On-site greywater treatment and reuse in multi-storey buildings

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (10) ◽  
pp. 187-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Friedler ◽  
R. Kovalio ◽  
N.I. Galil
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Pilot Plant ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Microbial Indicators ◽  
Toilet Flushing ◽  
Reliable Performance ◽  
Reuse System ◽  
Very High ◽  
Bod Removal

The paper presents a study of a pilot plant treating light greywater for seven flats. The pilot plant combines biological treatment (RBC) with physicochemical treatment (sand filtration and disinfection). The pilot plant produced effluent of excellent quality, meeting the urban reuse quality regulations, and was very efficient in TSS turbidity and BOD removal: 82%, 98% and 96%, respectively. COD removal was somewhat lower (70–75%) indicating that the greywater may contain slowly-biodegradable organics. The RBC (attached growth biological system) was able to retain most of the solids as a result of bioflocculation; further it was proven to have very stable and reliable performance. Faecal coliforms and heterotrophic reductions were very high (100% and 99.99%, respectively) producing effluent that also met drinking water standards. The combination of low organic matter, nutrients and microbial indicators reduces the regrowth and fouling potentials in the reuse system, thus ensuring safe reuse of the treated greywater for toilet flushing.

An assessment of the quality and treatment of detergent wastewater

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 377-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Papadopoulos ◽  
C. Savvides ◽  
M. Loizidis ◽  
K. J. Haralambous ◽  
M. Loizidou
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Organic Load ◽  
Total Removal ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Very High ◽  
Active Substances

Removal efficiency of organic load from a detergent wastewater by a bench scale physical-chemical treatment is reported. The results of the wastewater characterisation showed that the concentrations of the organic matter were very high, expressed as COD, ranging from 2400-26,400 mg/l, while the biodegradable portion was very low, since the BOD/COD ratio was low. These values indicate that organic compounds are not easily subjected to biological treatment. In addition, methylene blue active substances appeared in high concentrations as well as sulphates and ammonia. The experiments for the treatment of the wastewater were performed using various chemicals such as lime, alum and polyelectrolyte. The use of lime gave a 26% average COD removal, while by using alum a slightly lower removal was achieved, 23%. The use of lime (pH=9-10) in combination with alum led to a 41% COD reduction. Similar removal was achieved by using alum (pH=5-6) in combination with lime, 43%. Finally, the addition of polyelectrolyte in the systems of lime and alum did not improve total removal of organic matter giving reductions of 46% and 48%, respectively.

The Use of Anoxic Selectors for the Control of Low F/M Activated Sludge Bulking

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 609-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.-J. Shao ◽  
David Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Pilot Plant ◽  
Detention Time ◽  
Substrate Removal ◽  
Batch System ◽  
Sludge Bulking ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Soluble Substrate ◽  
Activated Sludge Systems

Laboratory and pilot plant experiments on anoxic selector activated sludge systems were conducted on two wastewaters in some cases supplemented with nitrate, acetate or glucose. To prevent bulking sufficient anoxic selector detention time and nitrate levels must be available to reduce selector effluent soluble COD to below 100 mg/l and to reduce readily metabolizable organic matter to virtually zero (< 1 mg/l). Soluble COD/NO3-N removal stoichiometry is in the range 6.0-6.7. Selector systems have elevated soluble substrate removal and denitrification rates compared to CSTR systems. These rates are not affected greatly by temperature (20-25°C) for CSTR sludges but are for selector sludges. Upon exhaustion of nitrate in a selector soluble COD leaks out of the activated sludge in significant amounts. Thiothrix sp. and type 021N denitrify only to NO2 and at much slower rates than Zoogloearamigera does to N2. A sequencing batch system provides an optimistic estimate of the SVI that can be obtained by an anoxic selector system.

Pilot-plant experiments for improvement of polluted canal/klong water by rock-bed filtration

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 83-90
Author(s):  
Shigeo Fujii ◽  
Chiaki Niwa ◽  
Mitsuo Mouri ◽  
Ranjna Jindal
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Pilot Plant ◽  
Horizontal Flow ◽  
Removal Mechanism ◽  
Soluble Organic Matter ◽  
Filter Media ◽  
Canal Water ◽  
Rock Bed ◽  
One Year ◽  
Filtration Technique

Applicability of the rock-bed filtration technique was investigated through pilot-plant experiments in Bangkok, Thailand. Polluted canal water was used as horizontal flow influent to two reactor channels filled with rocks. During one year operation, HRT, filter media, and aeration mode, were changed in several runs. The results showed that 1) the rock-bed filtration with aeration and the HRT more than 6 h can successfully improve polluted klong water by reducing the pollutants (e.g. 60-120mg/L of SS to 20-40 mg/L and 15-30 mg/L of BOD to 5-20 mg/L); 2) main removal mechanism seems to be the sedimentation resulting from the settleability enhanced by aeration, and the biofilm attached onto rocks also works in the reduction of soluble organic matter; 3) a combination of three rock sizes arranged in descending order showed best results; 4) longer HRT (13 h) produces better effluent but is not so effective if it exceeds 9 hours; 5) 60-70% of sediment IL was decomposed in a year, and porosity in rock beds reduced approximately 16%.

scholarly journals Gasification of Biomass in Supercritical Water, Challenges for the Process Design—Lessons Learned from the Operation Experience of the First Dedicated Pilot Plant

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 455
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Boukis ◽  
I. Katharina Stoll
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Supercritical Water ◽  
Process Design ◽  
Pilot Plant ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Flow Process ◽  
Combustible Gas ◽  
Supercritical Water Gasification ◽  
Robust Process

Gasification of organic matter under the conditions of supercritical water (T > 374 °C, p > 221 bar) is an allothermal, continuous flow process suitable to convert materials with high moisture content (<20 wt.% dry matter) into a combustible gas. The gasification of organic matter with water as a solvent offers several benefits, particularly the omission of an energy-intensive drying process. The reactions are fast, and mean residence times inside the reactor are consequently low (less than 5 min). However, there are still various challenges to be met. The combination of high temperature and pressure and the low concentration of organic matter require a robust process design. Additionally, the low value of the feed and the product predestinate the process for decentralized applications, which is a challenge for the economics of an application. The present contribution summarizes the experience gained during more than 10 years of operation of the first dedicated pilot plant for supercritical water gasification of biomass. The emphasis lies on highlighting the challenges in process design. In addition to some fundamental results gained from comparable laboratory plants, selected experimental results of the pilot plant “VERENA” (acronym for the German expression “experimental facility for the energetic exploitation of agricultural matter”) are presented.

An overview of the Central Queensland University self-contained evapotranspiration beds

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (10) ◽  
pp. 273-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Kele ◽  
D.J. Midmore ◽  
K. Harrower ◽  
B.J. McKennariey ◽  
B. Hood
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Health ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Trial Site ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Microbial Analysis ◽  
Reuse System ◽  
Over Time

The Central Queensland University (CQU) has championed a self-contained concrete lined evapotranspiration channel. Any non-transpired effluent returns to a holding tank and is recirculated through the evapotranspiration channel until it is used. This paper examines the results from the Rockhampton trial site. Nutrient ions in the effluent were quantified over time and found not to accumulate in solution. Microbial analysis of the treated effluent was performed and was found to be within the ranges required by the relevant legislative codes. Citrus fruit grown in the evapotranspiration channel were sampled and no elevated levels of faecal coliforms were recorded. Macronutrients and micronutrients of the soil in the channels were measured over a 5-year period. No toxic accumulations or nutrient deficiencies in the soil occurred. Levels of salinity and sodicity in the evapotranspiration channel soil were quantified. Salinity rose slightly, as did sodium. Concentrations of salts and sodium did not reach unsustainable levels. The aim of the trial was to develop an on-site treatment and reuse system that is sustainable and protects public and environmental health.

scholarly journals Nutritional impact of partial or complete replacement of clover hay by untreated or biologically treated rice straw and corn stalks on: 1. growth performance and economic evaluation of growing New Zealand (NZW) White rabbits

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamed A. A. Omer ◽  
Sawsan M. Ahmed ◽  
Roshdy I. El-Kady ◽  
Aly A. El-Shahat ◽  
Mahmoud Y. El-Ayek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Trichoderma Reesei ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Pleurotus Ostreatus ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Biological Treatments ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract Background Agriculture by-products are considered a great potential value for utilization by ruminants as well as rabbits. They usually can be the maintenance and part of the production requirements. However, in developing countries, as well as in Egypt, animals suffer from shortage of feeds that are continuously increasing in costs. In general, biological treatments were shown to be the most effective and improved chemical composition of rice straw or corn stalks. Method This work aimed to investigate the possible ways of utilizing rice straws or corn stalks in rabbit feeding. The field work is designed to study the effect of biological treatment of Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated on rice straws and Trichoderma reesei cultivated on corn stalks and replacing clover hay by rice straws and corn stalks at levels of 0, 33, 66, and 100% either without or with microbes adding. Seventy-eight New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits aged 4–5 weeks (565 ± 13.57 g) were randomly divided into thirteen equal experimental groups. Results Untreated rice straws or biologically treated with Pleurotus ostreatus increased their contents of crude protein (CP) by 178.75 and 224.5% and nitrogen-free extract (NFE) by 6.30 and 24.53, respectively. Meanwhile, crude fiber (CF) content was reduced by 31.32 and 56.75%, and organic matter content was decreased by 2.81 and 5.51%, respectively, in comparison with the raw rice straws. Also, biological treatment of rice straws caused a decrease in values of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), and hemicellulose contents in comparison with either raw or treated rice straws. Furthermore, biological treatment with Trichoderma reesei realized a decrease in organic matter (OM), CF, NDF, and ADF and increased CP and ash contents in corn stalks. NFE content of corn stalks was decreased as a result of treatment without or with Trichoderma reesei experimental rations by 11.95% and 3.82% compared to raw corn stalks (CS). Biological treatments with fungi significantly (P < 0.05) improved average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion. ADG and feed conversion were significantly (P < 0.05) improved when rabbits were fed diets containing rice straw (RS) compared to that fed CS. Rabbits fed diets replaced clover hay (CH) with 33% or 66% of RS or CS significantly increased ADG compared to control and that replaced 100% of both RS and CS containing rations. Levels of replacing had no significant effect on their dry matter intake (DMI) values. The highest improvement in feed conversion was recorded with rabbits that received diets replaced 33% of berseem hay (BH) by RS or CS, followed by that replaced 66% of BH by RS or CS. There were significantly interactions between biological treatments (T), roughage source (S), and replacement levels (L) (T × S × L) only on ADG. The best fed conversion was realized by rabbits fed diet replaced BH with 33% of RS that are treated by Pleurotus ostreatus (4.05 g DMI/g gain). Rabbits fed 33% biologically treated rice straw with Pleurotus ostreatus showed the highest economic efficiency (179%) followed by rabbits that received 33% of both rice straws treated without Pleurotus ostreatus and rabbits that received corn stalks biologically treated with Trichoderma reesei (161%). Conclusion Biological treatments of rice straws by Pleurotus ostreatus or corn stalks by Trichoderma reesei were safe, and it improves their chemical analysis and improved both daily gain and feed conversion, decreasing the costing of diet formulation which consequently decreased the price of 1-kg live body weight.

Upgrading of waterworks with a new biooxidation process for removal of manganese and iron

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 121-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Hedberg ◽  
T. A. Wahlberg
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Pilot Plant ◽  
Previous Treatment ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Unit Operations ◽  
Treatment Water

The paper describes how waterworks can be upgraded by the use of microbiologically unit operations to make it possible to remove manganese from groundwater and surface water. Pilot plant studies and full-scale plant studies show that conventional oxidants as permanganate may be replaced by biooxidation thus reducing the use of chemicals in water treatment. Water containing high amounts of Fe and/or Mn and organic matter may be difficult to treat and pilot plant studies are therefore recommended. This study shows that one ground waterworks and one surface waterworks succed in removing manganese where previous treatment with permangante had failed.

Wastewater nitrogen removal in SBRs, applying a step-feed strategy: from lab-scale to pilot-plant operation

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 89-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Puig ◽  
M.T. Vives ◽  
Ll. Corominas ◽  
M.D. Balaguer ◽  
J. Colprim
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Removal ◽  
Pilot Plant ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Aerobic Oxidation ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Plant Operation ◽  
Feed Strategy ◽  
Real Wastewater ◽  
Biodegradable Organic Matter

One of the problems of nitrogen removal from wastewater when applying sequencing batch reactor (SBR) technology, is the specific use of organic matter for denitrification purposes. Since easily biodegradable organic matter is rapidly consumed under aerobic or anoxic conditions (i.e. aerobic oxidation or anoxic denitrification, respectively), it is an important factor to consider when scaling up SBRs from the laboratory to real plant operation. In this paper, we present the results obtained in relation to scaling up reactors from lab-scale to pilot-plant scale, treating real wastewater from two different locations: the laboratory and in situ, respectively. In order to make using easily biodegradable organic matter more efficient, the filling phases of SBR cycles were adjusted according to a step-feed strategy composed of 6 anoxic-aerobic events. Feeding only occurred during anoxic phases. The results obtained demonstrated that the methodology may be useful in treating real wastewater with high carbon and nitrogen variations, as it always kept effluent levels lower than the official standards require (effluent total COD lower than 125 mg COD/L and effluent Total Nitrogen lower than 15 mg N/L).

Solubilité de l'or dans les eaux interstitielles de la latérite coiffant le gîte aurifère de Misséni, au Mali

1993 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 1553-1565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric Séa ◽  
Marc G. Tanguay ◽  
Pierre Trudel ◽  
Mario Bergeron
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Humic Acid ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Humic Acids ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
High Solubility ◽  
Gold Solubility ◽  
Mn Oxides ◽  
Very High ◽  
Interstitial Waters

Twenty samples of interstitial waters and pressed saprolite were collected within undisturbed saprolite blocks to determine the actual gold transporting mode in the auriferous laterites of Misséni, Mali. The results of the analyses indicate a very high solubility of gold in the interstitial waters of the Misséni laterites (from <2 to 16.7 ppb Au; Eh, 0.356–0.419 V; pH, 6.7–7.7). The calculated theoretical concentrations of auric chloride ion, [Formula: see text], (0.3 × 10−14 – 32.7 × 10−4 ppm) and thiosulphate ion, [Formula: see text], (2.5 × 10−212 – 6.7 × 10−180 ppm), which are generally inferred to be the ions transporting the gold in a supergene environment, are insignificant in the interstitial waters of the Misséni saprolite. Given the absence of significant concentrations of chloride or thiosulphate ions as measured in the interstitial waters of Misséni (Cl−, 1.5 × 10−4 – 1.2 × 10−2 mol L−1; [Formula: see text], 1.1 × 10−111 – 4.2 × 10−95 mol L−1), the gold monohydroxide, AuOH(H2O)0, could be responsible for the gold mobilization in the studied saprolite. However, its transport could be limited by the conspicuous (Fe, Mn) oxides in the Misséni saprolite, which can act as adsorbents. The calculated concentrtion of humic acid (0.004–0.03%), which can solubilize the gold contained in the analyzed interstitial waters, is 2 to 4 times lower than that of the measured organic matter in the samples of pressed saprolite (from <0.016 to 0.07% in organic carbon). These latter results could indicate that a part of the gold solubility in the Misséni superficial saprolite is linked to the humic acids. [Journal Translation]

Stages of launching a biological treatment plant at the wastewater treatment facilities with dosing easily oxidable organic matter

2021 ◽  
pp. 38-46
Author(s):  
В.А. Кондрашев ◽  
С.Г. Метелица
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Commercial Fishing ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Numerous Experimental Data ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
Equipment Configuration

Рассмотрены вопросы, связанные с проведением пусконаладочных работ биоблока станции очистки хозяйственно-бытовых и близких к ним по составу сточных вод при пробном пуске в эксплуатацию очистных сооружений. Подробно рассмотрены этапы пусконаладочных работ биоблока очистных сооружений с «затравкой» активным илом из действующих биологических очистных сооружений и с дозировкой легкоокисляемой органики. Описан состав оборудования станции КОС-9 производства «Гермес Групп». Рассмотрены все этапы пусконаладочных работ биоблока на примере запуска очистных сооружений КОС-9 с привлечением многочисленных опытных данных. Определены периоды этапов пусконаладки биоблока. Приведены проблемы наладки биоблока и пути их решения с достижением требуемого результата. Технология, используемая на станции, обеспечивает очистку сточных вод, соответствующую требованиям, предъявляемым к выпуску очищенных стоков в водоем рыбохозяйственного значения. Issues related to commissioning a biological treatment plant at the facilities for household and similar in composition wastewater treatment during the trial start of the treatment facilities are considered. The stages of commissioning a biological treatment plant at the wastewater treatment facilities with «inoculating» activated sludge from the operating biological treatment facilities and with dosing easily oxidable organic matter are considered in detail. The equipment configuration of the WWTP-9 produced by Germes Group is described. All stages of the biological treatment plant commissioning are considered through the example of the start-up of WWTP-9 with the use of numerous experimental data. The periods of biological treatment plant commissioning stages have been determined. The problems of adjusting the biological treatment plant and the ways of their elimination to achieve the required result are presented. The technology used at the WWT facilities provides for the effluent quality that meets the requirements for the discharge into a water body of commercial fishing importance.

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