused physically and mentally as children when living in these facilities. The Board sat for 16 years. In total, 16,650 applications were processed with awards worth €970 million. Of these, 1069 applications were withdrawn, refused or had a nil award. This report on work of the Commission and the Board derives from the histories given and the expert assessment of 19 claimants for compensation. Their ages ranged between 47 and 72 years at the time of the expert’s assessment.

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