scholarly journals Quality and year-round availability of water delivered by improved water points in rural Tanzania: effects on coverage

Water Policy ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Jiménez Fernández de Palencia ◽  
A. Pérez-Foguet
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Point Mapping ◽  
Rural Districts ◽  
Rural Tanzania ◽  
Water Point ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Basic Quality ◽  
The One

This paper reports the findings of three water point mapping (WPM) studies carried out in three rural districts of Tanzania covering 3,363 water points. The methodology was designed to estimate the influence that consideration of the quality of the water supplied and the year-round functionality of each water point would have on each district's coverage figures. To this end, the study included measurements of basic quality parameters (692 analyses) and characterisation of the year-round continuity of service, in addition to the data collected in standard WPM campaigns. Both the quality and year-round continuity results were analysed in a disaggregated form by water point technology. The results show that 22% of the improved water points analysed had more than 10 CFU (colony-forming units)/100 ml of water and 19% were seasonal. Moreover, water service coverage in the districts studied fell 40% on average when quality and year-round continuity were considered. There is a strong need to include these basic factors in the minimum standards to be delivered and monitored in rural areas. Simple and efficient methodologies for including quality and year-round continuity measurements in the information routines, such as the one presented here, are a necessary step to this end.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Impact of Sewage Storage Ponds on the Water Environment in Surrounding Area

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Kairat Ospanov ◽  
Timur Rakhimov ◽  
Menlibai Myrzakhmetov ◽  
Dariusz Andraka
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Groundwater Aquifer ◽  
Sewage Ponds ◽  
Basic Quality ◽  
The Impact

The paper presents the results of research on the environmental impact of sewage ponds serving the city of Kostanay (Kazakhstan). The scope of the research included the determination of basic quality parameters of raw and treated wastewater, an analysis of the chemical composition of groundwater in the vicinity of sewage ponds, and the analysis of the water quality of the Tobol River. The obtained results indicate that sewage from storage ponds, infiltrating into the ground, caused groundwater pollution in the area of about 100 km2 around the reservoirs. Due to the fact that the groundwater aquifer in the vicinity of sewage ponds feeds the Tobol River, it also affects water quality in the river, which does not meet the requirements for most of the analyzed parameters.

scholarly journals The synergetic effects of a harvesting and conservation method designed for small producers on the quality parameters of the produced olive oil.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eddy Plasquy ◽  
María del Carmen Florido ◽  
Gregorio Blanco-Roldan ◽  
José María García-Martos
Keyword(s):  
Olive Oil ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
First Year ◽  
Specific Storage ◽  
Quality Product ◽  
The One ◽  
Small Producers ◽  
Conservation Method ◽  
Conservation Factor

The production of ‘Premium’ olive oil depends in a large part on the quality of the fruit. Small producers see themselves confronted with vast investments and logistic snags when they intend to optimize the harvesting. Today, manual harvesting devices promise less damaged fruit when compared to the traditional methods with nets while the use of a cooling room on the farm is suggested as a solution when the harvesting needs to be stretched out over several days. The use of a manual inverted umbrella during the harvest, together with a storage up to 14 days at 5 °C at a family farm, was studied for three cultivars, ‘Arbequina’, ‘Picual’, and ‘Verdial’. Ten quality parameters of the produced oil were examined in two consecutive years together with an extended sensory analysis in the first year. The results underline the importance of the used harvesting and conservation method on the quality of the extracted oil. The strength of each factor varied in time and according to the cultivar. The ‘Arbequina’ c.v. showed a rapid increase in the importance of the conservation factor, while ‘Picual’ c.v. was the most resistant to deterioration, presenting a lower explanatory value of the conservation factor as compared to the harvesting one. The results indicate that small producers with financial and logistic restrictions can obtain a high-quality product. Either by combining both methods or by choosing the one that guarantees the best results given the cultivar and the specific storage time they need to consider.

Quality Analysis of Pig Iron Produced in One of Polish Steelworks

2012 ◽  
Vol 706-709 ◽  
pp. 2146-2151
Author(s):  
Edyta Kardas
Keyword(s):  
Steel Production ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Pig Iron ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Basic Quality ◽  
Quality Tools

The quality of pig iron from the point of view of the customer, that is steel plant, is one of main factors affecting the quality and cost of steel production. Chemical composition and temperature of pig iron is among the parameters taking into consideration. The constancy of these parameters can result in steelmaking process on optimal level. The paper presents quantitative and quantitative analysis of pig iron produced in one of Polish steelworks. Analysis of the basic quality parameters of pig iron: the content of basic elements will be made. In the analysis statistical methods and quality tools will be applied.

scholarly journals The quality of groundwater in rural areas and its impact on the functioning of local water intakes

2018 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 00010
Author(s):  
Robert Nowak ◽  
Anna Imperowicz-Pawlaczyk
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Small Water ◽  
Water Companies ◽  
Local Water ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Supply Systems

The main purpose of this paper is to indicate the impact of changes in the quality of groundwater intakes on the functioning of rural water supply systems. In particular, the important factors for the groundwater quality in rural areas have been presented. Results of research on the quality parameters of groundwater, obtained in 2012 ÷ 2016 for selected small water intakes in north-western Poland, were presented. The quality of groundwater in the subsequent analyzed years was deteriorating. There was an increase in the content of iron and manganese compounds, ammonium ions, as well as the presence of bacteriological contaminants in test water samples. For these reasons, problems with providing the receivers with water of appropriate quality parameters have been reported in described rural intakes. The paper is an attempt to show the relationship between the type and magnitude of changes in the quality of groundwater and the efficiency of the treatment plant. In addition, pro-quality activities undertaken by local water companies were emphasized.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Quality Parameters in Raw Meat Used for Processing in the Fast Food Industry

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Alexandra TĂBĂRAN ◽  
Sorin Daniel DAN ◽  
Oana REGET ◽  
Marian MIHAIU
Keyword(s):  
Fast Food ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Fast Food Industry ◽  
Industrial Systems ◽  
Raw Meat ◽  
Quality Aspects ◽  
The One ◽  
Wooden Breast

The aim was to evaluate the quality aspects of raw meat destined for processing in fast-food units and to compare it with that of meat obtained in the traditional systems. Our study revealed that the water holding capacity (WHC) in poultry meat obtained in the industrial systems and used for processing in fast-foods is very variable and also very high compared to the one obtained in the traditional systems. When examining sensorially the quality aspects we found that the colour of the poultry meat (legs) is whiter, paler and in the breast areas we noticed a pathology known the “wooden breast”. In the case of pork meat, we obtained similar results, the industrially obtained meat showing a lighter colour and lower consistency. The protein percentage was correlated with the low quality of the meat obtained in the industrial system. Raw meat destined for processing in the fast-food units should be improved given the lower quality revealed. Measures should be taken also in the production units so as to prevent the pathological lesions found, such as “wooden breast” in poultry meat which we found to be very often observed.

scholarly journals Housing Poverty in Polish Households and its Diversity

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 437-455
Author(s):  
Paweł Ulman ◽  
Małgorzata Ćwiek
Keyword(s):  
Single Mothers ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Major Element ◽  
Social Model ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Micro Data ◽  
European Social Model ◽  
Poverty Risk ◽  
The One

AbstractResearch background: The European Housing Charter defines housing as a basic necessity, but also a fundamental social right underpinning the European social model as well as an element of human dignity. Housing conditions constitute a major element of the broader quality of life for individuals and society.Purpose: The aim of this paper is to assess the level of housing poverty in general and in selected areas of an assessment of Polish households due to the selected socio-demographic characteristics of the respondent or household.Research methodology: The study was conducted on the basis of micro-data from the Household Budget Survey of 2017. To determine the housing poverty risk for each household the Integrated Fuzzy and Relative approach was used, which allows for the aggregation of symptoms measured on different measuring scales into the one risk assessment of poor housing conditions. This assessment, overall and in specific areas of housing poverty, became the basis for the study of the factors differentiating this kind of poverty. For this purpose, regression trees were used.Results: The greatest risk of housing poverty was observed in households living in rural areas, in families with many children, in the households of single mothers or fathers, as well as in households living on unearned sources of income.Novelty: The use of the Integrated Fuzzy and Relative approach for housing poverty research is an innovative approach and is applied in the paper.

scholarly journals Knowledge Transfer, Knowledge Acquisition and Qualifications in the Context of Rural Development in Poland

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-70
Author(s):  
Jarosław Greser ◽  
Ryszard Kamiński ◽  
Piotr Klatta ◽  
Wojciech Knieć ◽  
Jonatan Martinez-Perez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Acquisition ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Informal Education ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Transfer System ◽  
Transfer Of Knowledge ◽  
Informal Knowledge ◽  
Everyday Activities ◽  
The One

Abstract The aim of this study is to analyse the knowledge acquisition and transfer system in rural Poland, in comparison with nonrural areas. In addition, to determine the importance of market qualifications and the effects that the Integrated Qualification System can have in the rural areas. This study shows that life in the countryside is becoming more diverse and agriculture is no longer the main source of income because the share of income from non-agricultural activities is increasing. This is linked to the fact that rural areas have become more attractive for the development of non-agricultural jobs, which in turn is associated with the need not only to raise, but also to confirm qualifications acquired in everyday activities. The conducted analysis shows that acquisition and transfer of knowledge can come from two different platforms, individual and supralocal. These platforms work in two totally different ways. Our analysis also shows a gap between formal and non-formal or informal education in relation to the rural areas´ needs. This gap can be bridged by using the Integrated Qualification System. Like a bidirectional tool, this system works on the one hand confirming acquired skills and knowledge, and on the other hand incorporating and updating the formal education system with non-formal or informal knowledge. The recognition of informal or non-formal qualifications has an important role in sustainable development and improving quality of life of rural areas. The article refers to the issue of qualifications of rural population, it is difficult to consider this issue in isolation from rural areas. The aim of the authors was to focus on the analysis of the issue of qualifications among people directly related to the countryside. The authors do not refer only to farmers, nevertheless, the reference to this social group finds its justification in the studies that are cited.

scholarly journals Preliminary investigation of possible effects of mineral clay treatment applied to oils produced from olives: focus on moisture removal and compositional changes

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. e392
Author(s):  
M. Issaoui ◽  
M. Mosbahi ◽  
S. Barbieri ◽  
G. Flamini ◽  
A. Bendini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Moisture Removal ◽  
Virgin Olive Oils ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Basic Quality ◽  
Compositional Changes ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
One Year

In this preliminary study, two non-filtered virgin olive oils (one freshly produced VOO-N; one VOO-O stored for one year) were subjected to moisture removal with mineral clay (raw or activated) and analyses were performed to attest possible effects on the quality of the product. The results demonstrated that the treatment of oil with mineral clay at 36-38 °C had no negative effect on the basic quality parameters or on the volatile comound profile. On the other hand, a significant decrease in the water amount as well as in pigments was observed in the samples subjected to this kind of treatment, in particular with raw clay. Regarding the colour measurement, the lightness (L) as well as the consumers’ acceptability exhibited a marked increase when oils were treated with raw clay.

scholarly journals The relationship between technology and functionality of rural water points: evidence from Tanzania

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 948-955 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Jiménez ◽  
A. Pérez-Foguet
Keyword(s):  
Community Services ◽  
Statistical Dependence ◽  
Point Mapping ◽  
Rural Districts ◽  
Water Point ◽  
Low Performance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

This paper presents an analysis of the relationships between technology of water point, management related practices and functionality over time through an extensive water point mapping study made in 15 rural districts of Tanzania, which covered 15% of the total rural population of the country. Results show irregular functionality rates at district level by technology, but reveal statistical dependence between functionality and technology at regional level. Management-related questions show that reported expenditure is the indicator most related to functionality. All categories of water points show very low performance over time. In the first five years of operation, about 30% of water points become non-functional. Only between 35% and 47% of water points are working 15 years after installation, depending on the technology. By categories, hand pumps are the less durable of the technologies studied. We suggest that more emphasis has to be placed on the creation of community capacities to manage the services during and after the installation of water points. At the same time, the role of decentralised government has to be strengthened to provide support to community services in the long term.

scholarly journals ESTIMATION OF THE EFFECT OF PARTINGS TO THE QUALITY OF RECOVERABLE LIGNITE MINED FROM MULTI-LAYERS DEPOSITS

2004 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 274
Author(s):  
Μ. Γαλετάκης ◽  
Κ. Παπανικολάου
Keyword(s):  
Expert System ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
Borehole Data ◽  
Basic Quality ◽  
Estimation Precision ◽  
Lignite Deposits

The evaluation of multi-layers lignite deposits is mainly based on borehole data. The lack of sufficient number of analytical data of waste and carbonaceous layers, leads to the use of indicative values during the evaluation and consequently affects the estimation precision of recoverable lignite quality. In the present work the possibility of determination of basic quality parameters of waste and carbonaceous layers by using an expert system was investigated. The development of the expert system was based on the available analytical data of waste and carbonaceous layers and the coded descriptions of corresponding cores. The expert system was used for the estimation of quality characteristics of waste and carbonaceous layers from selected core of Southern Field mine of Ptolemais area. The quality characteristics of the estimated recoverable lignite shows a more intense fluctuation compared with this obtained by using indicative values for waste and carbonaceous layers.

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