Survey for Tributyltin in Water and Sediment in Canada in 1999

2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. James Maguire ◽  
Suzanne P. Batchelor
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Pest Control ◽  
Marine Sediments ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Benthic Organisms ◽  
Freshwater Sediments ◽  
Antifouling Paints ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Small Craft

Abstract A survey of water and sediment from 152 harbours, marinas and shipping channels across Canada was conducted in 1999 to determine the extent of contamination by tributyltin (TBT) prior to the total ban on its antifouling uses being phased in over the period 2003 to 2008, and to assess the effectiveness of the 1989 regulation of antifouling uses of TBT under the Canadian Pest Control Products Act. TBT was found in sediments in this survey much more frequently than in water. The main conclusion was that by 1999 the regulation had been generally effective in reducing TBT contamination in water, but not sediment, in small-craft marinas and harbours. TBT continued to be found in some freshwater and seawater locations frequented by larger vessels, that could have been legally painted at the time with TBT antifouling paints, at concentrations that could cause chronic toxicity to aquatic organisms. TBT was also found in many marine sediments, and some freshwater sediments, at concentrations that could cause chronic toxicity to sensitive benthic organisms. In addition, TBT concentrations in many marine sediments could cause acute toxicity to sensitive benthic organisms. Because of the long persistence of TBT in sediments, it may pose a hazard to benthic organisms in some locations in Canada for many years after the total ban on antifouling uses of TBT.

Occurrence of Organotin Compounds in the Canadian Aquatic Environment Five Years after the Regulation of Antifouling Uses of Tributyltin

1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.K. Chau ◽  
R.J. Maguire ◽  
M. Brown ◽  
F. Yang ◽  
S.P. Batchelor
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Benthic Organisms ◽  
Antifouling Paints ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
First Time ◽  
Organotin Species

Abstract A survey was conducted of water and sediment from across Canada in 1993-94 to assess the effectiveness of the 1989 regulation of antifouling uses of tributyltin (TBT) under the Canadian Pest Control Products Act. The survey was also designed to assess concentrations of 13 other organotin species in water and sediment, and in sewage treatment plant influents, effluents and sludges. The main conclusion is that the 1989 regulation has only been partially effective. It has had some effect in the reduction of TBT concentrations in fresh water, but not in sea water. It has had less effect in the reduction of TBT concentrations in sediment, probably because of the longer persistence of TBT in sediment than in water. In many locations the TBT concentration was high enough to cause acute and chronic toxicity to aquatic and benthic organisms. In some areas there may be potential for recycling TBT from contaminated sediments back into the water column. In addition, it appears that large harbours that handle ships legally painted with TBT-containing antifouling paints continued to experience ecotoxicologically significant TBT contamination. Other organotin species found appear to pose no acute or chronic hazards to fresh water or marine organisms, but nothing is known of their hazards to benthic organisms. The presence of monooctyltin and dioctyltin in sediments and sewage treatment plant influents, effluents and sludges is reported for the first time, and tripropyltin is quantified in sediments for the first time.

scholarly journals Tests of chronic and acute toxicity of crude oil on larvae of Chironomus kiiensis Tokunaga (Diptera: Chironomidae)

2014 ◽  
Vol 74 (3 suppl 1) ◽  
pp. S070-S077 ◽  
Author(s):  
ACF Lacerda ◽  
GA Gusmão ◽  
N Hamada
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Aquatic Insect ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
High Tolerance ◽  
Biological Communities ◽  
The Impact

The Amazon region, known for its mega-biodiversity, also holds large reserves of petroleum and natural gas. The increasing exploitation of natural gas and crude oil in the Amazon has not been accompanied by studies evaluating the impact of these pollutants on local biological communities, particularly aquatic organisms. The aim of the present study was to determine the values of acute and chronic toxicity of crude oil from Urucu to larvae of Chironomus kiiensis Tokunaga, 1936. The LD5048hof crude oil for second-instar larvae of C. kiiensis was 26.5 mg/L, and mortality for the majority of concentrations tested was greatest during the first 24 hours of the experiment. The survival of eggs of C. kiiensis exposed to concentrations of crude oil was also evaluated but did not differ significantly among the treatments. Despite the high tolerance observed for the species in the experiments, there is a possibility that in the natural environment the oil interacts with other factors, leading to synergistic effects, so further studies are needed to assess the effects of this pollutant on aquatic insect species.

Bioassays with Aquatic Organisms: Toxicity of Water and Sediment from Cubatão River Basin

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 95-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Zagatto ◽  
E. Gherardi-Goldstein ◽  
E. Bertoletti ◽  
C. C. Lombardi ◽  
M H. R. B. Martins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
River Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Biological Assays ◽  
River Water Samples ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Water Conditions

Biological assays applied to river water samples and sediment aqueous extracts have been used to identify stretches of waterways that are toxic, providing an important complementary tool in water quality surveys. Assays with Daphniasimilis, a microcrustacean, were performed with river water samples and sediment extracts from 18 sampling stations in Cubatão region. Water samples from rivers that receive discharges from fertilizer industries were assayed with the algae Chlorellavulgaris. The results showed no acute toxicity in samples and extracts collected upstream from the industries. Downstream from the industries acute toxicity was detected in several samples, at some stations toxicity was at high levels demonstrating improper water conditions for supporting aquatic life.

Assessment of stormwater impacts on an urban stream with a detention pond

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Marsalek ◽  
Q. Rochfort ◽  
L. Grapentine ◽  
B. Brownlee
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Benthic Communities ◽  
Urban Stream ◽  
Sediment Chemistry ◽  
Severe Toxicity ◽  
Benthic Organisms ◽  
Total Flow ◽  
Taxa Richness ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Stormwater Pond

Impacts of urban development on a small creek with an on-stream stormwater pond, which was built to mitigate the effects of a 13-ha commercial plaza on creek flows, were assessed by investigations of the creek-pond system hydrology, water and sediment chemistry and toxicity, and benthic communities. The hydrology and conventional pollutant loadings of this system were dominated by the creek catchment (4.5 km2), which contributed more than 95% of the total flow; the rest was contributed by the plaza runoff which was less polluted than typical residential runoff. Conventional bioassays (Daphnia magna, Microtox™) did not indicate any confirmed acute toxicity in the creek flow, plaza drainage, or pond outflow. However, sediments accumulated in the pond were rather polluted and several sediment bioassays (including Sediment Microtox™) indicated their severe toxicity. In benthic community assessments, taxa richness and total counts of benthic organisms did not change much when moving from upstream to downstream of the pond. Thus, the pond accumulates sediments and toxicants and thereby prevents further degradation of the creek condition downstream of the plaza drainage outfall.

RESEARCH ON THE DEGRADATION OF IVERMECTIN AND ITS ACUTE TOXICITY TO SEVEN AQUATIC ORGANISMS

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 965-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao WU ◽  
Min JIANG ◽  
Zhang-Xiao PENG ◽  
Lin HE
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Aquatic Organisms

Effects of atrazine and alachlor on self-purification processes in receiving streams

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 181-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Zagorc-Koncan
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Test ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Acute Toxicity Test ◽  
Organic Substances ◽  
Inhibiting Effect ◽  
Scenedesmus Subspicatus ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Chlorophyll A Content

In recent years many waterways in Slovenia have been subjected to an increased loading with pesticides due to intensification of agriculture. The most widely used herbicides are atrazine and alachlor and they were detected in some rivers and even in ground water. Therefore the effects of atrazine and alachlor on selfpurification processes were investigated. The basic selfpurification processes studied were biodegradation of organic substances and photosynthesis and growth of algae. The inhibiting effect of pesticides on the process of biodegradation of organic pollutants was evaluated by the use of laboratory river model and mathematical modelling. The harmful impacts of pesticides on aquatic autotrophic organisms were assessed by measurement of net assimilation inhibition (24-h acute toxicity test) as well as growth inhibition - chlorophyll- a content (72-h chronic toxicity test) of algae Scenedesmus subspicatus. The results obtained demonstrate that atrazine and alachlor in concentrations found in our rivers have practically no effect on biodegrading heterotrophic organisms, while their adverse effect on algae is quite considerable.

1.  Toxicity of Fresh and Weathered Sunken Heavy Fuel Oil to the Early Life Stages of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Simulated Spawning Shoal Environments

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Adams
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Water Column ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
South American ◽  
Benthic Organisms ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Direct Exposure ◽  
Insight Into

Because the density of heavy fuel oil (HFO) is equal to or greater than that of freshwater, it behaves differently than lighter oils that float. Heavy fuel oil can sink to the bottom or be suspended in the water column and affect aquatic organisms that are not typically exposed to floating oils. Most research on oil spill technologies thus far examines the direct exposure of rainbow trout to floating or submerged oil droplets; there is little knowledge of the impacts of non‐floating heavy fuel oil on the water column and benthic organisms exposed to oil that accumulates in sediments. The toxicity of sunken HFO 6303 and Medium South American (MESA; reference) crude oil, as well as the effects of weathering on toxicity to embryos of rainbow trout were assessed using increasing concentrations of oil on gravel substrate in continuous‐flow desorption columns. Toxicity was assessed by measurement of the rates of mortality and growth, and the prevalence of blue sac disease, a hallmark sign of oil toxicity. The lower median lethal concentration for HFO compared to MESA indicated that HFO is more toxic. Interestingly, the LC50 values for fresh and weathered for both oils were similar, indicating little change in toxicity when the oil weathers naturally. Repetition of this experiment and analysis of PAH content in each treatment will provide more insight into the environmental and health risks associated with sunken heavy fuel oil.   

Chlorinated C 1 and C 2 hydrocarbons in the marine environment

1975 ◽  
Vol 189 (1096) ◽  
pp. 305-332 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Microbial Degradation ◽  
Chemical Industry ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Food Chains ◽  
Laboratory Bioassay ◽  
Marine Food ◽  
Chemical Manufacture

A range of chlorinated hydrocarbons derived from C 1 and C 2 hydrocarbons is manufactured industrially. They are used as intermediates for further chemical manufacture and also outside the chemical industry as solvents or carriers. In the latter category losses in use are eventually dispersed to the environment. The distribution of some of these compounds, including chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene and trichloroethane, in the environment (air, water and marine sediments) has been investigated and the results are presented. The concentrations found have been compared with acute toxicity levels to fish and other aquatic organisms, ascertained by laboratory bioassay. The occurrence of the compounds has been determined in a number of marine organisms, especially those at higher trophic levels, and the accumulation of some of them has been investigated in the laboratory. Chemical and microbial degradation processes have been studied in the laboratory to help determine the course of their removal from the aqueous and aerial environment, and the half lives of some of the compounds have been estimated. It is concluded that these compounds are not persistent in the environment, and that there is no significant bioaccumulation in marine food chains.

scholarly journals Histopathological Assessment of the Effect of Pregabalin Toxicity on Cerebrum and Cerebellum of Adult Albino Rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wael Abdou Hassan ◽  
Shaimaa Shehata ◽  
Ahmad ElBana
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Histopathological Study ◽  
Addictive Behaviors ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Cerebral Cortex Tissue

Abstract Background: Pregabalin (PGB) used as analgesic in treatment of neurogenic pains of chronic diseases, is considered as one of the most abused anti-epileptic drugs worldwide and it has been proved that it induces addictive behaviors. The present histopathological study aimed to identify the effect of PGB administration on cerebral cortex and cerebellar cortex, in both acute and chronic toxicity. Seventy-two male and non-pregnant female adult albino rats’ 6- to 8-week-old divided into 3 main groups of 24 rats each were studied. Group 1 represented the control group and group 2 represented the acute toxicity group, in which rats were given a single dose of PGB (5000 mg/kg) orally by gavage and after 24 hours, rats were sacrificed and examined. Group 3 represented the chronic toxicity group; were given PGB 500 mg/kg orally by gavage for 12 weeks, after which rats were sacrificed and examined. Result: Cerebral cortex tissue of acute toxicity group displayed astrocytosis and dystrophic changes, while in chronic group showed degeneration, necrosis and cellular infiltrates. The cerebellum of chronic groups showed degeneration and shrunken of Purkinje cells. Conclusion: Acute and chronic intoxication with pregabalin adversely altered the structure of cerebral cortex and cerebellum.

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