scholarly journals Quantification of Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), and Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Multivariate Calibration in High Humidity Levels

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Ribessi ◽  
Wilson Jardim ◽  
Jarbas Rohwedder ◽  
Thiago Neves
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Multivariate Calibration ◽  
Spectroscopic Technique ◽  
Optical Path ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Ch4 And N2o ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

In this work we developed a promising analytical method combining Fourier transform nearinfrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopic technique and first-order multivariate calibration using partial least-squares (PLS) model to simultaneously quantify the main greenhouse gases (GHG’s): methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and water vapor (H2O). The models were built using 70 mixtures with different concentration of these gases, 0.25-32.0 ppm to CH4 and N2O, and 50-1100 ppm to CO2 and different values of relative humidity (52-85%, 20 ºC) in synthetic air. After preparing each of the mixtures, they were analyzed by using FT-NIR and a reference analytical technique based on gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS). The FT-NIR spectrometer was coupled with a long optical path cell, with 105.6 meters of optical path. In sequence, the spectra of all mixtures and its concentration values for each gas were used to build the multivariate calibration models, using PLS regressions. For this, the mixtures were grouped with Kennard Stone algorithm, 50 samples to calibration set and 20 samples to prediction set. The values of RMSEP (root mean square error of prediction) obtained for each model are 0.66, 28.7 and 0.66 ppm, respectively, for CH4, CO2, and N2O. The limits of quantification (LOQ) for each PLS models are 0.26, 3.6, and 0.99 ppm, respectively, for CH4, CO2, and N2O. The results show the potentiality of application of this system to monitoring emission sources in which the concentration of these gases are relatively high, as urban centers, industrial areas, and landfills.

scholarly journals Pineapple Residue Ash Reduces Carbon Dioxide and Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Pineapple Cultivation on Tropical Peat Soils at Saratok, Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1014
Author(s):  
Liza Nuriati Lim Kim Choo ◽  
Osumanu Haruna Ahmed ◽  
Nik Muhamad Nik Majid ◽  
Zakry Fitri Abd Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Closed Chamber ◽  
Npk Fertilizers ◽  
Npk Fertilizer ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Burning pineapple residues on peat soils before pineapple replanting raises concerns on hazards of peat fires. A study was conducted to determine whether ash produced from pineapple residues could be used to minimize carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in cultivated tropical peatlands. The effects of pineapple residue ash fertilization on CO2 and N2O emissions from a peat soil grown with pineapple were determined using closed chamber method with the following treatments: (i) 25, 50, 70, and 100% of the suggested rate of pineapple residue ash + NPK fertilizer, (ii) NPK fertilizer, and (iii) peat soil only. Soils treated with pineapple residue ash (25%) decreased CO2 and N2O emissions relative to soils without ash due to adsorption of organic compounds, ammonium, and nitrate ions onto the charged surface of ash through hydrogen bonding. The ability of the ash to maintain higher soil pH during pineapple growth primarily contributed to low CO2 and N2O emissions. Co-application of pineapple residue ash and compound NPK fertilizer also improves soil ammonium and nitrate availability, and fruit quality of pineapples. Compound NPK fertilizers can be amended with pineapple residue ash to minimize CO2 and N2O emissions without reducing peat soil and pineapple productivity.

scholarly journals Update on GOSAT TANSO-FTS performance, operations, and data products after more than 6 years in space

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 2445-2461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akihiko Kuze ◽  
Hiroshi Suto ◽  
Kei Shiomi ◽  
Shuji Kawakami ◽  
Makoto Tanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Fourier Transform Spectrometer ◽  
Infrared Sensor ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Dry Air ◽  
Retrieval Accuracy ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract. A data set containing more than 6 years (February 2009 to present) of radiance spectra for carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) observations has been acquired by the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT, available at http://data.gosat.nies.go.jp/GosatUserInterfaceGateway/guig/GuigPage/open.do), nicknamed “Ibuki”, Thermal And Near infrared Sensor for carbon Observation Fourier Transform Spectrometer (TANSO-FTS). This paper provides updates on the performance of the satellite and TANSO-FTS sensor and describes important changes to the data product, which has recently been made available to users. With these changes the typical accuracy of retrieved column-averaged dry air mole fractions of CO2 and CH4 (XCO2 and XCH4, respectively) are 2 ppm or 0.5 % and 13 ppb or 0.7 %, respectively. Three major anomalies of the satellite system affecting TANSO-FTS are reported: a failure of one of the two solar paddles in May 2014, a switch to the secondary pointing system in January 2015, and most recently a cryocooler shutdown and restart in August 2015. The Level 1A (L1A) (raw interferogram) and the Level 1B (L1B) (radiance spectra) of version V201 described here have long-term uniform quality and provide consistent retrieval accuracy even after the satellite system anomalies. In addition, we discuss the unique observation abilities of GOSAT made possible by an agile pointing mechanism, which allows for optimization of global sampling patterns.

scholarly journals Comment on "Soil CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes from an afforested lowland raised peat bog in Scotland: implications for drainage and restoration" by Yamulki et al. (2013)

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 7623-7630 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. E. Artz ◽  
S. J. Chapman ◽  
M. Saunders ◽  
C. D. Evans ◽  
R. B. Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Peat Bog ◽  
Raised Bog ◽  
Land Use Conversion ◽  
Peatland Restoration ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Equivalents ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Chamber Measurements

Abstract. Yamulki and co-authors address in their recent publication the important issue of net emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from peatlands where land use conversion has taken place. In their case, they studied conversion to forestry versus peatland restoration after a first rotation of plantation forestry. They monitored soil-derived fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) using opaque chamber measurements on planted and unplanted control treatments (with or without drainage), and an unplanted plot within a restored (felled) block on former lowland raised bog. They propose that their measurements of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at these sites suggest that the total net GHG emissions, in 100 yr carbon dioxide equivalents, of the restored peat bog would be higher than that of the peat bog with trees. We believe there are a number of issues with the measurement, calculation and comparison of these greenhouse budgets that may invalidate this conclusion.

scholarly journals An Intercomparison of Ground-Based Solar FTIR Measurements of Atmospheric Gases at Eureka, Canada

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 2028-2036 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Paton-Walsh ◽  
R. L. Mittermeier ◽  
W. Bell ◽  
H. Fast ◽  
N. B. Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Composition Change ◽  
Atmospheric Gases ◽  
Vertical Column ◽  
Error Bars ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Level Of Agreement

Abstract The authors report the results of an intercomparison of vertical column amounts of hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen fluoride (HF), nitrous oxide (N2O), nitric acid (HNO3), methane (CH4), ozone (O3), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogen (N2) derived from the spectra recorded by two ground-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers operated side-by-side using the sun as a source. The procedure used to record spectra and derive vertical column amounts follows the format of previous instrument intercomparisons organized by the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC), formerly known as the Network for Detection of Stratospheric Change (NDSC). For most gases the differences were typically around 3%, and in about half of the results the error bars given by the standard deviation of the measurements from each instrument did not overlap. The worst level of agreement was for HF where differences of over 5% were typical. The level of agreement achieved during this intercomparison is a little worse than that achieved in previous intercomparisons between ground-based FTIR spectrometers.

scholarly journals Methane and nitrous oxide sources and emissions in a subtropical freshwater reservoir, South East Queensland, Australia

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 5245-5258 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Sturm ◽  
Z. Yuan ◽  
B. Gibbes ◽  
U. Werner ◽  
A. Grinham
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Water Column ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
No Production ◽  
Pore Waters ◽  
Ch4 Production ◽  
N2o Fluxes ◽  
Ch4 And N2o ◽  
Diffusive Fluxes ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract. Reservoirs have been identified as an important source of non-carbon dioxide (CO2) greenhouse gases with wide ranging fluxes for reported methane (CH4); however, fluxes for nitrous oxide (N2O) are rarely quantified. This study investigates CH4 and N2O sources and emissions in a subtropical freshwater Gold Creek Reservoir, Australia, using a combination of water–air and sediment–water flux measurements and water column and pore water analyses. The reservoir was clearly a source of these gases as surface waters were supersaturated with CH4 and N2O. Atmospheric CH4 fluxes were dominated by ebullition (60 to 99%) relative to diffusive fluxes and ranged from 4.14 × 102 to 3.06 × 105 μmol CH4 m−2 day−1 across the sampling sites. Dissolved CH4 concentrations were highest in the anoxic water column and sediment pore waters (approximately 5 000 000% supersaturated). CH4 production rates of up to 3616 ± 395 μmol CH4 m−2 day−1 were found during sediment incubations in anoxic conditions. These findings are in contrast to N2O where no production was detected during sediment incubations and the highest dissolved N2O concentrations were found in the oxic water column which was 110 to 220% supersaturated with N2O. N2O fluxes to the atmosphere were primarily through the diffusive pathway, mainly driven by diffusive fluxes from the water column and by a minor contribution from sediment diffusion and ebullition. Results suggest that future studies of subtropical reservoirs should monitor CH4 fluxes with an appropriate spatial resolution to ensure capture of ebullition zones, whereas assessment of N2O fluxes should focus on the diffusive pathway.

scholarly journals IRIS analyser assessment reveals sub-hourly variability of isotope ratios in carbon dioxide at Baring Head, New Zealand's atmospheric observatory in the Southern Ocean

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Sperlich ◽  
Gordon W. Brailsford ◽  
Rowena C. Moss ◽  
John McGregor ◽  
Ross J. Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Isotope Ratios ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Plot Analysis ◽  
Keeling Plot ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
End Members

Abstract. We assess the performance of an Isotope Ratio Infrared Spectrometer (IRIS) to measure carbon (δ13C) and oxygen (δ18O) isotope ratios in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and report observations from a 26 day field deployment trial at Baring Head, New Zealand, NIWA's atmospheric observatory for Southern Ocean baseline air. Our study describes an operational method to improve the performance in comparison to previous publications on this analytical technique. By using a calibration technique that reflected the principle of identical treatment of sample and reference gases, we achieved a reproducibility of 0.07 ‰ for δ13C-CO2 and 0.06 ‰ for δ18O-CO2 over multiple days. This performance is within the "extended compatibility goal" of 0.1 ‰ for both δ13C-CO2 and δ18O-CO2, which was recommended by the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) for studies of regional or urban CO2 fluxes. One goal of this study was to assess the capabilities and limitations of the IRIS analyser to resolve δ13C-CO2 and δ18O-CO2 variations under field conditions. Therefore, we selected multiple events within the 26 day record for Keeling Plot Analysis. This resolved the isotopic composition of end members with an uncertainty of ≤ 1 ‰ when the magnitude of CO2 signals is larger than 10 ppm. The uncertainty of the Keeling Plot Analysis strongly increased for smaller CO2 events (2–7 ppm), where the instrument performance is the limiting factor and may only allow for the distinction between very different end members, such as the role of terrestrial versus oceanic carbon cycle processes. Further improvement in measurement performance is desirable to meet the WMO "network compatibility goal" of 0.01 ‰ for δ13C-CO2 and 0.05 ‰ for δ18O-CO2, which is needed to resolve the small variability that is typical for background air observatories such as Baring Head.

scholarly journals Atmospheric methane and carbon dioxide from SCIAMACHY satellite data: initial comparison with chemistry and transport models

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 7217-7279 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Buchwitz ◽  
R. de Beek ◽  
J. P. Burrows ◽  
H. Bovensmann ◽  
T. Warneke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Reasonable Agreement ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Weighting Function ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Retrieval Algorithm ◽  
Atmospheric Methane ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Data Products ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract. The remote sensing of the atmospheric greenhouse gases methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in the troposphere from instrumentation aboard satellites is a new area of research. In this manuscript, results obtained from observations of the up-welling radiation in the near-infrared by SCIAMACHY (Scanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY), which flies on board ENVISAT, are presented. Vertical columns of CH4, CO2 and oxygen (O2) have been retrieved and the (air or) O2-normalized CH4 and CO2 column amounts, the dry air column averaged mixing ratios XCH4 and XCO2 derived. In this manuscript the first results, obtained by using the version 0.4 of the Weighting Function Modified (WFM) DOAS retrieval algorithm applied to SCIAMACHY data, are described and compared with global models. This is an important step in assessing the quality and information content of the data products derived from SCIAMACHY observations. This study investigates the behaviour of CO2 and CH4 in the period from January to October 2003. The SCIAMACHY greenhouse gas column amounts and their mixing ratios for cloud free scenes over land are shown to be in reasonable agreement with models. Over the ocean, as a result of the lower surface spectral reflectance and resultant low signal to noise with the exception of sun glint conditions, the accuracy of the individual data products is poorer. The measured methane column amounts agree with the model columns within a few percent. The inter-hemispheric difference of the methane mixing ratios, determined from single day cloud free measurements over land, is in the range 30–110 ppbv and in reasonable agreement with the corresponding model data (48–71 ppbv). For the set of individual measurements the standard deviations of the difference with respect to the models are in the range ~100–200 ppbv (5–10%) and ±14.4 ppmv (3.9%) for XCH

scholarly journals Carbon Neutral: The Failure of Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) to Affect Dung-Generated Greenhouse Gases in the Pasture

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 1105-1116
Author(s):  
Fallon Fowler ◽  
Steve Denning ◽  
Shuijin Hu ◽  
Wes Watson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Dung Beetle ◽  
Dung Beetles ◽  
Time Effects ◽  
Onthophagus Taurus ◽  
Ch4 And N2o ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Dung Decomposition ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Equivalent

Abstract Research suggests dung beetles can churn, aerate, and desiccate dung in ways that influence the dung and soil microbes producing greenhouse gases (GHGs). We examined the impacts of the tunneling beetle, Onthophagus taurus (Schreber), and the dwelling beetle, Labarrus pseudolividus (Balthasar), on the carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) emitted from pasture-laid bovine dung as well as their sum-total (CO2 + CH4 + N2O) effect on global warming, or their carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e). Despite dung beetles potential effects on CH4 and N2O, the existing literature shows no ultimate CO2e reductions. We hypothesized that more dung beetles would degrade pats faster and reduce CO2e, and so we increased the average dung beetle biomass per dung volume 6.22× above previously published records, and visually documented any dung damage. However, the time effects were 2–5× greater for any GHG and CO2e (E = 0.27–0.77) than dung beetle effects alone (E = 0.09–0.24). This suggests that dung beetle communities cannot adequately reduce GHGs unless they can accelerate dung decomposition faster than time alone.

scholarly journals Impacts of Clear-Cutting of a Boreal Forest on Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide Fluxes

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 961
Author(s):  
Patrik Vestin ◽  
Meelis Mölder ◽  
Natascha Kljun ◽  
Zhanzhang Cai ◽  
Abdulghani Hasan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Forest Management ◽  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
N2o Fluxes ◽  
Ch4 And N2o ◽  
Ghg Fluxes

The 2015 Paris Agreement encourages stakeholders to implement sustainable forest management policies to mitigate anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). The net effects of forest management on the climate and the environment are, however, still not completely understood, partially as a result of a lack of long-term measurements of GHG fluxes in managed forests. During the period 2010–2013, we simultaneously measured carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes using the flux-gradient technique at two clear-cut plots of different degrees of wetness, located in central Sweden. The measurements started approx. one year after clear-cutting, directly following soil scarification and planting. The study focused on robust inter-plot comparisons, spatial and temporal dynamics of GHG fluxes, and the determination of the global warming potential of a clear-cut boreal forest. The clear-cutting resulted in significant emissions of GHGs at both the wet and the dry plot. The degree of wetness determined, directly or indirectly, the relative contribution of each GHG to the total budgets. Faster establishment of vegetation on the wet plot reduced total emissions of CO2 as compared to the dry plot but this was partially offset by higher CH4 emissions. Waterlogging following clear-cutting likely caused both plots to switch from sinks to sources of CH4. In addition, there were periods with N2O uptake at the wet plot, although both plots were net sources of N2O on an annual basis. We observed clear diel patters in CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes during the growing season at both plots, with the exception of CH4 at the dry plot. The total three-year carbon budgets were 4107 gCO2-equivalent m−2 and 5274 gCO2-equivalent m−2 at the wet and the dry plots, respectively. CO2 contributed 91.8% to the total carbon budget at the wet plot and 98.2% at the dry plot. For the only full year with N2O measurements, the total GHG budgets were 1069.9 gCO2-eqvivalents m−2 and 1695.7 gCO2-eqvivalents m−2 at the wet and dry plot, respectively. At the wet plot, CH4 contributed 3.7%, while N2O contributed 7.3%. At the dry plot, CH4 and N2O contributed 1.5% and 7.6%, respectively. Our results emphasize the importance of considering the effects of the three GHGs on the climate for any forest management policy aiming at enhancing the mitigation potential of forests.

scholarly journals Behavioral Response of Weaned Pigs during Gas Euthanasia with CO2, CO2 with Butorphanol, or Nitrous Oxide

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enver Çavuşoğlu ◽  
Jean-Loup Rault ◽  
Richard Gates ◽  
Donald C. Lay
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Behavioral Response ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Co2 Gas ◽  
Open Mouth ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

The swine industry is often forced to euthanize pigs in the first few weeks of life due to injuries, hernias, or unthriftiness. The majority of pigs are euthanized using carbon dioxide (CO2) gas asphyxiation but concerns as to the humaneness of CO2 are increasing. This study compared the euthanasia of weaned pigs using N2O (N2O; n = 9) or CO2 (n = 9), at 50% and 25% min−1 exchange rate, respectively. In addition, we administered an analgesic prior to euthanasia with CO2 (CO2B) exposure as a third treatment (n = 9) to elucidate behaviors indicative of pain. Pigs in the CO2 and N2O treatments lost posture at similar times (latency of 145.0 ± 17.3 and 162.6 ± 7.0 s respectively, p > 0.10), while the CO2B treatment pigs lost posture the soonest (101.2 ± 4.7 s, p < 0.01). The pigs in the CO2B treatment made more escape attempts than the CO2 or N2O pigs (16.4 ± 4.2, 4.7 ± 1.6, 0.3 ± 0.2, respectively; p < 0.0004). However, pigs in N2O squealed more often than either the CO2 or CO2B pigs (9.0 ± 1.6, 2.8 ± 1.2, 1.3 ± 0.6, respectively, p < 0.001). Given the similar time to loss of posture and shorter time displaying open mouth breathing, N2O may cause less stress to pigs; however, the greater number of squeals performed by these pigs suggests the opposite. It was not apparent that any behavior measured was indicative of pain. In conclusion, N2O applied at a 50% min−1 flow rate can be an alternative to CO2 for pig euthanasia.

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