INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT TODAY AND TOMORROW

1994 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Pols ◽  
G. H. Harmsen
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Treatment Technique ◽  
Physical Treatment ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Waste Production ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
Multi Criteria Analysis ◽  
Made In

The way we treat our wastewater nowadays is not always favourable for improving the quality of our environment. Indeed, the quality of the surface waters has increased by the high investments we have made in our treatment facilities, but it cannot be denied that these same facilities have a major impact on other environmental issues. From ibis point of view the question is raised as to which treatment techniques are favourable not only for the water phase, but also from the viewpoint of energy, waste production and renewal of resources. Over thirty techniques, all of them chemical/physical treatment techniques, have been reviewed, especially for the treatment of industrial wastewaters. More importantly, these techniques have been analysed thoroughly in a multi-criteria-analysis, not only for their environmental impacts, but also on criteria influencing the implementation of these techniques. From ibis multi-criteria-analysis the most favourable treatment technique to be developed and implemented may be chosen.

Airtightness of Buildings in Slovakia

2013 ◽  
Vol 649 ◽  
pp. 3-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dušan Katunský ◽  
Maros Nemec ◽  
Martin Kamenský
Keyword(s):  
Energy Savings ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Building Envelopes ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Energy Economy ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Made In

The actual trend of civil engineering leads to quality improving of housing and to saving of all participated energies. Airtightness of buildings´ envelope constructions has an important job in the point of view of energy savings and energy economy. Undesirable air flow occurs through joints, cracks and leaks in building envelopes. It has a significant influence to final quality of an indoor environment and energy demands and needs of warmth for heating resulting from it. The paper presents results of chosen airtightness measurements made in family and apartment buildings in the Slovak Republic, the achieved level of airtightness by various construction systems and outer walls, as well as which impact for air changes has location and selection of materials used for airtightness layer in the construction of outer walls at pressure difference of 50 Pa (n50).

The Management of Sports Activities within a Fitness Center

2019 ◽  
pp. 27-37
Author(s):  
Irene Teodora Nica ◽  
Puiu Anatolie Budevici
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Synthetic Image ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Fitness Center ◽  
The Public ◽  
Continuous Progress ◽  
Strategic Element ◽  
Made In

The study objective is to closely observe the evolution or involution of the disciplines within thefitness center, with the purpose of later intervening in improving its image as well as the quality of the services provided, in order to satisfy the expectations of the clients. The data collected and then interpreted were graphically represented by a synthetic image of the main values considered. Also, the data obtained from the comparisons between the resulting values were analyzed and interpreted. The present study consists in carrying out an analysis as objective as possible from the point of view of the interactions between people, within a fitness center. The objective is to closely monitor the relationships between the departments, the management of the fitness center and the employees within the company, but also in relation to the public authorities and other partner companies. The human factor is currently the strategic element on which the good conduct of business activities depends. Satisfaction in work can be obtained by recognizing the merits, the possibility of promotion, obtaining special achievements, possibilities of professional progress, following the improvement of working conditions, carrying out an evaluation of the strengths and the defects already existing. All these steps are made in order to obtain continuous progress.

scholarly journals Advances in the Coordination between the Cadastre and Land Registry

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Carmen Femenia-Ribera ◽  
Gaspar Mora-Navarro ◽  
Jose Carlos Martinez-Llario
Keyword(s):  
General Public ◽  
Current System ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Made In

A necessary and effective coordination between cadastre and land registry has always existed in Spain, but the difficulties have only been specifically addressed in the last few years. The aim of this study is to illustrate, analyse, and evaluate advances in this coordination in Spain from the beginnings of the current system in the early twentieth century, with the cadastre and land registry operating as separate organisations. A preliminary study was made in 2002 of the difficulties that needed to be overcome to achieve an ideal coordination of mainly mapped information. The study was made by gathering and analysing the opinions of various specialists who have dealt with the issue of coordination. For this research, qualitative information (current and historical) was gathered by querying documents about cadastre and land registry coordination in Spain. This information was studied and compared to identify the problems and challenges. A survey in 2012 analysed the relationship between the cadastre and land registry from the point of view of the general public in the city of Gandia. The Spanish government enacted the first specific and effective legislation on coordination in 2015 (Act 13/2015), and much has changed since its introduction. During the last five years of application, each of the problems initially highlighted has been monitored and analysed, and the difficulties that have arisen have been noted. In this study, each of these problems and challenges is analysed from various perspectives: querying documents (norms, budgets, official news, etc.), websites, digital applications, observation, and interviews. The main results of the case study in Spain are as follows: coordination is generally indispensable and cannot be postponed; there is a difficult understanding between the organisations involved; the general public associate the word “cadastre” with taxes and not with security in the demarcation of property; political will and understanding is necessary; the process is slow and requires long-term agreements; an improvement in the quality of maps is fundamental; and technology is not a problem.

scholarly journals Chemical Coagulation: An Effective Treatment Technique for Industrial Wastewater

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 508-516
Author(s):  
Aijaz Ali PANHWAR ◽  
Aftab KANDHRO ◽  
Sofia QAİSAR ◽  
Mudasir GORAR ◽  
Eidal SARGANİ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Ferrous Sulphate ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Treatment Technique ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Chemical Coagulation ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Production Requirement

Industrial sector is a backbone of the economy throughout the world. Despite that there are a lot of benefits; such as development of urbanization, major contributor in economy’s growth is sign of industrial development. There are a lot of adverse effects on environment including depletion and damage of our natural and precious resources. Textile, cement, paper and pulp, sugarcane, food, pharmaceuticals, chemical, paint and other industries are largest consumers of the freshwater; for meeting the requirements of industrial production requirement for the industrial sector for their production. As a result the discharged huge amount of water in form of highly polluted water, this is a great threat to our ecosystem. The unplanned industrialization is a prime responsible for degradation of environment. If industrial wastewater is not properly treated instantly, it may create foulest and septic conditions in adjacent parts of the industrial areas. The discharges acute poisonous wastewater by different industries is responsible for reduction of penetration in crops, and severely affects aquatic life. There are many treatment techniques such as coagulation, adsorption, membrane, biological etc. by different research studies disclosed that coagulation with different chemicals alum, ferric chloride, lime, PACl, PVA and ferrous sulphate are very effective for remove of pollution. The industrial wastewater creates several problems such as health problems, aquatic life including water pollution. In this paper reviews the chemical coagulation treatment technologies for industrial wastewater.

Effects of Melt-Treatment Technique on the Metallurgical Quality and Mechanical Properties of Al Sheet Used for Can Manufacture

2005 ◽  
Vol 297-300 ◽  
pp. 482-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gao Sheng Fu ◽  
Wen Zhe Chen ◽  
Kuang Wu Qian
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Complex Compounds ◽  
Lower Grade ◽  
Treatment Technique ◽  
Commercial Purity ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Melt Treatment ◽  
High Efficient ◽  
Micro Hole

The Al sheet used for pressure can manufacture (or called Al piece) was prepared by different melt-treatment techniques and using the lower grade commercial purity raw Al (Al99.5). And the influence laws of melt-treatment techniques on the metallurgical quality and mechanical properties of Al piece were investigated. It is found that high-efficient melt-treatment technique improves the metallurgical quality of Al piece remarkably, that is, the rate of removing inclusions and the extent of lowering porosity amount to about 66.6% and 87.0%, respectively, and as-cast mean grain diameter decrease to a great extent, and the coarse and long needle/flake Fe-rich impurity phases transform into complex compounds of tiny, sphere/short stick form, which makes fracture mechanism of the material be transformed into the congregation of transgranular micro-hole, thus raising mechanical properties of this material remarkably. Its metallurgical quality and mechanical properties have reached or exceeded the level of present products. It is feasible that Al piece is made by using the lower grade commercial purity raw Al. The viewpoint that the purification is the fundamental and key process, i.e., the basic of modification and grain refinement processes, has been also further tested and verified.

scholarly journals QoE-Based Performance Evaluation for Adaptive Media Playout Systems

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingfu Li
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Quality Of Experience ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Performance Evaluations ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Streaming Services ◽  
Qos Metrics ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Made In

To improve the playout quality of video streaming services, several adaptive media playout (AMP) mechanisms were proposed in literature. However, all performance evaluations and comparisons for AMPs were made in terms of quality of service (QoS) metrics. As one knows, there may exist a trade-off between QoS metrics, such as buffer underflow and overflow performance. Thus, it is not sufficient to only evaluate the performance of AMPs in terms of QoS metrics. In this paper, we will evaluate and compare the performance of several AMPs from the aspect of quality of experience (QoE). Numerical results will show that some existing AMP systems do not perform better than the nonadaptive playout system from the point of view of overall QoE.

scholarly journals An elementary discussion of ferromagnetism

1934 ◽  
Vol 145 (855) ◽  
pp. 629-644 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spontaneous Magnetization ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Physical Treatment ◽  
Structural Symmetry ◽  
Statistical Aspect ◽  
Molecular Fields ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Fundamental Physical ◽  
Empirical Constants ◽  
Made In

The theory of ferromagnetism, as it is usually formulated, suffers from certain inconsistencies, especially as regards the definition of spontaneous magnetization. In this paper the situation is discussed from an elementary point of view, that is, considering only the statistical aspect of the problem, and omitting the more fundamental physical treatment of the molecular fields. It is intended to show as simply as possible, first, the origin of some of the undesired results of the Weiss Equation; second, the type of solution which a correct theory would probably give for perfect crystals; and third, to give a derivation of equations similar to the Weiss Equation, but from which it becomes apparent without further assumptions that the results cannot be applied indiscriminately to the whole magnetization curve. Finally an attempt is made to correlate the predictions of the theory with experimental data on the magnetization of actual crystals. Fundamental to any discussion of ferromagnetism is the idea of spontaneous magnetization of Weiss, mathematically expressed in his famous equation, now slightly modified by the introduction of spacial quantization. Based on this we have the work of Akulov and Becker showing how various properties of crystals and elastically distorted materials may be described in terms of a few empirical constants, the number of these constants being limited by the structural symmetry of the material. Almost aII the applications of Weiss's spontaneous magnetization to actual problems require the assumption that the material is not spontaneously magnetized in its entirety, but that only small regions are so magnetized, the resultant observed magnetization being determined by the distribution of the direction of magnetization of these regions. This assumption, however, is a flat contradiction of Weiss's Equation, which states that spontaneous magnetization exists irrespective of the size of the sample under consideration. In spite of the very considerable progress that has been made in recent years in our understanding of ferromagnetic phenomena the situation is not altogether satisfactory, primarily because these regions of spontaneous magnetization are introduced into a theory which specifically denies their existence.

scholarly journals Analysis and evaluation of abandoned railways aimed at greenway conversion: A methodological application in the Sicilian landscape using multi-criteria analysis and geographical information system

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marzia Quattrone ◽  
Giovanna Tomaselli ◽  
Alessandro D'Emilio ◽  
Patrizia Russo
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Geographical Information System ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Priority List ◽  
Local Resources ◽  
Marginal Values ◽  
Multi Criteria Analysis

Nowadays, in many countries around the world, abandoned railways are considered as important resources that can be recovered and converted into greenways, thanks to their specific adaptability to this function. With its about 1000 km of dismantled lines, Sicily is the Italian region where the abandonment of railways is more evident. Nevertheless, to the present day, only about 20 km have been converted in greenways. As a recovery action requires large investments, it is necessary to determine a priority list based on the actual suitability of a track to be converted. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to define and apply a methodology, based on multi-criteria analysis associated with geographical information system (GIS), for the assessment of different suitability degrees of an abandoned railway to be converted in greenway for agro-touristic and cultural use of the land. The work was developed on two abandoned railway lines, sited in the province of Syracuse, embedded in landscapes of great value thanks to the existence of natural areas and cultural heritage. The applied method attributes great importance to the quality of the landscape that is considered in the same way as the intrinsic characteristics of the track. Several indicators were weighed and spatially mapped to describe the local resources at the margin of the track and the characteristics of the stretches of the two lines. The GIS analysis allowed obtaining various intermediate maps containing the necessary information for drawing the ultimate maps, which showed the suitability of each line to be converted in greenway. The results showed that the suitability level depends on the specific characteristics of the railroad and its marginal values, as well as on the quality of the landscape and the development opportunities that it offers. The creation of greenways can thus become a support to make easier the integration between the landscape and the growing demands of land, economic and tourist development, while maintaining intact the rural land and favoring its connection with the urban centers. The study, although referred to specific territorial areas, is generally valid from a methodological point of view and can be applied in other contexts.

O potrzebie jakościowej zmiany w konsultacjach społecznych w mieście

2016 ◽  
pp. 122-137
Author(s):  
Anna Przybylska
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Political Community ◽  
Mutual Understanding ◽  
Policy Area ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Knowledge Growth ◽  
Public Consultations ◽  
The Given ◽  
Made In

Public consultations may contribute to the knowledge growth; among politicians it would involve needs and preferences of citizens, and among citizens it would concern budgetary constraints and other limitations to decisions in the given public policy area. Further, public consultations may also have positive effects on building mutual understanding and trust between political representatives and common members of political community. However, it is dependent on the quality of communication about consultative procedures, the transparency and justification of choices made in reference to whom to consult, how and with what aim. The article demonstrates both the empirical findings in the area of practice of public consultations in Poland as well as their critical assessment from the point of view of deliberative ideal discussed across Europe and worldwide.

Riverbank assessment and management for the Eurasian otter in the north of Luxembourg

2008 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry-Michel Cauchie ◽  
Lionel L'Hoste ◽  
Gérard Schmidt ◽  
Aurore Boscher ◽  
Alain Dohet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Habitat Assessment ◽  
European Level ◽  
Eurasian Otter ◽  
The North ◽  
European Otter ◽  
Assess Quality ◽  
Management Priorities ◽  
Made In

AbstractThe presence of habitats such as burrows and dense willows along the rivers is very important for the survival of the European otter in terms of structures allowing quiet living conditions and possibilities for reproduction. To prevent the extinction of the otter in Luxembourg and nearby areas, an assessment of otter habitats and populations was made in 1994. This first evaluation has demonstrated that only rivers in the north of Luxembourg were suitable for otter populations in terms of quality of habitats and that only a few individuals were still present in this part of the country. In 2007, a new habitat assessment was carried out to define priorities for the management of habitats and to build or rebuild corridors to support otter migration and allow re-establishment of stable otter populations in the Benelux Countries. Two similar methods were used to assess quality of habitats in 1994 and 2007. The results of the habitat assessment are different for the Mid Sûre River and similar for the River Wiltz, the River Wark, the River Our and the Upper Sûre River. This variation is probably due to assessment complexity and observer subjectivity, but also to the difficulty to have a practical methodology for management priorities. From this point of view it would be useful to have a standard methodology at the European level to assess otter habitats.

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