scholarly journals Digital and economic transformations for sustainable development promotion: A case of OECD countries

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 152-160
Author(s):  
Leonid Melnyk ◽  
Oleksandr Kubatko ◽  
Vladyslav Piven ◽  
Kyrylo Klymenko ◽  
Larysa Rybina
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Aggregate Demand ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Digital Transformation ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Service Economy ◽  
Disruptive Technologies ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Labor Specialization ◽  
Structural Shifts

Digitalization, dematerialization of production and consumption, and structural shifts in the direction of service economy forming do promote to reduction of material use and sustainable development. The paper aims to investigate the role of digital, structural, economic, and social factors in sustainable development promotion in OECD countries. The paper uses the data on digital achievements, social and economic development of OECD member states from World Bank data sources for the period 2007–2018. The random-effects GLS regression model is used, and empirical regression models to estimate the influence of key factors related to digital transformation on GDP per capita and CO2 emissions per capita are constructed. The results of the regression analysis show that using the number of Internet users as an indicator for achievement in digitalization has a positive and statistically significant influence on GDP per capita due to lower transaction costs and higher share service economy. An increase in urbanization rates (as an indicator of capital concentrations and labor specialization) by one percent promotes a GDP per capita increase of 299 USD. Also, an increase in Gini coefficient by one percentage point correlates with decrease in GDP per capita on 196 USD and the reduction of CO2 per capita by 0.12 tones due to the structural shifts in aggregate demand. Still, improvements in digital transformations have no significant environmental effect in OECD members, while processes related to urbanization, income inequality, and share of industrial output are important drivers for CO2 per capita reduction. AcknowledgmentsThe paper contains the results of a study conducted within the framework of research projects: “Sustainable development and resource security: from disruptive technologies to digital transformation of Ukrainian economy” (No. 0121U100470); “Fundamental bases of the phase transition to an additive economy: from disruptive technologies to institutional sociologization of decisions” (No. 0121U109557).

scholarly journals Analysis of the Sustainable Development Indicators in the OECD Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Megyesiova ◽  
Vanda Lieskovska
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Per Capita

Sustainable development is a key task for governments that should end poverty, ensure prosperity, create better conditions for health, education or social needs. The set of indicators to be monitored for evaluation of successes or failures of the sustainable development varies by intergovernmental organizations like OECD or EU. To discover the status and dynamics of variables which are part of the sustainable development goals of the OECD countries is the main aim of the presented analysis. To measure the convergence of socio-economic indicators the coefficient of variation was used. The Pearson’s correlations coefficient and regression analysis were applied to detect the linear relationship between a pair of variables. The OECD countries were compared not only by using univariate statistical methods but also by applying a multivariate approach. The cluster analysis and principal component analysis were used for a set of indicators to monitor the countries from a wider perspective. The analyzed indicators GDP per capita or real change in GDP per capita belong to variables of economic activity. Variables of life expectancy at birth, standardized death rates for noncommunicable diseases belong to indicators of health. Altogether fifteen selected indicators were used for a multivariate analysis of OECD countries in two periods of time.

scholarly journals Testing the Existence of the Ricardian Equivalence in Ghana in this 21st Century

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-27
Author(s):  
Okwan Frank ◽  
Kovacs Peter
Keyword(s):  
Time Series Data ◽  
Aggregate Demand ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Ricardian Equivalence ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Model Framework ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Per Capita

The Ricardian Equivalence Hypothesis formulated by a classical British economist David Ricardo argues that a reduced tax now is a tax increase in the future, the substitution of debt for current taxes has no effect on aggregate demand. The main objective of this paper is to examine empirically the existence of the Ricardian equivalency in Ghana by using time series data running from 1990 to 2017 and ARDL bound testing approach to cointegration and Error Correction Model framework developed by Pesaran and Shin (1995,1999). We examined the long run relationship between the dependent variable household final consumption expenditure and independent variables government expenditure, deficit, GDP per capita and gross debt. The long run results showed a positive and significant relationship between GDP per capita and household consumption expenditure. The result of analysis supports the Keynesian conventional theory and found strong evidence against the existence of the Ricardian Equivalency Hypothesis in Ghana.

Harnessing foreign aid for the poor: role of institutional democracy

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 1689-1710
Author(s):  
Eric Akobeng
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Ssa Countries

PurposeThis paper examines the relationship between foreign aid, institutional democracy and poverty. The paper explores the direct effect of foreign aid on poverty and quantifies the facilitating role of democracy in harnessing foreign aid for poverty reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).Design/methodology/approachThe paper attempts to address the endogenous relationship between foreign aid and poverty by employing the two-stage least squares instrumental variable (2SLS-IV) estimator by using GDP per capita of the top five Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries sending foreign aid to SSA countries scaled by the inverse of the land area of the SSA countries to stimulate an exogenous variation in foreign aid and its components. The initial level of democracy is interacted with the senders’ GDP per capita to also instrument for the interaction terms of democracy, foreign aid and its components.FindingsThe results suggest that foreign aid reduces poverty and different components of foreign aid have different effects on poverty. In particular, multilateral source and grant type seem to be more significant in reducing poverty than bilateral source and loan type. The study further reveals that democratic attributes of free expression, institutional constraints on the executive, guarantee of civil liberties to citizens and political participation reinforce the poverty-reducing effects of aggregate foreign aid and its components after controlling for mean household income, GDP per capita and inequality.Research limitations/implicationsThe methodological concern related to modeling the effects of foreign aid on poverty is endogeneity bias. To estimate the relationship between foreign aid, democracy and poverty in SSA, this paper relies on a 2SLS-IV estimator with GDP per capita of the top five aid-sending OECD countries scaled by the inverse of land area of the SSA countries as an external instrument for foreign aid. The use of the five top OECD's Development Assistance Committee (OECD-DAC) countries is due to the availability of foreign aid data for these countries. However, non-OECD-DAC countries such as China and South Africa may be important source of foreign aid to some SSA countries.Practical implicationsThe findings further suggest that the marginal effect of foreign aid in reducing poverty is increasing with the level of institutional democracy. In other words, foreign aid contributes more to poverty reduction in countries with democratic dispensation. This investigation has vital implications for future foreign aid policy, because it alerts policymakers that the effectiveness of foreign aid can be strengthened by considering the type and source of aid. Foreign aid and quality political institution may serve as an important mix toward the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals 2030 and the Africa Union Agenda 2063.Social implicationsAs the global economy faces economic and social challenges, SSA may not be able to depend heavily on foreign partners to finance the region's budget. There is the need for African governments to also come out with innovative ways to mobilize own resources to develop and confront some of the economic challenges to achieve the required reduction in poverty. This is a vision that every country in Africa must work toward. Africa must think of new ways of generating wealth internally for development so as to complement foreign aid flows and also build strong foundation for welfare improvement, self-reliance and sustainable development.Originality/valueThis existing literature does not consider how democracy enhances the foreign aid and poverty relationship. The existing literature does not explore how democracy enhances grants, loans, multilateral and bilateral aid effectiveness in reducing poverty. This paper provides the first-hand evidence of how institutional democracy enhances the poverty-reducing effects of foreign aid and its components. The paper uses exogenous variation in foreign aid to quantify the direct effect of foreign aid and its components on poverty.

scholarly journals Towards a Comprehensive Framework of the Relationships between Resource Footprints, Quality of Life, and Economic Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 4734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Cibulka ◽  
Stefan Giljum
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Social Boundaries ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Comprehensive Framework ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between economic affluence, quality of life, and environmental implications of production and consumption activities is a recurring issue in sustainability discussions. A number of studies examined selected relationships, but the general implications for future development options to achieve environmentally and socially sustainable development of countries at different levels of per capita resource footprints, quality of life, and income have not yet been investigated in detail. In this study, we use a global dataset with 173 countries to assess the overall relationship between resource footprints, quality of life, and economic development over the period of 1990–2015. We select the material footprint and carbon footprint and contrast them with the Human Development Index, the Happiness Index, and GDP per capita. Regression analyses show that the relationship between various resource footprints and quality of life generally follows a logarithmic path of development, while resource footprints and GDP per capita are linearly connected. From the empirical results, we derive a generalized path of development and cluster countries along this path. Within this comprehensive framework, we discuss options to change the path to respect planetary and social boundaries through a combination of resource efficiency increases, substitution of industries and sufficiency of consumption. We conclude that decoupling and green growth will not realize sustainable development if planetary boundaries have already been transgressed.

REDUCING INCOME INEQUALITY WHILE BOOSTING ECONOMIC GROWTH: CAN IT BE DONE? EVIDENCE FROM OECD COUNTRIES

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (01) ◽  
pp. 1450001 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER HOELLER ◽  
ISABELLE JOUMARD ◽  
ISABELL KOSKE
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Labor Market Institutions ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Market Institutions ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Per Capita

This paper identifies inequality patterns across Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries and provides new analysis of their policy and non-policy drivers. One key finding is that education and anti-discrimination policies, well-designed labor market institutions and large and/or progressive tax and transfer systems can all reduce income inequality. On this basis, the paper identifies several policy reforms that could yield a double dividend in terms of boosting GDP per capita and reducing income inequality, and also flags other policy areas where reforms would entail a trade-off between both objectives.

scholarly journals AN APPROACH FOR MAPPING THE SPATIAL IMBALANCES IN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT THROUGH THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABILITY

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 1397-1402
Author(s):  
Rosen Yanev ◽  
Galina Bezinska
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Regional Development ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Thematic Map ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Centripetal Forces ◽  
The Impact

This research is directed (main objective) towards differentiation, tracking and presentation of the functional sustainability trends of regional development in Bulgaria (NUTS BG3). The proposals are based on empirical and statistical information processed in the GIS environment for the period 2008-2016. The used research approaches are general geographic and cartographic: cybernetic approach; systematic and correlation analysis; choropleth mapping and proportional symbols. The subject of this analysis is Goal 1. of the Sustainable Development Agenda 2030, which states:“End poverty in all its forms everywhere“. The object of this research is Bulgaria (NUTS BG3). The obtained results was presented in three thematic maps, one table and one figure. Our main goals was: Presentation of the results from the considered aspect of the regional policy for sustainable development of the European Union in Bulgaria, based on the absolute values of the considered indicators (Thematic map 1 and 2); Determination of the trend of functional sustainability of regional development in Bulgaria as a means of mapping the impact of centrifugal and centripetal forces, creating and exacerbating the spatial imbalances - center / periphery in Bulgaria. (Thematic map 3) The obtained results show the decrease in the absolute values of people at risk of poverty or social exclusion and the increase of GDP per capita. The differentiated trend of functional sustainability of regional development in Bulgaria (Thematic Map 3) was transformed and supplemented on the basis of established subjectivity in the interpretation of the impact of the phenomena under consideration (the rate of people at risk of poverty or social exclusion and GDP per capita) . As a result, it was structured a method for mapping the impact of centrifugal and centripetal forces, generating and deepening the spatial imbalances - center / periphery in Bulgaria (in particular).

scholarly journals INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS OF ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE: EVIDENCE FROM THE WORLD VALUE SURVEY

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-160
Author(s):  
Andriy Maksymuk ◽  
Nataliya Kuzenko
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
High Income ◽  
Institutional Factors ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

This article highlights the impact of values on the country’s welfare. Values that are quite constant over a long period of time form an institutional framework within the country. They can contribute to economic development or even prevent it. The aim of the article is to explore, what is the influence of social values, democracy and trade on welfare levels in different counties. The hypothesis is that the dominance in society of secular-rational values and the values of self-expression, democracy and trade (openness to the world) have a positive effect on the level of welfare of countries. The empirical part of the paper is based on the comparative analysis of relationship between GDP per capita and four values such as tolerance and respect, obedience, trust and freedom of choice for two waves of WVS – 2005-2009 and 2010-2014. Using correlation and regression analysis, the relationships between these indicators were evaluated. These values have a positive impact on welfare in OECD countries, some countries of Latin America, Asia and Africa with middle income per capita. However, there is a negative relationship between obedience and GDP per capita. This value is more important for some African and Asian countries and India. The relationship between GDP per capita and the aggregate value index showed a strong positive correlation for OECD countries. Then the regression model was estimated to assess the impact of values, trade and level of democracy on welfare growth and development. The results of the regression analysis showed a significant effect of the aggregated value indicator for all six samples, but this effect is weaker for high-income countries. The effect of the level of democracy is significant and positive only for the sub-sample of democratic countries, while it is negative for high-income countries. The effect of the level of trade on GDP per capita is statistically significant for the sample of all countries, the sub-sample of non-democratic countries and the sub-sample of high income and upper-middle income countries. Thus, we conclude that the institutional factors (the values and the level of democracy) are important determinants of GDP per capita for democratic countries while for non-democratic countries trade is more important.

scholarly journals Evaluating the High-Tech Industries in the Progressive Structure of the Economy of the World Countries and Ukraine

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (512) ◽  
pp. 81-98
Author(s):  
V. Y. Khaustova ◽  
◽  
O. I. Reshetnyak ◽  
H. V. Kramarev ◽  
Y. M. Kriachko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Export Market ◽  
High Tech ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Structural Shifts

The article is aimed at defining and evaluating the place of high-tech industries in the progressive structure of the economy of the world countries and Ukraine. Research methods: structural analysis, graphical analysis, analysis of structural shifts, cluster analysis. A structural analysis of the economy of Ukraine and OECD countries is carried out in terms of gross output, gross value added and the share of GVA in terms of output in four sectors: agriculture, hunting, forestry and fisheries; industry, including energy industry; construction; in general with regard to the service sector. A further structural analysis of the processing industry of Ukraine compared to OECD countries is carried out. A rating of the world countries is carried out by the share of costs for R&D in the field of production of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceuticals; production of computers, electronic and optical products; production of aerospace equipment. The positioning of the the world countries is made in the quadrants of the matrix in the coordinate plane of «Share of costs for the R&D of high-tech sectors of the economy and GVA per capita». Structural shifts in research and development costs in high-tech sectors of both the OECD and Ukrainian economies are computed. The structure of the export market of high-tech sectors of the economy is analyzed and Ukraine’s place in this market is evaluated. The carried out cluster analysis allowed to divide the world countries into groups taking into account the data by the following indicators: share of costs for the R&D in the pharmaceutical industry; share of costs for the R&D in the computer, electronic and optical industry; share of costs for the R&D in the aerospace industry; share of costs for R&D in the service sector; share of the export market of the pharmaceutical industry and GVA per capita. Ukraine entered the cluster, whose countries have such a costs structure for R&D in high-tech sectors of the economy, which does not provide a high level of GVA per capita. Recommendations on the development of high-tech industries of Ukraine in order to increase the socio-economic development of the country are provided.

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