scholarly journals Treatment with Corticosteroids may Link to Higher Risk of COVID-19 Disease?

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Quratulain Pirzada ◽  
Somia Gul ◽  
Faizan Baig
Keyword(s):  
Inhaled Corticosteroids ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Immunosuppressive Drugs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Early Symptoms ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Corticosteroids are one of the important natural hormones released in the body that play a vital role in metabolism due to their intense anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and immune suppressive activity. These are most prescribed medications available in various dosage forms like topical formulations, inhalers and injectables. The current outbreak of corona virus disease COVID-19 became a global threat and primary concern worldwide. In respiratory patients, the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids exacerbate the disease symptoms of COVID-19 patients, as they are often regarded as immunosuppressive drugs. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are considered as first line treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COVID-19 disease led the upper respiratory tract illness. ICS are used in the treatment of early symptoms of COVID-19 disease in low doses. Asthmatic patients or patients with chronic obstructive lung disease, who are on regular use of ICS were found to have a low risk of early symptoms of severely ill COVID-19 disease. Although there appeared to be some evidence that corticosteroid therapy may be beneficial in treatment of corona virus disease, but it is also reported to be applicable only at the early acute phase. The literature records revealed that injectable formulations of corticosteroids are known to suppress the immunity in patients infected with SARS-CoV2. The present review is to study the different formulations of corticosteroids and their possible use in COVID-19 progression.

Potential of ICT in India to Cater Pandemics in Healthcare Sector with Special Reference to Covid-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-17
Author(s):  
Zafar Majeed Rather ◽  
Magray Ajaz Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
The Body ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Healthcare Sector ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Personal Data Protection ◽  
Corona Virus

Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome Corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, the capital of China’s Hubei province, and has since spread globally, resulting in the ongoing 2019–20 corona virus pandemic. As of 9 June 2020, more than 7.12 million cases have been reported across 187 countries and territories, resulting in more than 406,000 deaths. More than 3.29 million people have recovered. The virus is primarily spread between people during close contact, often via small droplets produced by coughing, sneezing, or talking. The disease has been given official name as COVID-19[1]. Since its outbreak in china, infrared thermometers were used to check the body temperature in order to identify the infected people. Countries like China and Korea started the use of different technologies to detect, track and prevent the spread of this deadly virus. Among the major technologies used are Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI) and deep learning. With the invent of 5G technologies, we are able to transfer and process huge amounts of data on a real time basis. Health experts have argued that a key tool at governments’ disposal to contain the COVID-19 outbreak, and which was not around during the 1918 Spanish Flu, is the ability to harness digital technologies to track the spread. At the same time, deployment of contact tracing apps by governments or public health authorities has added to the debate on online privacy and personal data protection. In this research paper, we discuss the potential application of different information and communication technologies (ICT) like IoT, AI and 5G that can help in (i) Monitoring (ii) surveillance (iii) detection and prevention of COVID-19 and enhancing the healthcare to make it future-ready for any such diseases like COVID-19.

scholarly journals Association between inhaled corticosteroids and upper respiratory tract infection in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Chen ◽  
Yulin Feng ◽  
Ke Wang ◽  
Jing Yang ◽  
Yuejun Du
Keyword(s):  
Inhaled Corticosteroids ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Abstract Background We aimed to assess the association between inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) and the risk of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Clinical Trials.gov were searched from inception to October 2019. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of any ICSs vs control for COPD with reporting of URTI as an adverse event were included. The study was registered with PROSPERO prospectively (#CRD42020153134). Results Seventeen RCTs (20,478 patients) were included. ICSs significantly increased the risk of URTI in COPD patients (RR, 1.13; 95% CI 1.03–1.24; P = 0.01; heterogeneity: I2 = 7%). Futher subgroup analyses suggested that short-term use of ICSs increased the risk of URTI (RR, 1.29; 95% CI 1.06–1.56; P = 0.01; heterogeneity: I2 = 14%) but not for long-term use (RR, 1.08; 95% CI 0.97–1.2; P = 0.14; heterogeneity: I2 = 0%). Short-term use of high-dose fluticasone increased the risk of URTI (RR, 1.33; 95% CI 1.03–1.71; P = 0.03; heterogeneity: I2 = 0%) but not for long-term use (RR, 1.12; 95% CI 0.97–1.29; P = 0.13; heterogeneity: I2 = 50%). Medium-dose (RR, 0.97; 95% CI 0.71–1.32; P = 0.84; heterogeneity: I2 = 0%) and low-dose (RR, 1.39; 95% CI 0.92–2.1; P = 0.12; heterogeneity: I2 = 30%) fluticasone did not increase the risk of URTI regardless of duration. Neither mometasone (RR, 1.05; 95% CI 0.87–1.26; P = 0.61; heterogeneity: I2 = 0%) nor budesonide (RR, 1.08; 95% CI 0.77–1.5; P = 0.67; heterogeneity: I2 = 46%) increased the risk of URTI, regardless of dosage or duration. Conclusions Long-term use of ICSs does not increase the risk of URTI in patients with COPD. Short-term use of high-dose fluticasone increases the risk of URTI in patients with COPD, but not mometasone or budesonide.

scholarly journals Role of Ayurvedic Anticoagulant and Antioxidant Treatment in Covid-19

2021 ◽  
pp. 64-70
Author(s):  
Amrut.S. Salunke ◽  
Adarsh Ramkalap Sharma ◽  
Sonali Sunil Tadasarkar
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory System ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
The Body ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Antioxidant Treatment ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Corona Virus

Corona virus disease is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome Corona virus 2[SARS-CoV-2] infections attacking multisystem of the human body at a time, of which respiratory system, immune system and circulatory system are most affected. The complications of the disease arise or it becomes more pronounced, after the cytokinine storm phase becomes established leading to hypercoagulative state affecting the circulatory and respiratory system. In Ayurveda, there is a holistic approach in treating the disease and the body as a whole. Drugs such as Haridra, Tulasi, Guduchi, Yashtimadhu, Twak, Triphala, Lavang, Maricha, Pippali etc and few Visha Dravyas like Langali, Dravanti etc can be used a single drug or a group of drugs with their phytochemical properties and active principles leading to delay and prevention of hyper coagulable states thereby preventing the cascade of complications caused by COVID, additionally having anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory effect. Scientific research on these drugs may reveal a new approach for management and prevention of COVID related complications and can be a subject of future research interest.

scholarly journals Issues of triple therapy of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Comments to the algorithm. A resolution of expert panel, June 13, 2018, Vladivostok

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-374
Author(s):  
S. N. Avdeev ◽  
V. A. Nevzorova ◽  
L. M. Kudelya ◽  
N. M. Kondrashova ◽  
G. I. Sukhanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Inhaled Corticosteroids ◽  
Patient Adherence ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Small Airways ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Copd Exacerbations ◽  
Increased Risk

Minimizing the risk of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) along with symptoms control are the most important therapeutic tasks in COPD. The effective solution of this problem is still being discussed. The prevention of COPD exacerbations is of social and economic importance and should be the primary concern in the treatment of this disease. Unresolved problems in the treatment of COPD are low patient compliance to therapy and side effects of medication. According to recent guidelines, in case of persistent COPD exacerbations with patients receiving long-acting bronchodilators (LABA), the use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) must be considered; this reduces the incidence of moderate and severe COPD exacerbations, especially if a patient has a history of bronchial asthma or blood and/or sputum eosinophilia. Availability of LABA/LAMA and ICS/LABA fixed combinations in Russia provides two possible options to administer a free triple combination consisting of a single LAMA plus ICS/LABA or ICS plus LAMA/LAMA. According to multiple trials, the use of fixed combinations could provide twice improvement in the patient adherence to the therapy, which therefore leads to higher efficiency. The main complaint about ICS with COPD patients is an increased risk of pneumonia as well as the development of systemic adverse reactions typical for corticosteroids. However, the use of extra-fine ICS could significantly reduce the risk of pneumonia compared with fine-particle inhalators and also increases the effectiveness of therapy as the pathological process in COPD mainly involves the small airways.

scholarly journals Novel Remedial Approaches Against Virulent Corona Viruses

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Disease ◽  
The Body ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Group I ◽  
The World ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Corona Viruses

Novel Corona virus disease (COVID-19) was first identified in China, which eventually became a major global health concern due to its pathogenicity and widespread distribution around the world. In the mid-sixties of the previous century, the first two human Corona viruses (HCoV) were identified: HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43. These two human Corona viruses were studied extensively from approximately 1965 to the mid-1980s. HCoV-229E is a member of the group I Corona viruses, and HCoV-OC43 is a member of group II. 1Besides the human Corona viruses, there are several group I and group II animal corona viruses that infect cattle, pigs, cats, dogs, mice, and other animals. There is one additional branch, the group III Corona viruses, which are found exclusively in birds. By infecting healthy volunteers, researchers learned that infection with HCoV-229E or HCoV-OC43 results in a common cold, and since then, HCoVs have been considered to be relatively harmless respiratory pathogens. This image was roughly disturbed when severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV was introduced into the human population in the winter of 2002 to 2003 in China. SARS-CoV causes a severe respiratory illness with high morbidity and mortality. Currently, the Novel Corona Virus disease COVID 19 spreads around the world, killing people and turning them into corpses. The best way to do this in India, that is what it is there are many types of alkaloids in our Indian Medicinal Plants, which kill the virus of any kind and dispose of it. The alkaloids – Piperine, Curcumin, Allicin, Alliin, Allylsulfide, Allyldisulfide, Citric Acid, Acorbic Acid, Menthol, Gingerols, Shogaols, zingerone, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, rosmarinic acid, eugenol, carvacrol, linalool, β-caryophyllene etc., the alkaloids that are mentioned are not only killing the virus but also stimulate, and activate the immune system in the body and at the same develops human energy to fight against COVID 19. The preparation and methodologies of simple medicine briefly explained in the topic Novel Remedial Approaches against Virulent Corona Viruses.

scholarly journals ROLE OF BILWADI AGADA IN PREVENTION OF COVID - 19

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 3939-3944
Author(s):  
Varun Rajpuria ◽  
Anitta James
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ayurvedic Medicine ◽  
Pharmacological Properties ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
And Control

Agada Tantra is a specialized branch of Ayurveda which mainly deals with Visha (Poison) and its management mainly through special formulations called Agada Yogas which counteract the deleterious actions of poison over the body. There are numerous such formulations which are unique because of their potent ingredients and fast action. Bilwadi Agada is one among such Yogas. In December 2019, a series of acute atypical respiratory disease occurred in Wuhan and then rapidly spread to other areas. It was soon discovered that a novel Corona Virus was responsible, and this was named as the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 (2019) due to its high homology to SARS-CoV-2 which caused Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and high mortality during 2002–2003 in China. According to Ayurveda, this novel Corona is a Jangama Visha as it is of zoonotic origin. It affects the upper respiratory tract so is the movement of Jangama Visha which moves upward and affects those areas. It is also mentioned in Ayurvedic treatise that the Jangaman Visha should be treated with Sthavara dravyas. Bilwadi gutika is an Ayurvedic medicine prepared from thirteen medicinal plants triturated in goat’s urine. When we compare the primary symptoms of COVID-19 and the indications of Bilwadi gutika, we can see so many similarities. The main objective of this article is to discuss the therapeutic and pharmacological properties of Bilwadi Agada and thereby understanding its role in prevention and control of COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals The use of Ipratropium and Tiotropium as novel agents to reduce inflammation in in vitro macrophage models.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
IFTEQAR HUSSAIN MOHAMMED
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Serum ◽  
Inhaled Corticosteroids ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Monocytic Cell ◽  
Monocytic Cell Line ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) affects an estimated 330 million individuals worldwide. Approximately, 3 million individuals died of COPD in 2012 and it is predicted that COPD would be the third leading factor for deaths worldwide by 2020. In United Kingdom nearly one million individuals suffer from COPD. Purpose: There are no effective pharmacotherapies available for COPD. it is only managed by using bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids mostly. However, cardiovascular effects are associated with these drugs. Most importantly, there is an unmet need of COPD treatment worldwide. Our research aim was to identify Ipratropium and Tiotropium as novel anti-inflammatory agents in in vitro macrophage models. Aims: To investigate the LPS stimulated pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α levels in THP-1 cells. To investigate whether the drugs Ipratropium and Tiotropium are capable of decreasing LPS-induced inflammation in THP-1 cells. Materials: Human monocytic cell line THP-1 cells, Rosewell Park Memorial Institute RPMI 1640 with Glutamax I, 1% Penicillin Streptomycin (PenStrep) and 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS), Lipopolysaccharide 10μl/ml, 0.05% Tween20, 0.4% Trypan blue, Reagent diluent (10% Bovine Serum Albumin in PBS), Budesonide Fenoterol, Ipratropium and Tiotropium. Human IL-6 DuoSet ELISA, Human TNF-α ELISA, TMB ELISA Substrate solution and Stop solution. Methods: THP-1 cells were cultured and challenges with LPS to stimulate the IL-6 and TNF- α cytokines. The cells were treated with Budesonide, Fenoterol, Ipratropium and Tiotropium. ELISA was performed to determine the concentrations of cytokines. Results: The results suggested that Ipratropium and Tiotropium reduce IL-6 and TNF- α concentrations in the cells. However, Budesonide and Fenoterol were found to reduce cytokines more effectively than Ipratropium and Tiotropium. The data was considered significant only when P <0.05. Conclusions: The anti-inflammatory or cytokine reducing properties of Ipratropium and Tiotropium were acknowledged. The research hypothesis was found to be true. Budesonide and Fenoterol substantially reduce cytokine levels. The receptor interactions of Ipratropium and Tiotropium may be responsible for their duration of action. Overall, Ipratropium and Tiotropium display the characteristics of novel anti-inflammatories.

scholarly journals Pericarditis in Covid 19 - An Unusual Presentation

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (31) ◽  
pp. 2532-2534
Author(s):  
Abhijit Wadekar ◽  
Sanyauta Hepat ◽  
Sourya Acharya ◽  
Sunil Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Chest Pain ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Systemic Involvement ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Cardiovascular Involvement ◽  
Major Mode

Corona virus disease-19 (COVID-19) infection causing the current pandemic began as a cluster of cases in Wuhan Province of China which has now progressed to the current dangerously exponential rise of billions of cases all over the world.1 COVID19 virus is a single stranded RNA virus having zoonotic origin. It’s ability to cause cross infection is the reason for the current devastating pandemic.2 Adding to that, COVID-19 is also called as novel corona virus as such a strain of virus had never affected mankind before. The spectrum of infection is also quite interesting. Cases range from asymptomatic, mild infections having cold, cough and fever, to life threatening instances of acute respiratory failure requiring ventilator support and intensive care admission.3 With fewer treatment options available, vaccination in the pipeline, the major mode of management is symptomatic treatment. Higher antibiotics, immunity stimulant drugs, oxygen supplementation currently form the mainstay of treatment. The management of Covid-19 still remains us shooting in the dark, exploring for ground-breaking options which prevent mortality and morbidity. Another lesser explored facet of the Covid-19 infection, is its ability to rapidly disseminate in the body and not be restricted just to the respiratory system. This rapid dissemination is the reason for the multi-systemic involvement in extreme cases of Covid-19.4 There have been reported cases of Covid-19 along with neurological and cardiovascular involvement. The cardiovascular involvement can also range from chest pain and palpitations to emergencies like cardiac tamponade and cardiac failure. As the aetiology and complete progression of this disease is yet to be fully understood, such cases with multi-systemic involvement pose imminent challenges in treatment and management.5 Here, we are presenting a case of 29-year-old male Covid positive patient, who presented with chest pain and tachycardia and diagnosed as pericarditis.

scholarly journals The Culture of Thahârah in the Corona Virus Disease Pendemic: an Offer to Prevent the Spread of Covid-19 with Islamic Jurisprudence Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 223
Author(s):  
Zurifah Nurdin
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Spiritual Health ◽  
The Body ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Literary Research ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Islamic Jurisprudence ◽  
The World

Islamic teachings explain comprehensively how to purify, clean the body and the environment from uncleanness, and to use water and other washing media in a measured manner. In the concept of Islamic theory, this purification activity is known as thahârah. Due to the wide transmission of the Corona Virus Disease 2019 or Covid-19 throughout the world, this article offered preventive measures to restrain the spread of Covid-19 by practicing thahârah consistently based on a fiqh perspective. This study employed literary research method which traced a number of books by Islamic scholars related to the thahârah or purification procedures. After the data was collected, the analysis was carried out by analyzing, processing, and interpreting the data into a conclusion. The results revealed that in addition to eliminating hadaṡ, dirt, and impurity, thahârah activities such as wudhu, tayamum, titual bathing, and teeth brushing benefit for physical and spiritual health. If thahârah is practiced consistently; as a cleaning up routine activity, it will diminish the spread of Covid-19. Instead of just washing hands, for instance, it is recommended to do wudhu even if it is not for praying. Viruses sticking to the hands and face will be washed away and disappear if a person performs wudhu properly according to the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad.  The research has shown that wudhu contains tremendous benefits for health as it can stimulate energy in the body and improve blood circulation.Ajaran Islam secara rinci menjelaskan bagaimana bersuci, membersihkan badan dan lingkungan dari najis, dan bagaimana menggunakan air dan media pencuci lainnya dengan terukur. Aktivitas bersuci tersebut dalam konsep Islam disebut thahârah. Sehubungan dengan telah menyebarnya virus corona 2019 atau Covid-19 yang melanda ke seluruh dunia, artikel ini menawarkan upaya tindakan preventif pencegahan tertularnya Covid-19 dengan membudayakan thahârah  secara konsisten berdasarkan perspektif fikih. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode literary research, yakni menelusuri sejumlah buku-buku karya ulama Islam yang berhubungan dengan ṭahârah atau tatacara bersuci menurut fikih Islam. Setelah data terkumpul, dilakukan analisis dengan mengkalisifikasi, mengolah, dan menginterpretasi data menjadi suatu kesimpulan. Dari hasil analisis tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa selain bertujuan menghilangkan hadas, kotoran, dan najis, kegiatan thahârah seperti wudhu, tayamum, mandi, dan bersiwak bermanfaat untuk kesehatan jasmani dan rohani. Jika aktivitas thahârah ini dibudayakan secara konsisten, dalam arti dijadikan aktivitas yang rutin dalam membersihkan sesuatu, penyebaran Covid-19 akan tertekan menjadi minimal. Daripada mencuci tangan saja, misalnya, lebih baik sekalian berwudhu walaupun tidak untuk melakukan salat. Virus yang menempel di tangan dan wajah akan terbasuh dan lenyap jika seseorang melakukan wudhu dengan benar sesuai dengan ajaran Nabi Muhammad Saw. Penelitian membuktikan bahwa wudhu mengandung manfaat yang besar bagi kesehatan karena mampu merangsang dan menstimulus energi dalam tubuh serta melancarkan peredaran darah.

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