scholarly journals Neighborhood diversity of potentially pathogenic bacteria in drinking water from the city of Maroua, Cameroon

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Healy-Profitós ◽  
Seungjun Lee ◽  
Arabi Mouhaman ◽  
Rebecca Garabed ◽  
Mark Moritz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Source Tracking ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Human Hand ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Storage Containers

This study examined the spatial variation of potential gastrointestinal pathogens within drinking water sources and home storage containers in four neighborhoods in Maroua, Cameroon. Samples were collected from source (n= 28) and home containers (n= 60) in each study neighborhood. Pathogen contamination was assessed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, targeting Campylobacter spp., Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (virulence genes, stx1 and stx2), and Salmonella spp. Microbial source tracking (MST) targeted three different host-specific markers: HF183 (human), Rum2Bac (ruminant) and GFD (poultry) to identify contamination sources. Staphylococcus aureus and the tetracycline-resistance gene (tetQ) were assessed to measure human hand contact and presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Pathogen/MST levels were compared statistically and spatially, and neighborhood variation was compared with previously collected demographic information. All the test fecal markers and pathogens (except Arcobacter) were detected in home and source samples. Two neighborhoods tested positive for most pathogens/MST while the others only tested positive for one or two. Spatial variation of pathogens/MST existed between sources, storage containers, and neighborhoods. Differing population density and ethno-economic characteristics could potentially explain variation. Future research should explore the influence of demographic and ethno-economic factors on water quality during microbial risk assessments in urban Africa.

scholarly journals Identification and Antibiogram Studies of Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated From Drinking Water (Unpackaged) In Chittagong City, Bangladesh

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-153
Author(s):  
Afra Nawer Maesha ◽  
Lolo Wal Marzan ◽  
Yasmin Akter
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
16S Rdna ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Lacz Gene ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Rdna Sequencing

Drinking water (unpackaged) samples were collected from twenty roadside shops of different locations in Chittagong metropolitan area, where physicochemical parameters (pH, TDS, temperature) were not exceeded WHO prescribed range in most cases. TVC, TCC, TFCC, TSC, Salmonella spp. and Vibrio spp. were found  contaminated as 85%, 70%, 50%, 20%, 30% and 75%, respectively. All the bacterial isolates (n=43) were found positive for 16S rDNA gene, while 12 isolates were coliform positive identified by lacZ gene amplification. Nine bacterial genera were finally identified depending on biochemical characteristics and two of them were further confirmed by 16S rDNA sequencing. Escherichia coli, Citrobacter spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae and Vibrio cholerae were resistant to amoxicillin, where all the bacterial isolates exhibited sensitivity to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, imipenam and levofloxacin. Presence of human pathogenic and antibiotic resistant bacteria in unpackaged drinking water, suggested for increasing regular monitoring and public awareness to ensure public health safety Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 42, No. 2, 137-153, 2018

Comparing antibiotic resistance in commensal and pathogenic bacteria isolated from wild-caught South Carolina shrimps vs. farm-raised imported shrimps

2007 ◽  
Vol 53 (7) ◽  
pp. 919-924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kavitha Boinapally ◽  
Xiuping Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Vibrio Vulnificus ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Plate Counts

The objective of this study was to assess and differentiate wild-caught South Carolina (SC) shrimps from imported shrimps on the basis of microbiological analysis. Seven wild-caught SC shrimp and 13 farm-raised imported shrimp samples were analyzed. Total plate counts from wild-caught shrimp samples ranged from 4.3 to 7.0 log10 CFU/g, whereas counts from imported shrimp samples ranged from 3.2 to 5.7 log10 CFU/g. There was no difference (P > 0.05) between total bacterial counts of wild-caught SC shrimp and farm-raised imported shrimp. However, the percentages of bacteria with reduced susceptibility towards ceftriaxone and tetracycline were higher (P < 0.05) for farm-raised shrimp than for wild-caught samples. Salmonella spp. detected only in one farm-raised sample was resistant to ampicillin, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, streptomycin, and trimethoprim. Vibrio vulnificus was detected in both wild-caught and farm-raised shrimp samples; however, only the isolate from farm-raised shrimp was resistant to nalidixic acid and trimethoprim. Escherichia coli detected in one wild-caught sample was resistant to ampicillin. Both Listeria spp. and Salmonella spp. were absent with wild-caught SC samples. Therefore, the presence of more ceftriaxone- and tetracycline-resistant bacteria and the observed antimicrobial resistance phenotypes of isolates from the imported shrimp may reflect the possible use of antibiotics in raising shrimp in those countries.

scholarly journals Control of microbial contamination in drinking water from microfiltering dispensers by dialysis ultrafilters

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Bolelli ◽  
Elida Nora Ferri ◽  
Stefano Girotti
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Tap water filtering devices are widely employed to improve odor and taste of tap water, or to obtain refrigerated or sparkling drinking water. The presence of disinfectants-resistant bacteria in tap water is responsible of the biofilm formation inside tubes and tanks. The consequent contamination of dispensed water is a well-known hygiene problem because of the quite constant presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria likes P. aeruginosa. In this study, we tested the technical feasibility and effectiveness of the addition to different commercial devices of a packaged polysulphone fibers filter. We aimed to find a simple solution to implement the quality of the delivered water. Water contamination levels were determined in a wide selection of microfiltered water dispensers and we selected among them a representative group of 10 devices, new or in use. The packaged ultrafilter was introduced in about half of them, to monitor, when possible, in parallel the contamination levels and flow rate of a couple of identical units, with and without the filter. The placement of the dialysis filters resulted feasible at different positions along the water circuits of the variously designed filtration units. Delivered water resulted completely free from bacteria when the filter was placed exactly at, or very close to, the outlet in spite of the inner surfaces contamination. This performance was not obtained in presence of a more or less long tract of water circuits downstream the ultrafilter: a significant but not complete reduction of the plate count numbers was observed. The filters worked in continue over the whole study period, ten months, showing exactly the same efficiency. Moreover, the flow rate in presence of the filter was quite unaffected. The addition of this kind of filter to already in use water dispensers was technically easy, and its use can be recommended in all cases a simple but reliable water sanitization is requested.

scholarly journals Sources of microbiological contamination in sachet water from Ghana

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-208
Author(s):  
Asli Aslan ◽  
Haresh Rochani ◽  
Oghenekpaobor Oyibo ◽  
J. Edward Dotherow ◽  
Kendall W. Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Source Tracking ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Sewage Contamination ◽  
Sachet Water

Abstract Sachet water is one of the primary sources of drinking water in rapidly growing countries. A study to assess the microbiological quality of sachet water in 21 different brands was conducted in Ghana. Culturable total coliform was positive in 87% of the samples collected, where Escherichia coli colonies were absent. The analysis of quantitative polymerase chain reaction results indicated the presence of E. coli genes in 44.6% of the samples, with the highest concentration up to 3,166 CCE/100 ml. Microbial source tracking analyses showed that the source of E. coli genes did not originate from sewage contamination because the human-associated HF183 marker was not detected. Of the 175 samples tested, 71% did not mention any water treatment before filling the packages. These results suggest non-human sources of contamination, such as biofilm formation in the pipelines used to fill these packages due to poor disinfection. Our study shows an urgent need for increased regulation and standardized manufacturing of sachet water to ensure safe drinking water.

scholarly journals Inhibitory Effect of Bacteriophages Isolated from Sewage Water in the City of Kirkuk on some Types of Human Pathogenic Bacteria

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 727-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Sewage Water ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
New Antibiotics ◽  
The City

Most approaches to combat antibiotic resistant bacteria concentrate on discovering new antibiotics or modifying existing ones. However, one of the most promising alternatives is the use of bacteriophages. This study was focused on the isolation of bacteriophages that are specific to some of commonly human pathogens namely E. coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp. and Klebsiella pneumoniae. These bacteriophages were isolated from sewages that were collected from four different locations in Kirkuk City. Apart from S. pyogenes, bacteriophages specific to all tested bacteria were successfully isolated and tested for their effectiveness by spot test. The most effective bacteriophages that were isolated from sewages and sewage water of Al-Jumhori Hospital compared to other sites. It is concluded that the sewage water of hospitals represents a perfect environment for these bacteriophages.

scholarly journals Assessment of the microbiological quality of beverages sold in collective cafes on the campuses of the University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin Republic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwladys S. Komagbe ◽  
Philippe Sessou ◽  
François Dossa ◽  
Prudencio Sossa-Minou ◽  
Bernard Taminiau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Compliance Rate ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Test ◽  
Aerobic Flora

Fresh juices are highly nutritious foods for human beings, but the inability to observe requirements for their preparation, packaging and storage subjects them to microbial contamination which poses a potential health risk to consumers. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of beverages sold within the cafes of the campuses of Abomey-Calavi University (Benin). A survey carried out among beverage vendors showed that the sources of contamination were uncontrolled and the raw materials used were of questionable quality as the operators lacked good hygienic practices. Thus, the microbial quality of forty-five samples of four types of beverages sold in these cafes was investigated for mesophilic aerobic flora, Coliforms, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, sulfate-reducing anaerobic spores, fungal flora and Salmonella spp. using standardized methods. Then, molecular studies identified the pathogenic strains isolated from the beverages. An antibiotic susceptibility test was performed on the strains identified for the detection of multi-resistant bacteria. These analyses revealed a non-compliance rate of 100% in the analyzed samples. The indicators that caused this non-compliance in the samples were mesophilic aerobic flora, coliforms and fungi. In addition, 85.7% of the samples contained other Enterobacteriaceae including Klebsiella pneumoniae, Morganella morganii, Kluyvera georgiana, Citrobacter murliniae, Yersinia intermedia. While the non-compliance rates of the samples for Salmonella spp and E.coli were 4.4% each, the non-compliance rate for S. aureus was 2.2% with the presence of sometimes multi-resistant pathogenic bacteria. Sellers' awareness of good hygiene practices is important for improving the quality of food sold.

Comparative study Antibacterial Activity of some Medicinal Plants Extracts ( leaves and Peel ) against some Multi-drug Resistant Bacteria from Clinical Isolates

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (o3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam , Mansoor Mathkoor ◽  
Noor Abd- ulamer Oda ◽  
Zahraa Sabbar Omran3
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Yersinia Enterocolitica ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Alcoholic Extract ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Strong Activity ◽  
Inhibition Zones

The study was conducted of tested the effect of three aqueous and alcoholic extract of medicinal plants from (Ziziphus spina-christi , Punica granatum L. and Eucalyptus camaldulensis ) 100 mg/ ml concentration and the sensitivity of to nine Antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, Azithromycin, Augmentin, Amoxicillin+Clavulanic Acid, Ceftazidime, Vancomycin,Tobramycin (10 μg), Tobramycin(5μg), Ampicillin) against 20 antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria isolate by using Mueller-Hinton Agar (MHA) well diffusion method. Antibacterial activity of alcoholic (ethanoll) extraction represented by inhibition zones diameters of three medicinal plants showed strong activity comparison of aqueous extracts , Especially in the pomegranate extract as the proportion of sensitive bacteria 40% and 25% in Eucalyptus camaldolehsis leaves And less inhibitory in the alcoholic extract of Ziziphus spina-christi as estimated (5%). The ethanolic extracts of Pomegranate Peel have shown an interesting activity against Yersinia enterocolitica , Salmonella spp ,and Brucella abortus with inhibition zones diameters of 30.0, 27.0 and 25.0 mm, respectively. Ciprofloxacin, was the most effective antibiotics against almost all the studied pathogenic bacteria and less resistance to other types. It is worth mentioning the existence of results showing the efficacy of plant extracts in inhibiting bacteria resistant to all and many types of antibiotics used in this study such Staphylococcus aureus HM , Shigella spp ,Enterobacter spp, Salmonella spp T,Salmonella spp, Yersinia enterocolitica ,Listeria monocytogenus.

scholarly journals Spatial and temporal distribution of faecal indicators and multidrug resistant bacteria in a multiple-use freshwater lake: the case of Lake Hawassa, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deresse Daka ◽  
◽  
Hunachew Beyene ◽  
Simachew Dires ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Entry Points ◽  
Shigella Spp ◽  
The City

Background: Aquatic environments close to cities are frequently used as sources for water and at the same time overloaded with a variety of pollutants either through direct or indirect discharges of untreated wastes and sewage. This condition is also worsened by the indiscriminate disposal of untreated wastes and sewage vigorously into used water. Sewage contaminated waters are known to carry microorganisms, some of which are pathogenic to humans. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the extent of temporal and spatial levels of microbial pollution and sources of pollution in Lake Hawassa. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Lake Hawassa, which was sampled twice during 2017. A total of 26 samples of lake water were collected from 14 stations using a boat. Entry points of incoming streams, waste receiving sites, and areas upstream of anthropogenic impact, recreational and bathing sites were considered. Microbiological characterisation was performed using selective media and basic biochemical tests. Antibiotic sensitivity was tested with different antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer agar disk diffusion method. Result: All samples were positive for pathogenic bacteria, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Enterobacteriaceae were the most common bacteria identified from the samples, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp, Shigella spp, Proteus spp and Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus. The predominant bacteria found in the samples include E. coli, which constituted 22/26 (84.6%) of the total samples, followed by Salmonella and Shigella spp. All bacterial isolates were resistant to penicillin and ampicillin. The Salmonella spp were sensitive only to norfloxacin and gentamicin. Conclusion: A spatial variation with the occurrence of bacterial isolates has been observed. High concentrations and many different species were found in areas of human activities and in areas receiving direct pollutants from the city. This study revealed that multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogenic bacteria are found in Lake Hawassa. There is a possibility of outbreak of diseases associated with the isolated antibiotic-resistant pathogens for which the antibiotic resistance genes are transportable within aquatic bacterial communities. We recommend that the city administration take care of the municipal wastewater or effluents from healthcare facilities that enter the lake. It is also recommended that the government take steps to control anthropogenic activities near the water body.

scholarly journals Incidence of antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria in vegetable items sold by local and super shops in Dhaka city

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Kabir ◽  
Ashish Kumar Das ◽  
Md Shahidul Kabir
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Dhaka City ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Pseudomonas Spp ◽  
Vegetable Samples

The present study was carried out to investigate the microbiological quality and antibiotic resistance patterns of pathogenic bacteria isolated from vegetable samples. A total of 14 vegetable samples, 7 from local and 7 from super shops, were randomly collected from different locations of Dhaka city. Concentrations of total heterotrophic bacteria, total coliform, faecal coliform, Pseudomonas spp., Listeria spp. and Staphylococcus aureus were enumerated from each sample by serial dilution and spread plate technique. Presence of Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. and Vibrio spp. were determined by enrichment and selective plating methods. Antibiotic sensitivity patterns of the isolated bacteria were determined using Imipenem (10 ?g), Ceftriaxone (30 ?g), Sulphamethoxazole (25 ?g), Ampicillin (10 ?g), Gentamicin (10 ?g), Aztreonam (30 ?g), Cefuroxime (30 ?g) and Oxacillin (5 ?g) antibiotic discs. The local market vegetables showed higher proportions of E. coli (4/7, 57.14%) but the super shop vegetables showed higher proportions of Pseudomonas spp. (5/7, 71.42%) and Listeria spp. (5/7, 71.42%). Pathogenic bacteria isolated form the super shops showed increased resistance against (5/8, 62.5%) antibiotics tested against the pathogenic bacteria. Contamination of vegetables by a range of pathogenic bacteria in local and super market vegetables is a serious threat to public health if they are consumed raw or unprocessed. Higher antibiotic resistance in pathogens isolated form supermarket vegetables needs to be investigated in order to monitor and control spread of infections with drug resistant bacteria. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sjm.v4i1.22755 Stamford Journal of Microbiology, Vol.4(1) 2014: 13-18

Analysis of Coliform and Colifecal Total Pollution Test on Various Types of Drinking Water Using the MPN (Most Probable Number) Method

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanda Aulya ◽  
Fadhliani Fadhliani ◽  
Vivi Mardina
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Inspection Method ◽  
Sample Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Fecal Coliform Bacteria

Water is the main source for life and also the most severe substance caused by pollution. The mandatory parameters for determining microbiological quality of drinking water are total non-fecal Coliform bacteria and Coliform fecal (Escherichia coli). Coliform bacteria are a group of microorganisms commonly used as indicators, where these bacteria can be a signal to determine whether a water source has been contaminated by bacteria or not, while fecal Coliform bacteria are indicator bacteria polluting pathogenic bacteria originating from human feces and warm-blooded animals (mammals) . The water inspection method in this study uses the MPN (Most Probable Number) method which consists of 3 tests, namely, the presumption test, the affirmation test, and the reinforcement test. The results showed that of 15 drinking water samples 8 samples were tested positive for Coliform bacteria with the highest total bacterial value of sample number 1, 15 (210/100 ml), while 7 other samples were negative. From 8 positive Coliform samples only 1 sample was stated to be negative fecal Coliform bacteria and 7 other samples were positive for Coliform fecal bacteria with the highest total bacterial value of sample number 1 (210/100 ml).

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