Using integrated meteorological and hydrological indices to assess drought characteristics in southern Taiwan

Abstract Numerous drought index assessment methods have been developed to investigate droughts. This study proposes a more comprehensive assessment method integrating two drought indices. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Streamflow Drought Index (SDI) are employed to establish an integrated drought assessment method to study the trends and characteristics of droughts in southern Taiwan. The overall SPI and SDI values and the spatial and temporal distributions of droughts within a given year (November to October) revealed consistent general trends. Major droughts occurred in the periods of 1979–1980, 1992–1993, 1994–1995, and 2001–2003. According to the results of the Mann–Kendall trend test and the Theil–Sen estimator analysis, the streamflow data from the Sandimen gauging station in the Ailiao River Basin showed a 30% decrease, suggesting increasing aridity between 1964 and 2003. Hence, in terms of water resources management, special attention should be given to the Ailiao River Basin. The integrated analysis showed different types of droughts occurring in different seasons, and the results are in good agreement with the climatic characteristics of southern Taiwan. This study suggests that droughts cannot be explained fully by the application of a single drought index. Integrated analysis using multiple indices is required.

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Meteorological Drought Analysis with Different Indices for the Betwa River Basin, India

10.21203/rs.3.rs-662868/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Uttam Singh ◽

Pooja Agarwal ◽

Pramod Kumar Sharma

Keyword(s):

River Basin ◽

Drought Index ◽

Meteorological Data ◽

Groundwater Resources ◽

Standardized Precipitation Index ◽

Meteorological Drought ◽

Drought Indices ◽

Trend Test ◽

Time Step ◽

Drought Assessment

Abstract Climate change is adversely affecting the development, management, and planning of surface and groundwater resources. The meteorological drought becomes a severe natural problem, and it can occur in any climatic region of the world. So, monitoring and minimizing drought is a crucial stage for analyzing and predicting drought impacts. A single drought index can't assess each aspect of the meteorological drought. In this study, we considered seven drought indices such as the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), China Z Index (CZI), Modified China Z Index (MCZI), Percent Normal drought index (PNI), Deciles Index (DI), Rainfall Anomaly Index (RAI), and Z-score index (ZSI). The drought was analyzed for 3, 6, 9, and 12 months’ time-step, and drought classification and threshold values were estimated. SPI showed maximum correlation values 0.389, 0.412, 0.560,and 0.996 for 3, 6, 9,and 12-month time steps compared to the other drought indices. The value of correlation is increased with the increase in time step for all drought indices; therefore, the accuracy of drought assessment also increases with an increase in time step. The Mann-Kendall's trend test was analyzed at a 5% level of significance for drought assessments. The drought magnitude and severity of the Betwa river basin were estimated based on the meteorological data (Rainfall) for the year between 1970 to 2014.

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Drought assessment using a multivariate drought index in the Huaihe River basin of Eastern China

Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences ◽

10.5194/piahs-369-61-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 369 ◽

pp. 61-67

Author(s):

Q. Li ◽

M. Zeng ◽

H. Wang ◽

P. Li ◽

K. Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

River Basin ◽

Drought Index ◽

Eastern China ◽

Standardized Precipitation Index ◽

Cumulative Distribution ◽

Huaihe River Basin ◽

Huaihe River ◽

Drought Assessment ◽

The Huaihe River ◽

Multivariate Drought Index

Abstract. The Huaihe River Basin having China's highest population density (662 persons per km2) lies in a transition zone between the climates of North and South China, and is thus prone to drought. Therefore, the paper aims to develop an appropriate drought assessment approach for drought assessment in the Huaihe River basin, China. Based on the Principal Component Analysis of precipitation, evapotranspiration, soil moisture and runoff, the three latter variables of which were obtained by use of the Xin'anjiang model, a new multivariate drought index (MDI) was formulated, and its thresholds were determined by use of cumulative distribution function. The MDI, the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (sc-PDSI) time series on a monthly scale were computed and compared during 1988, 1999/2000 and 2001 drought events. The results show that the MDI exhibited certain advantages over the sc-PDSI and the SPI in monitoring drought evolution. The MDI formulated by this paper could provide a scientific basis for drought mitigation and management, and references for drought assessment elsewhere in China.

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Comparison of Meteorological Drought using SPI and SPEI

Civil Engineering Journal ◽

10.28991/cej-2021-03091783 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (12) ◽

pp. 2130-2149

Author(s):

Shashi Shankar Ojha ◽

Vivekanand Singh ◽

Thendiyath Roshni

Keyword(s):

River Basin ◽

Potential Evapotranspiration ◽

Standardized Precipitation Index ◽

Meteorological Drought ◽

Drought Indices ◽

Resources Management ◽

Drought Assessment ◽

Time Period ◽

Almost All ◽

Effective Water

Drought assessment is crucial for effective water resources management in a river basin. Drought frequency has increased worldwide in recent years due to global warming. In this paper, an attempt is made to assess the meteorological drought in the Punpun river basin, India using two globally accepted drought indices namely, Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). The SPI and SPEI at 1-, 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month timescale were obtained to analyze the temporal variability of different drought levels. Correlation analysis of available observed data and gridded data has been carried out and the correlation coefficient was found to be 0.956. Hence gridded rainfall data from the year 1991 to 2020 is used for further analysis. Potential evapotranspiration (PET) used in the calculation of SPEI was computed by the Thornthwaite method. Water deficit was observed throughout as there is a decrease in rainfall and an increase in PET during the selected period. The results show that the period 2004 to 2006 and 2009 to 2010 years are observed as drought periods by both indices for almost all timescale. The intensity and duration of drought have increased after 2004. A negative trend of both the indices have been observed in all seasons on all timescale, which clearly shows a transition from near normal to moderately dry during the selected time period. The highest correlation between both the indices is for the 12-month scale with R² value 0.92 and the RMSE value 0.28. The main outcome of this study is that both SPI and SPEI show a strong correlation on same time scales adopted in this study. The dependency of SPEI on temperature is also observed in this study. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091783 Full Text: PDF

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Drought Monitoring Utility using Satellite-Based Precipitation Products over the Xiang River Basin in China

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs11121483 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 1483 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Qian Zhu ◽

Yulin Luo ◽

Dongyang Zhou ◽

Yue-Ping Xu ◽

Guoqing Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

River Basin ◽

Drought Index ◽

Standardized Precipitation Index ◽

Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission ◽

Drought Monitoring ◽

In Situ Observations ◽

Remote Sensing Techniques ◽

Xiang River ◽

The Standardized Precipitation Index

Drought is a natural hazard disaster that can deeply affect environments, economies, and societies around the world. Therefore, accurate monitoring of patterns in drought is important. Precipitation is the key variable to define the drought index. However, the spare and uneven distribution of rain gauges limit the access of long-term and reliable in situ observations. Remote sensing techniques enrich the precipitation data at different temporal–spatial resolutions. In this study, the climate prediction center morphing (CMORPH) technique (CMORPH-CRT), the tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) multi-satellite precipitation analysis (TRMM 3B42V7), and the integrated multi-satellite retrievals for global precipitation measurement (IMERG V05) were evaluated and compared with in situ observations for the drought monitoring in the Xiang River Basin, a humid region in China. A widely-used drought index, the standardized precipitation index (SPI), was chosen to evaluate the drought monitoring utility. The atmospheric water deficit (AWD) was used for comparison of the drought estimation with SPI. The results were as follows: (1) IMERG V05 precipitation products showed the highest accuracy against grid-based precipitation, followed by CMORPH-CRT, which performed better than TRMM 3B42V7; (2) IMERG V05 showed the best performance in SPI-1 (one-month SPI) estimations compared with CMORPH-CRT and TRMM 3B42V7; (3) SPI-1 was more suitable for drought monitoring than AWD in the Xiang River Basin, because its high R-values and low root mean square error (RMSE) compared with the corresponding index based on in situ observations; (4) drought conditions in 2015 were apparently more severe than that in 2016 and 2017, with the driest area mainly distributed in the southwest part of the Xiang River Basin.

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Development of a Coastal Drought Index Using Salinity Data

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society ◽

10.1175/bams-d-15-00171.1 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 98 (4) ◽

pp. 753-766 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Paul A. Conrads ◽

Lisa S. Darby

Keyword(s):

South Carolina ◽

Drought Index ◽

Standardized Precipitation Index ◽

Drought Indices ◽

Aquatic Communities ◽

Groundwater Levels ◽

Salinity Data ◽

Negative Impacts ◽

The Standardized Precipitation Index ◽

Coastal Salinity

Abstract A critical aspect of the uniqueness of coastal drought is the effects on the salinity dynamics of creeks, rivers, and estuaries. The location of the freshwater–saltwater interface along the coast is an important factor in the ecological and socioeconomic dynamics of coastal communities. Salinity is a critical response variable that integrates hydrologic and coastal dynamics including sea level, tides, winds, precipitation, streamflow, and tropical storms. The position of the interface determines the composition of freshwater and saltwater aquatic communities as well as the freshwater availability for water intakes. Many definitions of drought have been proposed, with most describing a decline in precipitation having negative impacts on the water supply. Indices have been developed incorporating data such as rainfall, streamflow, soil moisture, and groundwater levels. These water-availability drought indices were developed for upland areas and may not be ideal for characterizing coastal drought. The availability of real-time and historical salinity datasets provides an opportunity for the development of a salinity-based coastal drought index. An approach similar to the standardized precipitation index (SPI) was modified and applied to salinity data obtained from sites in South Carolina and Georgia. Using the SPI approach, the index becomes a coastal salinity index (CSI) that characterizes coastal salinity conditions with respect to drought periods of higher-saline conditions and wet periods of higher-freshwater conditions. Evaluation of the CSI indicates that it provides additional coastal response information as compared to the SPI and the Palmer hydrologic drought index, and the CSI can be used for different estuary types and for comparison of conditions along coastlines.

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Application of Meteorological and Hydrological Drought Indices to Establish Drought Classification Maps of the Ba River Basin in Vietnam

Hydrology ◽

10.3390/hydrology6020049 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 49 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Doan Quang Tri ◽

Tran Tho Dat ◽

Dinh Duc Truong

Keyword(s):

River Basin ◽

Drought Index ◽

Assessment Tool ◽

Swat Model ◽

Standardized Precipitation Index ◽

Aridity Index ◽

Meteorological Drought ◽

Hydrological Drought ◽

Drought Indices ◽

Calibration And Validation

The objective of this study was to establish drought classification maps to simulate and calculate the lack of discharge in the Ba River basin in Vietnam. The maps were established using three meteorological drought indices (the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), the Drought Index (J), and the Ped Index (Ped)), the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model, and the hydrological drought index (KDrought). The results from the calculation of the SPI, Aridity Index (AI), and Ped at three stations (An Khe, Ayunpa, and MDrak) showed that the J index was suitable for the study area. Based on the J index, an extreme drought was predicted to occur at the Ayunpa, An Khe, and MDrak stations. During the calibration process, the SWAT Calibration Uncertainties Program (SWAT-CUP) model, with automatic algorithms, was used to select the parameters to optimize the SWAT model. For the calibration and validation, the observed discharge at two hydrology stations, An Khe and Cung Son, from the periods 1981–1991 and 1992–2002, respectively, were used. The simulated discharge was found to be acceptable, with the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), Percent bias (PBIAS), and R2 reaching good levels in both calibration and validation. The results from the calculation of the drought index (KDrought), and the established drought classification maps in 2016, showed that the most affected areas were the communes of the Gia Lai and Dak Lak provinces. The results from the simulation and calculations were found to be consistent with the situation that occurred in practice. The application of meteorological and hydrological drought indices, as well as the hydrological model, to support impact assessments of drought classification in space and time, as well as the establishment of forecasting and warning maps, will help managers to effectively plan policy responses to drought.

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A Multiscalar Drought Index Sensitive to Global Warming: The Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/2009jcli2909.1 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 23 (7) ◽

pp. 1696-1718 ◽

Cited By ~ 2489

Author(s):

Sergio M. Vicente-Serrano ◽

Santiago Beguería ◽

Juan I. López-Moreno

Keyword(s):

Global Warming ◽

Water Balance ◽

Drought Index ◽

Standardized Precipitation Index ◽

Severity Index ◽

Drought Severity ◽

Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index ◽

Drought Assessment ◽

The Standardized Precipitation Index

Abstract The authors propose a new climatic drought index: the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI). The SPEI is based on precipitation and temperature data, and it has the advantage of combining multiscalar character with the capacity to include the effects of temperature variability on drought assessment. The procedure to calculate the index is detailed and involves a climatic water balance, the accumulation of deficit/surplus at different time scales, and adjustment to a log-logistic probability distribution. Mathematically, the SPEI is similar to the standardized precipitation index (SPI), but it includes the role of temperature. Because the SPEI is based on a water balance, it can be compared to the self-calibrated Palmer drought severity index (sc-PDSI). Time series of the three indices were compared for a set of observatories with different climate characteristics, located in different parts of the world. Under global warming conditions, only the sc-PDSI and SPEI identified an increase in drought severity associated with higher water demand as a result of evapotranspiration. Relative to the sc-PDSI, the SPEI has the advantage of being multiscalar, which is crucial for drought analysis and monitoring.

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The Assessment of Climate Change Impact on Meteorological Draught Susceptability on Sampean Watershed

BERKALA SAINSTEK ◽

10.19184/bst.v9i4.25065 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 146

Author(s):

Masita Ratih ◽

Gusfan Halik ◽

Retno Utami Agung Wiyono

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Atmospheric Circulation ◽

Drought Index ◽

Standardized Precipitation Index ◽

Assessment Method ◽

Precipitation Index ◽

Climate Change Scenarios ◽

Change Impact ◽

The Standardized Precipitation Index ◽

The Impact

Drought disasters that occur in the Sampean watershed from time to time have increased, both the intensity of events and the area affected by drought. The general objective of this research is to develop an assessment method for the impact of climate chan ge on vulnerability to drought disasters based on atmospheric circulation data. The specific objectives of this study are to model rainfall predictions based on atmospheric circulation data, predict rainfall in various climate change scenarios (Intergovernm ental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC – AR5), and assess vulnerability to drought disasters using a meteorological approach. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is one way to analyze the drought index in an area which was developed previous researcher. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is designed to quantitatively determine the rainfall deficit with various time scales. The advantage of the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is that it is enough to use monthly rainfall data to compare drou ght levels between regions even with different climate types. To facilitate the presentation of the data base on the identification of d rought susceptibility, we need a system that can assist in building, storing, managing and displaying geographically ref erenced information in the form of spatial mapping. This research facilitates monitoring of the area of drought-prone areas, predicts drought levels, prevents future drought disasters, and prepares plans for rebuilding drought-prone areas in the Sampean watershed.

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Drought Assessment Based on Fused Satellite and Station Precipitation Data: An Example from the Chengbi River Basin, China

ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information ◽

10.3390/ijgi11010048 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 48

Author(s):

Chongxun Mo ◽

Xuechen Meng ◽

Yuli Ruan ◽

Yafang Wang ◽

Xingbi Lei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

River Basin ◽

Cumulative Distribution Function ◽

Standardized Precipitation Index ◽

Cumulative Distribution ◽

Precipitation Data ◽

Drought Assessment ◽

Lack Of Information ◽

Complex Calculation ◽

The Standardized Precipitation Index

Drought poses a significant constraint on economic development. Drought assessment using the standardized precipitation index (SPI) uses only precipitation data, eliminating other redundant and complex calculation processes. However, the sparse stations in southwest China and the lack of information on actual precipitation measurements make drought assessment highly dependent on satellite precipitation data whose accuracy cannot be guaranteed. Fortunately, the Chengbi River Basin in Baise City is rich in station precipitation data. In this paper, based on the evaluation of the accuracy of IMERG precipitation data, geographically weighted regression (GWR), geographic difference analysis (GDA), and cumulative distribution function (CDF) are used to fuse station precipitation data and IMERG precipitation data, and finally, the fused precipitation data with the highest accuracy are selected to evaluate the drought situation. The results indicate that the accuracy of IMERG precipitation data needs to be improved, and the quality of CDF-fused precipitation data is higher than the other two. The drought analysis indicated that the Chengbi River Basin is in a cyclical drought and flood situation, and from October to December 2014, the SPI was basically between +1 and −1, showing a spatial pattern of slight flooding, normal conditions, and slight drought.

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Drought planning and management: experience in the Seyhan River Basin, Turkey

Water Policy ◽

10.2166/wp.2016.019 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 18 (S2) ◽

pp. 177-209 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ismail Kaan Tuncok

Keyword(s):

River Basin ◽

Eastern Mediterranean ◽

Methodological Approach ◽

Standardized Precipitation Index ◽

Agricultural Drought ◽

Drought Indices ◽

Drought Planning ◽

Planning And Management ◽

Drought Conditions ◽

The Standardized Precipitation Index

The focus of this study was to integrate drought planning and management into local and regional decision-making processes in the Seyhan River Basin, which is the second-largest basin after the Nile in the Eastern Mediterranean and agriculturally one of the most productive regions in Turkey and Europe. The methodological approach consisted of two steps: Step 1 – review and analyse historical data sets to evaluate and characterize water resources and drought-driven elements; Step 2 – evaluate drought indices to characterize drought conditions through use of the Standardized Precipitation Index and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index. Historical and future expected drought periods were identified in the context of hydrologic, meteorologic and agricultural drought conditions.

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