scholarly journals A Synopsis on COVID-19 and Associated Risk Factors: Optimizing Preventive and Clinical Outcomes through Lifestyle Intervention

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
Abiodun Bamidele Adelowo
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Comorbid Conditions ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Lifestyle Choices ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Since its outbreak in late 2019, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been ravaging the health system of most countries of the world. Although many preventive and treatment strategies have been proposed and implemented to combat the disease, these efforts seem to be insufficient, and in some cases ineffective. This is evident by the daily rising global incidence and case fatality of the COVID-19 pandemic. A situation if not mitigated early will likely crumble the global economy and tilt the world to an unprecedented global recession. This challenge demands that researchers and clinicians ask more in-depth questions about the novel coronavirus disease. Aside from age that has been confirmed to be linearly associated, what are the other possible socio-demographic and lifestyle-related risk factors that may be associated with COVID-19? What are the possible factors or comorbid conditions that may worsen clinical progression and determine the clinical outcome in confirmed COVID-19 cases? Does the pre-, peri-, or post-morbid lifestyle choices of people have an impact on COVID-19 preventive and treatment efforts? And how can we use the knowledge of the associated risk factors, comorbid conditions, and lifestyle choices of people to improve preventive efforts and clinical management of COVID-19? Answer to these questions may likely serve as an important guide for policymakers and clinicians in their design and implementation of COVID-19 targeted preventive and treatment policies and programs, especially in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). The purpose of this article is to critically review available literature and provide evidence-based recommendations.

scholarly journals COVID-19 disease and comorbidity: an outcome? A study on Indian population in a COVID care hospital

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 3277
Author(s):  
Namrata Makkar ◽  
Amit Singla ◽  
Ajeet Jain ◽  
Lalendra Upreti ◽  
B. L. Sherwal
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Comorbid Condition ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Comorbid Conditions ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Icu Admission ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Background: The world has been severely affected by the novel coronavirus disease (Covid-19). Continuously rising number of cases has put a significant strain on healthcare resources of all countries of the world. Preliminary studies show that people suffering from comorbid conditions are at a relatively higher risk of severe disease and poor outcome.Methods: We studied the risk of ICU admission in 152 Covid-19 positive patients with comorbidity compared to those without comorbid conditions. We studied effect of old age (>65 years), male sex, presence of at least one comorbidity, presence of multiple comorbidities, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, CAD, respiratory disease, neurological disease, skin disease, and hypothyroidism on outcome of coronavirus disease with two tailed Student’s t-test, odds ratio, Chi-square test was used to test significance of results at 95% confidence interval 95% (95% CI). Fisher’s test was also used if one expected value (row total × column total/grand total) was less than 5.Results: In this study, 23 (15.13%) required ICU care. We found higher odds of ICU admission in Covid-19 patients in case of presence of comorbid condition (OR=7.3, 95% CI=2.674, 20.038), diabetes mellitus (OR=2.8, 95% CI=1.035, 8.028), hypertension (OR=1.3, 95% CI=0.396, 4.258), coronary artery disease (OR=2.3, 95% CI=0.430, 12.978) and malignancy (OR=6.5, 95% CI=1.516, 28.54). Case fatality rate (CFR) of those with comorbid conditions was higher (7.55) compared to those without comorbidity (3.03).Conclusions: This study shows that presence of comorbid conditions in Covid-19 positive patients results in significantly higher risk of ICU admission and poor outcome.

scholarly journals Association of Comorbidities with Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (02) ◽  
pp. 102-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasenjit Mitra ◽  
Smriti Suri ◽  
Taru Goyal ◽  
Radhieka Misra ◽  
Kuldeep Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Unknown Origin ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Medical Emergency ◽  
Comorbid Conditions ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Public Health Emergencies ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

AbstractThe novel Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic started with few cases of pneumonia of unknown origin in Wuhan, China. It has now become one of the significant public health emergencies of all time. Within 5 months of its existence, it has led to a significant impact on national and international policies. Apart from being a medical emergency, it is also affecting the global economy, and without proper measures, it may have severely impact the socioeconomic statuses of individuals. It has profoundly challenged the healthcare infrastructure, particularly in low- and middle-income nations. Every nation is trying to safeguard its population and the health workers as adequately as possible. While we still wait for the development of an absolute cure in the form of a vaccine, preventive measures have taken the lead in reducing the disease spread and breaking the chain of transmission. The knowledge gained from the clinical characteristics of patients has suggested markers or comorbid conditions that may aid in the risk assessment. This narrative review aims to provide an update on SARS-CoV-2, the causative virus of COVID-19, its pathogenesis, the clinical and laboratory features, and its association with several comorbid conditions that may influence the prognosis of this disease.

Abstract P625: Rate of Hemorrhagic Transformation After Ischemic Stroke and Associated Risk Factors: The Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Stroke Study (GCNKSS)

Stroke ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J Stanton ◽  
Eleni Antzoulatos ◽  
Elisheva R Coleman ◽  
Felipe De Los Rios La Rosa ◽  
Stacie L Demel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Hemorrhagic Transformation ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Adjusted Rate ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Background: Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) of ischemic stroke can have devastating consequences, leading to longer hospitalizations, increased morbidity and mortality. We sought to identify the rate of HT in stroke patients not treated with tPA within a large, biracial population. Methods: The GCNKSS is a population-based stroke epidemiology study from five counties in the Greater Cincinnati region. During 2015, we captured all hospitalized strokes by screening ICD-9 codes 430-436 and ICD-10 codes I60-I68, and G45-46. Study nurses abstracted all potential cases and physicians adjudicated cases, including classifying the degree of HT. Patients treated with thrombolytics were excluded. Incidence rates per 100,000 and associated 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated for HT cases, age and sex adjusted to the 2000 US population. Multiple logistic regression was used to examine risk factors associated with HT. Results: In 2015, there were 2301 ischemic strokes included in the analysis. Of these 104 (4.5%) had HT; 23 (22.1%) symptomatic, 55 (52.9%) asymptomatic and 26 (25%) unknown. Documented reasons for not receiving tPA in these patients were: time (71, 68.3%), anticoagulant use (1, 1.0%), other (18,17.3%) and unknown (14, 13.5%), which were not significantly different compared to those without HT. Only 29/104 (18.3%) had HT classified as PH-1 or PH-2. The age, sex and race-adjusted rate of HT was 9.8 (7.9, 11.6) per 100,000. The table shows rates of potential risk factors and the adjusted odds of developing HT. 90 day all-cause case fatality for patients with HT was significantly higher, 27.9% vs. 15.7%, p<0.0001. Conclusion: We found that 4.5% of non-tPA treated IS patients had HT. These patients had more severe strokes, were more likely to have abnormal coagulation tests or anticoagulant use, and were more likely to die within 90 days. We also report the first population-based incidence rate of HT in non-tPA treated of 9.8/100,000, a rate similar to the incidence of SAH.

scholarly journals The epidemiology of common mental disorders in Libya: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mansour Abdulshafea ◽  
Abdul Hakim Rhouma ◽  
Nadeem Gire ◽  
Ali AlMadhoob ◽  
Usman Arshad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Mental Health Research ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Prevalence Studies ◽  
The Status ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Abstract Introduction There has been a global increase in the prevalence of common mental disorders (CMD), particularly in conflict hotspots. The limited amount of resources is one of the key barriers to effective treatment within Low- and Middle-income countries (LAMICs). The lack of service provision for mental health disorders in LAMICs has resulted in limited opportunities to conduct mental health research. Libya is a North African country that has suffered from ongoing conflict with the current political unrest in Libya further impacting the mental health of the population. Main text The aim of this review is to conduct a synthesis of evidence regarding the estimated prevalence and associated risk factors of CMD in Libya. A search was completed in the academic databases; PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, PsychINFO, CINHAL, and the Institute for Development, Research, Advocacy and Applied Care (IDRAAC) from inception to March 2020. Only studies that investigated prevalence and associated risk factors of CMD in Libya were included. A total of 219 studies were identified of which 15 met the inclusion criteria for the review. There were (n = 3) papers investigated the prevalence of depression, (n = 4) studies were focused on stress-related disorders and the remaining papers looked at both anxiety and depression. Statistically, sample sizes of the included studies ranged from (n = 41–13,031) for the prevalence studies (mean = 1188.6, median = 233). Conclusion The status of Libya as a conflict hotspot has led to a reduced level of epidemiological data on mental health, with a vital need to conduct research in CMD. Libya requires better clinical governance which can allow for more scientific research into CMD and enabling the Libyan government to develop evidence-based policy initiatives for CMD.

scholarly journals 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia: an unusual lung ultrasound presentation.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Letizia Consoli ◽  
Vittorio Bendotti ◽  
Sara Cicchinelli ◽  
Federico Gaioni ◽  
Paola Prandolini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Lung Ultrasound ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Ground Glass Opacity ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Chest Computed Tomography ◽  
Ultrasound Findings ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Abstract In December 2019, a novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) was first reported in Wuhan, China, and rapidly spread around the world, leading to an international emerging public health emergency. As reported from Chinese experiences, approximately 20% of patients had a severe course, requiring intensive care, with an overall case fatality rate of 2.3%. In diagnosis, chest computed tomography most commonly showed ground-glass opacity with or without consolidative patterns.Herein we report a case of a patient affected by COVID-19 pneumonia referred in the emergency department of our institution on 4 April 2020 with peculiar lung ultrasound findings.

scholarly journals Fighting Strategies Against the Novel Coronavirus Pandemic: Impact on Global Economy

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bapi Gorain ◽  
Hira Choudhury ◽  
Nagashekhara Molugulu ◽  
Rajani B. Athawale ◽  
Prashant Kesharwani
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
World Health ◽  
World Population ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The World ◽  
Treatment Measures ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

Sudden outbreak of a new pathogen in numbers of pneumonic patients in Wuhan province during December 2019 has threatened the world population within a short period of its occurrence. This respiratory tract–isolated pathogen was initially named as novel coronavirus 2019 (nCoV-2019), but later termed as SARS-CoV-2. The rapid spreading of this infectious disease received the label of pandemic by the World Health Organization within 4 months of its occurrence, which still seeks continuous attention of the researchers to prevent the spread and for cure of the infected patients. The propagation of the disease has been recorded in 215 countries, with more than 25.5 million cases and a death toll of more than 0.85 million. Several measures are taken to control the disease transmission, and researchers are actively engaged in finding suitable therapeutics to effectively control the disease to minimize the mortality and morbidity rates. Several existing potential candidates were explored in the prevention and treatment of worsening condition of COVID-19 patients; however, none of the formulation has been approved for the treatment but used under medical supervision. In this article, a focus has been made to highlight on current epidemiology on the COVID-19 infection, clinical features, diagnosis, and transmission, with special emphasis on treatment measures of the disease at different stages of clinical research and the global economic influence due to this pandemic situation. Progress in the development on vaccine against COVID-19 has also been explored as important measures to immunize people. Moreover, this article is expected to provide information to the researchers, who are constantly combating in the management against this outbreak.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Hyperhomocysteinaemia and Associated Factors among Ethiopian Adult Population in a 2015 National Survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Feyissa Challa ◽  
Tigist Getahun ◽  
Meron Sileshi ◽  
Bikila Nigassie ◽  
Zeleke Geto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Vegetable Consumption ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Steps Survey ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Hyperhomocysteinaemia (HHcy) is an independent risk factor for major cardiovascular diseases, but data on the prevalence and predictors of HHcy in low- and middle-income countries like Ethiopia are scant. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of HHcy and associated risk factors in the Ethiopian adult population. A cross-sectional survey on risks of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) using the STEPwise approach to surveillance (STEPS) survey was conducted between April and June 2015. A total of 4,175 study participants were surveyed. Serum homocysteine (Hcy) and metabolic profile were determined using Cobas Integra 400 Plus and CardioChek PA analyzer, respectively. Factors associated with HHcy were determined using logistic regression. The mean serum tHcy concentration was 14.6 μmol/L, with 16.4 μmol/L in males and 13.4 μmol/L in females. Overall, 38% had HHcy, with figures in males (49%) higher than females (30%). Increased age, being male, and high blood pressure and/or taking blood pressure medication, as well as low consumption of fruit and/or vegetables, were independent risk factors for HHcy. In conclusion, the prevalence of HHcy among the adult Ethiopian population is alarmingly high. Improving diets through the promotion of fruit and vegetable consumption is needed to reduce the risk of NCDs.

scholarly journals Acinetobacter bacteraemia in Thailand: evidence for infections outside the hospital setting

2013 ◽  
Vol 142 (6) ◽  
pp. 1317-1327 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. PORTER ◽  
J. RHODES ◽  
S. DEJSIRILERT ◽  
S. HENCHAICHON ◽  
D. SILUDJAI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Nosocomial Pathogen ◽  
Case Definitions ◽  
Complex Species ◽  
Microbiological Characteristics ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Healthcare Associated

SUMMARYAcinetobacter is a well-recognized nosocomial pathogen. Previous reports of community-associated Acinetobacter infections have lacked clear case definitions and assessment of healthcare-associated (HCA) risk factors. We identified Acinetobacter bacteraemia cases from blood cultures obtained <3 days after hospitalization in rural Thailand and performed medical record reviews to assess HCA risk factors in the previous year and compare clinical and microbiological characteristics between cases with and without HCA risk factors. Of 72 Acinetobacter cases, 32 (44%) had no HCA risk factors. Compared to HCA infections, non-HCA infections were more often caused by Acinetobacter species other than calcoaceticus–baumannii complex species and by antibiotic-susceptible organisms. Despite similar symptoms, the case-fatality proportion was lower in non-HCA than HCA cases (9% vs. 45%, P < 0·01). Clinicians should be aware of Acinetobacter as a potential cause of community-associated infections in Thailand; prospective studies are needed to improve understanding of associated risk factors and disease burden.

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