Financial Technology Law: 'Understanding ICOs and the Legal Risks Surrounding Them and Developing a Legal Framework for Classification of Cryptoassets and Their Regulation'

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aayush Shukla
Keyword(s):  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Risks ◽  
Financial Technology

scholarly journals Liar's war: Protecting civilians from disinformation during armed conflict

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Eian Katz
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
International Criminal Law ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
International Human Rights Law ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Human Rights Law ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Traditional Classification

Abstract Disinformation in armed conflict may pose several distinctive forms of harm to civilians: exposure to retaliatory violence, distortion of information vital to securing human needs, and severe mental suffering. The gravity of these harms, along with the modern nature of wartime disinformation, is out of keeping with the traditional classification of disinformation in international humanitarian law (IHL) as a permissible ruse of war. A patchwork set of protections drawn from IHL, international human rights law and international criminal law may be used to limit disinformation operations during armed conflict, but numerous gaps and ambiguities undermine the force of this legal framework, calling for further scholarly attention and clarification.

scholarly journals The state of regulatory legal framework for the classification of biological threats

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 188-195
Author(s):  
Tatyana G. Suranova ◽  
V. V Nikiforov
Keyword(s):  
Health Professionals ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The State ◽  
Biological Hazard ◽  
The Creation

Recognition of the globality of biological hazard problems put forward a new task for health professionals - the creation of a system ofprotection based on the continuous comprehensive monitoring of real and potential biological threats. The article is devoted to the classification of biological threats.

scholarly journals Digitalization of Financial Services in Albania Under Restricted Measures Covid-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Rezana Balla
Keyword(s):  
Financial Services ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Financial Industry ◽  
Technology Innovations ◽  
Markets And Institutions ◽  
New Business ◽  
Job Challenges ◽  
Digital Transactions ◽  
Financial Technology

Under the restricted measures due to the global pandemic Covid-19, like all other services, financial services had difficulties in performing their financial activities. These difficulties are stronger at countries where financial services are denied for a long time. Financial services denial is an issue that has affected not only Albania but small Balkan countries as well. The reasons for this denial are many, but among them we can distinguish the lack of credit experience, as one of the common reasons to be excluded in these countries from the development of the financial sector. Currently, one of the reasons for the financial denial is the emergency created by Covid-19, where physical distancing and other measures taken by governments to restrict movement and services make financial service impossible. Thus, one of the most effective ways to perform financial services remotely is financial technology. Financial technology refers to the possibilities of financial innovation through technology that can result in new business models, applications, processes, or products with an effectiveness related to financial markets and institutions and the provision of financial services. This paper aims to present the challenges of the legal framework and regulatory institutions, to provide recommendations for its improvement, to enable the development of financial technology in the financial market in Albania. The paper address issues such as the Bank of Albania's consideration on the Directive (EU) 2015/2366 On Payment Services (PSD II). What benefits or challenges would its implementation bring? How is the financial industry projected after the implementation of PSD II? What are the biggest job challenges with payment institutions that have not been to the market before or that bring technology innovations? The paper addresses the issue of money laundering through online digital transactions as well.

Budget Security Threats and Risks within the Framework of the Digital Economy Development

Financial law ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 37-39
Author(s):  
Nadezhda G. Dolmatova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
Digital Currency

Currently, Russia has begun to form a legal framework for the development of the digital economy. The introduction of digital technologies affects all areas of public relations, including budgetary legal relations. In connection with digitalization, issues of budget security are becoming more relevant. The article substantiates the need to improve the legal regulation of budget relations in terms of ensuring budget security and the use of digital technologies. The author’s classification of budget security threats is given. Legal contradictions in the field of digital currency regulation are revealed. Measures are proposed to eliminate conflicts and gaps in the current legislation regulating budgetary legal relations and relations arising in connection with the use of digital currency.

Standardization in the EU regulatory strategy concerning the development of the scope of UAS application

2019 ◽  
Vol 125 ◽  
pp. 13-26
Author(s):  
Teresa Idzikowska ◽  
Paulina Rutkowska
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Regulatory Structure ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Regulatory Strategy ◽  
European Regulatory ◽  
European Regulations ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Eu

The article discusses the subject of new European regulations regarding unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), which define the rules for the use of UAV systems in the European airspace. The introduced legal framework defines the technical requirements for the UAVs, UAV categorization and classification of performed operations in terms of risk, UAV certification matters, rules for the introduction on the uniform European market and their supervision, as well as personnel conditions necessary to ensure compliance with the general requirements. These activities are aimed at development of the UAV market and integration with manned aviation in a safe and environmentally friendly way. The article presents the process of establishing the European regulatory structure for civil UAVs.

scholarly journals CAPITAL INVESTMENTS: NORMATIVE LEGAL AND ACCOUNTING

2021 ◽  
pp. 166-181
Author(s):  
Olena PODOLIANCHUK ◽  
Nataliya GUDZENKO
Keyword(s):  
Capital Investment ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Object A ◽  
Separate Object ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Cost

The article evaluates the legal regulation and accounting of capital investments and determines that a single and precise term that would determine their essence has not yet been developed. The difference in the definitions of capital investments is outlined, which leads to confusion in their evaluation and reflection in the system of accounting accounts. There are two approaches to determining the nature of capital investment in the legal framework: economic and accounting. The dynamics and structure of capital investments by types of assets in terms of 2015-2019 are presented. Based on the results of elaboration of the regulatory framework and scientific opinions of scientists, their own opinion on the definition of capital investment has been expressed. It is noted that in the organization of accounting for capital investments it is important to assess, classify, justify objects, as well as the allocation of costs to current (to maintain the object in working order) and attribute investments to capital (improving the functional properties of the object ). A generalized classification of capital investments is proposed, which will help to timely and fully systematize the accounts and reflect in the reporting of objective and reliable information. It was found that one of the problems of accounting for capital investments is the distribution of costs and investments incurred between current costs and capital investments. Entities are invited to develop their own criteria for identifying capital investment objects and assigning the cost of repairs (capital repairs) to capital investments and approve them in the accounting policy and order. In order to ensure the objectivity of the information on capital investments, alternative changes to the Chart of Accounts have been proposed in the part of the Capital Investments account. The submitted proposals will provide an opportunity to consider capital investments as a separate object of accounting and to assess the rationality of investments.

scholarly journals The genesis of the legal regulation of the sale of land plots and rights to them on a competitive basis

2020 ◽  
pp. 264-269
Author(s):  
Diana Kolomiitseva
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Period ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Legal Risks ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
The One ◽  
Land Code

The author identifies six main stages and outlines the peculiarities of legal regulation of the sale of land plots and rights to them on a competitive basis at each stage. The first stage was from 18 December 1990 to 28 June 1996; the second stage took place from 28 June 1996 to 1 January 2008, covering the period of adoption of the effective Land Code of Ukraine dated 25 October 2001; the third stage lasted from 28 December 2007 to 5 July 2012; the fourth stage was the stage of the development of competitive acquisition of rights to land plots covering the time period from 5 July 2012 to 21 June 2017; the fifth stage covered the experimental period from 21 June 2017 to 1 October 2019; the sixth stage has been going on since 1 October 2019. This periodization enables, firstly, to create a systematic view of the development of legal regulation of the competitive principles of acquiring rights to land plots under the land legislation of Ukraine; and secondly, to assess the legal risks of acquiring rights to land plots having been acquired in a period of time corresponding to the stage of legal regulation. The conducted analysis of the genesis of legal regulation of the sale of land plots and rights to them on a competitive basis indicates that in the circumstances of lack of legal framework for land auctions, the process of disposal of land plots and rights to them on a competitive basis have not been stopped. Each of the identified stages of legal regulation, except for the fourth one and the last one, has some contradictions in the source base bearing some legal risks for the contracts of sale of land plots on a competitive basis concluded at these stages. Like the Presidential Decrees at the first stage and the Regulation of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine at the fifth stage, the decisions of local councils at the second and third stages were a means of and an attempt to accelerate the necessary changes in the land legislation. On the one hand, these regulatory acts are contrary to the provisions of the Land Code of Ukraine, and on the other hand, they are administrative acts that have been in force for a certain period of time and have not been repealed or deemed to be unconstitutional. Therefore, in making the legal evaluation of the agreements concluded on a competitive basis, they should be assessed taking into account the abovementioned factors.

scholarly journals Analysis and Сlassifiсatiоn оf the Main Faсtоrs Determining Mоdern Internatiоnal Connections оf Regiоns оf States

REGIONOLOGY ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 270-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxim I. Kоlykhalоv
Keyword(s):  
International Cooperation ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Regional Powers ◽  
Form Of Government ◽  
Ethnic Factors

Intrоduсtiоn. International connections of regions are a dynamic category that is influenced by a whole range of factors related to the geopolitical position of the country, its ethnic composition, and the current political situation in the world. Therefore, the study of this issue is of considerable relevance. The purpose of this paper is to analyze and classify the factors that determine the modern international connections of regions of states. Materials and Methods. Modern works by leading scientists and the current legal framework in the field of international connections of regions of states were used as materials of the study. The systematic analysis, structural and functional analysis, specific historical analysis as well as political and legal analysis formed the methodological basis. Results. The author has analyzed the factors determining the modern international connections of regions of states, compiled a classification of these factors. The main groups of factors determining the international connections of regions of states have been identified: the form of government and features of the implementation of regional powers in international cooperation, geopolitical factors, factors of socio-economic development, factors of special types of regions of states in international cooperation, confessional factors, and ethnic factors. Based on the modern scientific knowledge and the relevant legal framework, it has been identified that the form of government structure determines the powers of regions in international cooperation and is a major factor in the international connections of regions. Discussion and Conclusion. Analysis and classification of the factors determining the modern international connections of regions of states make it possible to contribute to the assessment of the current state of Russia’s international connections. The results of the study can be used by the relevant authorities when determining new areas of development of international connections of Russia’s regions.

scholarly journals The Formation of the Regulatory and Legal Basis for Monument and Heritage Preservation in Soviet Ukraine (1919–1926)

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Cultural Policy ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Heritage Preservation ◽  
Natural Heritage ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
Area Of Protection

The article examines the formation of the legal framework for the protection of monuments and landmarks in Soviet Ukraine in 1919–1926. The evolution of the approaches to preserving the heritage of the past during this period is outlined. Two phases in the development of this branch of legislation are distinguished: before and after 1922. During the first phase, representatives of the Bolshevik regime responsible for cultural policy paid very little attention to preservation. Crisis in the sphere of protection of historical and cultural heritage became especially noticeable during the campaign to confiscate church valuables (1922). During this period, monument preservation activities were regulated by legislation originating in Soviet Russia. The reception of Russian regulatory acts in the Soviet republics, including the Ukrainian SSR, usually took place with a lag and in the absence of clear implementation mechanisms. Special republican legislation first appeared in the area of protection of museum property and archival collections. After the transition to the policy of “indigenization” in Soviet Ukraine, local peculiarities in the sphere of monument preservation gradually emerged. The outcome of this process was the adoption of the regulation “On Cultural and Natural Heritage” (June 16, 1926). The article focuses in particular on funding issues, classification of monuments, and active public participation, which can be viewed as the republican specifics of Soviet Ukraine. It is noted that after the formation of regional inspectorates and committees for preservation of cultural and natural heritage in 1926, we can speak of a parallel existence of state and public heritage preservation bodies. The author concludes that the process of the formation of the legal framework for preservation of historical and cultural heritage in the USSR during 1919–1926 was not linear. The introduction of special republican norms regulating preservation activities became possible thanks to the experience and efforts of the republic’s professionals in the field.

Trends in Peace Research

2018 ◽  
pp. 1694-1711
Author(s):  
Nenad Putnik ◽  
Mladen Milošević
Keyword(s):  
Legal Framework ◽  
The Political ◽  
Cyber Warfare ◽  
Cyber Threats ◽  
Peace Research ◽  
Interstate Conflicts ◽  
Cyber Espionage ◽  
Securitization Theory ◽  
Cyber Space

In this chapter, the authors discuss the phenomenon of interstate conflicts in cyber space. In the last twenty years, this issue has become more explicit, and countries are making increasingly frequent mutual cyber warfare and cyber espionage accusations. The political and military elite of conflicting countries perceive the situation as very serious and are preparing not only for defending their segment of cyber space, but for developing offensive strategies for cyber warfare, as well. The authors endeavor to contribute to peace research by examining the possibilities for achieving cyber détente, the idea promoted by Henry Kissinger in 2011. In this chapter, the authors identify and analyze problems whose solution should be the focus of the States Parties to cyber détente: the question of denotation and potential desecuritization of technical terms, the question of identification and classification of cyber threats and the problem of the legal framework for their opposition. In addition, the authors give guidelines for their solution, based on securitization theory.

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