scholarly journals Increased information on waterborne outbreaks through efficient notification system enforces actions towards safe drinking water

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 763-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Outi Zacheus ◽  
Ilkka T. Miettinen
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Outbreak Detection ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Notification System ◽  
The Past ◽  
Health Target ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Private Wells ◽  
Compulsory Notification

In 1997, a compulsory notification system for waterborne outbreaks was introduced in Finland. The main aim of this notification is to obtain immediate information on suspected waterborne outbreaks in order to restrict and manage the outbreak promptly. During the past ten years, there have been 67 waterborne outbreaks in Finland, mainly associated with small groundwater supplies or private wells. The number of reported waterborne outbreaks has increased since the launch of the notification system indicating that the threshold limit of outbreak detection has most probably decreased. The number of cases of illness has fulfilled the national health target, which is below 0.01% of the population, but more action is still needed to ensure the production of safe drinking water under all circumstances. Ten years accumulation of knowledge on outbreaks has revealed that a compulsory notification system is an effective tool to gather information on waterborne outbreaks. The system has also increased awareness of possible problems related to the quality of drinking water. This article summarises management and legislative actions and policy measures taken so far in Finland to reduce the number of outbreaks and cases of illness related to them.

scholarly journals SCIENTIFIC AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS AND PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE FOR THE FORMATION OF THE EVIDENTIAL BASE OF HAZARD TO HEALTH IN THE POPULATION IN THE ZONE OF INFLUENCE OF WASTE FROM THE PAST ECONOMIC ACTIVITY

2019 ◽  
Vol 96 (11) ◽  
pp. 1038-1044 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. V. Zaitseva ◽  
Irina V. May ◽  
S. V. Klein ◽  
S. S. Khankharev ◽  
A. A. Boloshinova
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Morbidity Rate ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
The Past ◽  
Zone Of Influence

There are described an algorithm and methods for collecting the evidential base for causing hazard to the health of the population of Zakamensk (the Republic of Buryatia) in the zone of influence of the waste of the past activities of the Dzhidinsky tungsten-molybdenum combine. The source of danger is lying sands, containing a complex of toxic heavy metals - lead, cadmium, manganese, nickel, chromium, etc. The algorithm for the formation of the evidential base included: a general analysis of the sanitary and hygienic situation; assessment in the dynamics of the quality of atmospheric air, drinking water, soil, food; assessment of the risk to the health of the population; epidemiological studies; in-depth clinical surveys of a representative group of city residents (280 people). In the blood of the examinees, heavy metals were identified as biological markers of the exposure. There was evaluated a complex of the response (effect) adequate to effects of laboratory markers. By methods of mathematical statistics there was established the presence of reliable relationships in the system “source of hazard - the quality of the environment - exposure to risk factors - health status.” The hazard to the health of a citizen, due to the negative impact of the factor, was considered to be proven if it was possible to build a continuous step-by-step logical chain of relationships between the source of the harmful effect, the quality of the habitat and the establishment of the fact of the disease. The quality of the habitat of the population of Zakamensk was shown to give rise in unacceptable risks to the health of residents. The main influencing factor is the pollution of atmospheric air, local food products and drinking water from public and private wells. Risks are realized in terms of a level of the primary morbidity rate of the population of the respiratory diseases, endocrine system, digestive organs that is relatively high compared to the matched area. The relationship between health hazard and environmental factors has been fully proved in 14% of the surveyed persons. At the same time, the territory was shown not be characterized as a zone of “ecological disaster” or “an emergency environmental situation”.

scholarly journals Common themes contributing to recent drinking water disease outbreaks in affluent nations

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 1767-1777 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Hrudey ◽  
E. J. Hrudey
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Disease Outbreak ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Waterborne Disease ◽  
George Santayana ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recent Outbreak

Abstract New Zealand experienced its largest waterborne disease outbreak in modern history in August 2016 with 5,500 cases and four fatalities. This recent outbreak is one of 24 drinking-waterborne disease outbreaks in affluent nations that have been reported in the scientific literature since the infamous Walkerton, Ontario, Canada fatal outbreak (2,300 cases, seven fatalities) in May 2000. These disasters were all eminently preventable given the economic and intellectual resources existing in the countries where they occurred. These outbreaks are analysed according to major recurring themes, including: complacency, naiveté and ignorance, failure to learn from experience and chemophobia. Lessons that can be learned to improve preventive approaches for ensuring safe drinking water are based on an extensive and authentic body of evidence in support of meaningful improvements. Philosopher George Santayana captured this need with his famous quote: ‘Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.’

scholarly journals Photocatalytic Enhancement for Solar Disinfection of Water: A Review

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Anthony Byrne ◽  
Pilar A. Fernandez-Ibañez ◽  
Patrick S. M. Dunlop ◽  
Dheaya M. A. Alrousan ◽  
Jeremy W. J. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Developing Regions ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Semiconductor Photocatalysis ◽  
Solar Disinfection ◽  
Clean Drinking Water

It is estimated that 884 million people lack access to improved water supplies. Many more are forced to rely on supplies that are microbiologically unsafe, resulting in a higher risk of waterborne diseases, including typhoid, hepatitis, polio, and cholera. Due to poor sanitation and lack of clean drinking water, there are around 4 billion cases of diarrhea each year resulting in 2.2 million deaths, most of these are children under five. While conventional interventions to improve water supplies are effective, there is increasing interest in household-based interventions to produce safe drinking water at an affordable cost for developing regions. Solar disinfection (SODIS) is a simple and low cost technique used to disinfect drinking water, where water is placed in transparent containers and exposed to sunlight for 6 hours. There are a number of parameters which affect the efficacy of SODIS, including the solar irradiance, the quality of the water, and the nature of the contamination. One approach to SODIS enhancement is the use of semiconductor photocatalysis to produce highly reactive species that can destroy organic pollutants and inactivate water pathogens. This paper presents a critical review concerning semiconductor photocatalysis as a potential enhancement technology for solar disinfection of water.

scholarly journals AQUIFER CHARACTERIZATION AND PHYSIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF DISTRICT DERA GHAZI KHAN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 47-57
Author(s):  
Waqas Shafiq ◽  
Hadayat Ullah ◽  
Muhammad Zaheer ◽  
Mubashir Mehmood ◽  
Umer Farooq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Groundwater Pollution ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Aquifer Characterization ◽  
Alluvial Deposits ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Salt Flats

The study area is located in the arid section of Punjab province, Pakistan. The accessibility of freshwater is the main problem in this area. The area is mainly flat and alluvial deposits are present down to 800 m. The groundwater is not fit for drinking because of its salinity. Hence, it is essential to mark the transition between fresh water and saltwater. Resistivity models were used to locate freshwater areas. The saltwater areas are between 10 and 30 m deep. Salt flats and clayrich deposits are visible on resistivity maps and were identified by low resistance values. After linking resistivity data and maps, it is determined that the south portion of the area has a freshwater aquifer, especially at a depth of 200 m. At this depth, the quality of water is very good, regardless of its mild salinity in some areas. The margin between salty and freshwater is set to no degree. This is dependent upon the recharge and usage of an aquifer. Groundwater pollution poses a severe threat to the city’s residents. Results from the physio-chemical analysis of the water samples confirm the presence of arsenic in excessive amounts in water samples and are outside the limits set by the WHO and NDWQS. Just two out of 10 samples are within the limits for safe drinking water. The results of this research are valued for groundwater management and the installation of tubular wells in freshwater areas for households and irrigation purposes.

scholarly journals Microbiological quality of well water from Koprivnica-Križevci County in 2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
Sanja Furmeg ◽  
Lana Feher Turković ◽  
Ana Mojsović-Ćuić ◽  
Vesna Jaki Tkalec ◽  
Maja Kiš
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Well Water ◽  
The Public ◽  
Enterococcus Spp ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Microbiological Parameters ◽  
Private Wells

In this study, microbiological quality of drinking water deriving from the private wells from Koprivnica-Križevci County was investigated. A total of 287 samples from different locations were collected during 2018 and analysed for the following microbiological parameters: total coliforms, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., Clostridium perfringens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the number of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria at 36 °C and 22 °C. The results showed that 24 % of the analysed water samples were of unsatisfactory microbiological quality, with high incidence of faecal contamination. Well water is still the main source of drinking water for many residents of this County, especially in its rural parts, so continuous monitoring and disinfection of drinking water deriving from private wells is of exceptional importance for the public health.

scholarly journals Groundwater Arsenic Contamination in West Bengal: Current Scenario, Effects and Probable Ways of Mitigation

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 45-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanmoy Kumar Dey ◽  
Priya Banerjee ◽  
Madhurima Bakshi ◽  
Abhirupa Kar ◽  
Somdeep Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Essential Step ◽  
The Past ◽  
Groundwater Arsenic ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
Mind Set

During the past two decades, Arsenic (As) contamination via groundwater has become a serious issue worldwide and is now a major concern in the Indo-Bangladesh Gangetic delta. Arsenic enters human body through contaminated groundwater consumed as drinking water. Food safety in this region is also facing severe consequences as bio-accumulation of Arsenic is occurring in food crops irrigated with As-contaminated water. Chronic exposure to Arsenic can cause not only cancerous and non-cancer health effects. Reports suggest that about 20 % population in West Bengal is highly affected. Various techniques are being introduced to provide arsenic-free drinking water at an affordable cost. But a rigorous change in habit and mind set for procuring safe drinking water in those surviving in As-contaminated zones is the most essential step towards curbing the fatal consequences of As exposure. Harvesting rain water and utilization of proper purification techniques can be considered a possible alternative of safe drinking water.

GROUND WATER AND PUBLIC HEALTH: A NEW SHALLOW WELL TECHNOLOGY TO PROVIDE SAFE DRINKING WATER FOR PRIVATE WELLS

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Belaval ◽  
◽  
Joseph D. Ayotte ◽  
Ian Carlisle ◽  
Ryan P. Gordon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Private Wells

scholarly journals Assessment of Drinking Water Quality of Different Areas in Tehsil Isa Khel, Mianwali, Punjab, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 376-387
Author(s):  
Hizbullah Khan ◽  
Muhammad Najeeb Khan ◽  
Muhammad Sirajuddin ◽  
Syed Muhammad Salman ◽  
Muhammad Bilal
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Ultimate Result ◽  
Very High

Water samples were collected from 43 sites of Tehsil Isa Khel areas in order to determine the physicochemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, M. alkalinity, chloride ion (Cl- ), and fluoride ion (F-) concentration. The obtained results show that in Tehsil Isa Khel, only in Kala Bagh city, Kala Bagh water scheme (w/s), Tola Bangi Khel w/s, Kot Chandna, Awan Wala, Gidran Wala, and Cheena Pora water is drinkable. Overall, electrical conductivity, hardness, total alkalinity, chloride, fluoride levels in the water of Tehsil Isa Khel are very high and not fit for drinking, washing, and industrial purpose. The ultimate result of this study is helpful to address the leading cause of public health problems related to the deteriorated quality of drinking water, and an integrated approach is therefore required to provide safe drinking water to people in Tehsil Isa Khel.

scholarly journals Quantitative assessment of the health risk, associated with drinking water quality in the Gusinoozersk industrial hub

2021 ◽  
Vol 885 (1) ◽  
pp. 012055
Author(s):  
I D Ulzetueva ◽  
B O Gomboev ◽  
D Ts-D Zhamyanov ◽  
V V Khakhinov ◽  
N B Gomboeva
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressure ◽  
The Past ◽  
Hydrochemical Studies ◽  
Public Health Hazards ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Almost All

Abstract Drinking water, as one of the main components of the habitat, determines human health and quality of life. In the past few decades, almost all water sources, both surface and underground, have been subject to intensive anthropogenic and technogenic impact. Lake Gusinoye, which is the main source of drinking water supply to adjacent settlements, is experiencing significant anthropogenic pressure. Based on the results of hydrochemical studies, the toxic effect of heavy metals on the population health, resulting from the consumption of drinking water of the centralised water supply from Gusinoye Lake, was considered. The results of a quantitative assessment of public health hazards showed that the risk of non-carcinogenic (toxic) effects is high in the territory of the Gusinoozersk industrial hub.

scholarly journals Ascertaining the Bacteriological Quality of Water Drawn from Cast and Non-cast Wells in Zaria, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 34-43
Author(s):  
Danjuma, Florence Yachim ◽  
Onaji, Ajegba Innocent ◽  
Ocheme Julius Okojokwu ◽  
Danladi Yakubu Papi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Internal Wall ◽  
Bacterial Counts ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Bacteriological Quality

Lack of access to safe drinking water is a threat to public health and wellbeing of the people as it exposes them to risk of waterborne diseases. This study assessed the bacteriological quality of well water samples obtained from Zaria communities and compared the level of contamination between wells with internal wall casting (cast wells) and wells without internal wall casting (non-cast wells). Water samples from 142 wells were collected for a period of six months encompassing both rainy and dry seasons (July to September for rainy season and November to January for dry season). The water samples were collected and analysed for faecal contamination using membrane filtration technique. The water samples contained high density of bacterial counts ranging from 1.73x103±2.73x102 – 2.02x102±1.85x102cfu/100ml during the raining season and 4.17x102±3.07x101 – 1.39x103±3.27x102cfu/100ml during the dry season. Coliforms and E. coli were present in all the samples with  total coliform counts ranging from 1.06 x 103 – 2.12 x 104 cfu/100 ml and E. coli counts ranging from 5.10 X 102 – 5.0 X 104 cfu/100 ml Counts were higher during the raining season in all the locations compared to the dry season. Faecal coliform counts were higher in wells without casting (91.9%) compare to wells with casting (91.2%) while E. coli counts were higher in wells with casting (77.9%) compared to wells without casting (66.2%). There was no significant difference in the bacterial counts between cast and non-cast wells (p-values were all greater than 0.05).A total of 168 organisms were isolated from this study and they include; E. coli(48.3%), Klebsiella pnuemonaie(11.8%), Klebsiella ozanae(13.2%), Enterobacter agglomerans(11.8%), Enterobacter gergoviae(14.7%), Enterobacter aerogenes (8.8%), Citrobacter freundii(8.8%), Proteus mirabilis (5.9%), Serratia liquefaciens(10.3%) and Acinetobacter lwoffii (2.9%). E. coliwas isolated more frequently (48.3%) compared to other species and was more frequent in non-cast wells (50.0%) compared to cast wells (47.1%). Other species were more frequent in cast wells. The bacteria isolated from this study are mostly of enteric origin; these organisms acquire public health significance under certain conditions, therefore, their removal in drinking water should be given moderate priority. The wells in this study fail to meet the minimum standard for safe drinking water and are therefore not safe for domestic purposes especially for drinking purpose without adequate treatment.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document