Physicochemical treatment of office and public buildings greywater

2010 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 2357-2363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eran Friedler ◽  
Yuval Alfiya
Keyword(s):  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Physicochemical Process ◽  
High Variability ◽  
Office Building ◽  
Cake Filtration ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Filtration Cycle ◽  
Very High

The current study analyses the performance of deep sand filtration of greywater from an office building and the performance of a combined physicochemical process comprising of coagulation, sedimentation and filtration. Raw greywater quality exhibited very high variability with average turbidity of 35 NTU, and TSS, CODt, and BOD of 45, 240, 75 mg/l respectively. The stand-alone filter removed 50 and 70% of the turbidity and TSS, but failed to remove COD and BOD. Quality of the produced effluent was too low to allow any reuse. Clogging rate of the filter was high and under hydraulic loading of 3–4 m3/(m2 h) the filtration cycle had to be terminated after 5–8 h. Clogging occurred mainly on the upper layer, indicating the dominance of “cake” filtration mechanism. Addition of coagulation and sedimentation prior to sedimentation dramatically improved effluent quality, reaching overall removal efficiencies of 92, 94, 65 and 57% of turbidity, TSS CODt and BOD respectively. The filtration cycle could be prolonged to 20 h. The effluent produced was of much better quality, yet, it has to be further treated (either biological treatment or membrane filtration). Most of the removal occurred in the coagulation-sedimentation step, while the filter acted as a polishing unit.

Test on Microfiltration as a Tertiary Treatment Downstream of Fixed Bacteria Filtration

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 219-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Langlais ◽  
Ph Denis ◽  
S. Triballeau ◽  
M. Faivre ◽  
M. M. Bourbigot
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Solid ◽  
Sewage Water ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Tertiary Treatment ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Filtration Cycle ◽  
Highly Sensitive

Conventional methods of disinfecting sewage water are all highly sensitive to variations in the effluent quality upstream of the disinfection stage. Microfiltration was tested as a tertiary treatment downstream of biofiltration, simulating very poor biofilter efficiency, to test the limits of the microfiltration process. Despite the poor quality of the secondary effluent (COD between 100 and 400 mgO2/l, BOD5 between 30 and 150 mgO2/l and suspended solid concentrations between 15 and 90 mg/l), the microfiltration process (filtration level : 0.2 µm) eliminated all faecal germs and tenia and ascaris eggs. The total elimination of free amoeba cysts still needs to be confirmed. With the COD and BOD5 reduced by an average of 60 and 70% respectively, the effluent quality is equivalent to level e after microfiltration (COD: 90 mgO2/l and BOD5=30 mgO2/l on samples averaged over 24 hours). Turbidity, measured instead of suspended solids at outlet from the microfilter, was 99% eliminated. The colour remained between 50 and 150 mg Pt.Co/l. Under the operating conditions applied, the minimum filtration cycle was 72 hours for a minimum permeate flow of 80 l/h/m2 of membrane.

Treatment of Perfume Manufacturing Wastewaters by Co-Metabolism with an Alcohol Substrate

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-141
Author(s):  
M. C. Goronszy
Keyword(s):  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Chemical Oxidation ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Waste Sludge ◽  
Chemical Oxidants ◽  
Aeration Process ◽  
Scale Reactor

A fragrance manufacturing wastewater is to be treated using a flowsheet which includes combined equalization and organics stripping, biological treatment followed by catalyzed chemical oxidation and waste sludge handling. Two biological processes were investigated for comparison. The first was a conventional extended aeration process, using a bench-scale reactor; the second was a cyclically operated activated sludge system batch reactor using a demonstration unit on-site. Operating parameters for generating an effluent quality of around 600 mg/L COD, through biological treatment, were established. It was found necessary to adjust the feed substrate concentration with a concentrated wastewater component to support microbial growth. The combined fragrance manufacturing waste stream was characterized by an initial COD of around 23000 mg/L. The treatment facility is required to meet a 300 mg/L COD, 175 mg/L BOD and 250 mg/L TSS effluent quality by the regulatory authorities. Satisfactory removal of residual COD to meet the discharge specification was obtained in bench tests using catalyzed chemical oxidants following biological treatment. The design intent of the full-scale facility is 38000 litres/day.

Wastewater treatment by pond systems: experiences in Catalonia, Spain

2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 35-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. García ◽  
R. Mujeriego ◽  
A. Bourrouet ◽  
G. Peñuelas ◽  
A. Freixes
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Waste Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Waste Stabilization ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Limited Operator ◽  
Very High

An evaluation of the 24 existing pond systems for treatment of urban wastewater in Catalonia (north-eastern Spain) was conducted in 1997-1998. The evaluation covered 13 aerated ponds, 7 waste stabilization ponds (WSP), and 4 maturation ponds added to conventional biological wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). The technical characteristics of the pond systems were obtained through a survey completed during several visits to the plants. Performance data was supplied by the Catalonia Wastewater Agency and the monthly monitoring campaigns conducted during 12 months in five WWTP. The average ratio of water surface to population equivalent (p-e) is 1.3 m2/p-e for aerated ponds, 9.6 m2/p-e for WSP and 1.7 m2/p-e for maturation ponds added to conventional WWTP. Average electrical energy consumption is 0.5 kW.h/m3 for aerated ponds and 0.04 kW.h/m3 for WSP (when wastewater has to be pumped from the sewer). Most of the WSP show an inadequate level O & M, because the very limited operator attendance (0.6 h/dayon average) as compared to aerated ponds (3.2 h/day on average). Effluent quality of aerated ponds (31 mg SS/l and 22 mg BOD5/l, on average) is usually better that of WSP (100 mg SS/l and 67 mg BOD5/l, on average). Most of the WSP are overloaded, with only two of the pond systems receiving less than 50 kg BOD5/ha. Facultative WSP show a better performance than anaerobic WSP; anaerobic WSP have very high overloading conditions (with more than 250 kg BOD5/ha.d). Average effluent quality of all the pond systems studied comply with European Union standards.

scholarly journals Utilization of Conventional Treatments and Agricultural Wastes as Low-Cost Adsorbents for Removal of Lead Ions from Wastewater

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Mohammed Jaafar Ali Alatabe
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Chemical Precipitation ◽  
Lead Ions ◽  
Dialysis Membrane ◽  
Very High

This study reviewed the most common methods for removing lead ions from industrial wastewater and municipal wastewater. Most of the research done was reviewed using traditional methods such as chemical precipitation, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, oxidation, evaporation, electric-dialysis, membrane filtration, and solvent extraction. These operations were related to several restrictions, that comprised the treatments to be limited to a definite concentration of the Lead (II) ions. Similarly, disadvantages complicated the production of huge quantities of dangerous waste although very high costs. This means these operations were very costly. For these reasons, to utilize the agricultural waste and low-cost adsorbents operation can be considered as eco-friendly. Currently, agricultural waste and natural materials are present in a huge quantity, and that is very damaging to the environment. Therefore, adsorption is an alternate operation for eliminating Lead (II) ions. According to the increased quality of adsorption operations, like the properties of improved adsorptive, increase availability, and cost-effectiveness, the operation is economical option for eliminating Lead(II) ions.

scholarly journals SISTEM INSTALASI PENGOLAHAN AIR-LIMBAH (IPAL) KOMUNAL DI RW 11 KELURAHAN KERTAJAYA KECAMATAN GUBENG SURABAYA

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditya Wijaya ◽  
Didik Sugeng Purwanto ◽  
Suprijandani .
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Difficult Problem ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Fat Removal ◽  
Anaerobic System

Urban sanitation remained a difficult problem to overcome, particularly waste watermanagement. Improper wastewater discharges that do not meet health and environmentalrequirements maybe harmful to health. In order to control discharges of domestic wastewater,the Governor of East Java issued Regulation No. 72 of 2013 regarding Wastewater Standard forIndustries and/or Other BusinessActivities that includes parameters such as pH, BOD,COD,TSS,Oils and Fats. The purpose of the present study was to determine the system and processesofcommunal WWTP in RT 4 RW 11 on Jalan Kertajaya IV Raya Kelurahan Kertajaya KecamatanGubeng of Surabaya Municipality.This was a descriptive and cross-sectionalstudy. Data were collected through observations,measurements, interviews, laboratory tests, as well as secondary data collection. Water sampleswere taken three times at the inlet and outlet of the WWTP. The collected data weresubsequently analyzed in descriptive manner.Results showed that the inflow was greater than the outflow, leading to overflow of theWWTP. Sources of wastewater conslsted of domestic wastewater, water used to wash utilities,water discharge from motor vehides washing activities. Wastewater was treated by biologicalmethod consisted of an anaerobic system and physical methods involving a filtration system.Wastewater was sampled at the inlet and outlet points of the WWTP using a time-combinationmethod. BOD removal efficiency was found to be 29.9%-67.9%; COD removal efficiency was8.5%-44.6%; TSS removal efficiency was 41.7%-92.3%; Oil and Fat removal efficiency was 5%-61.9%. The quality of treated domestic wastewater of RW 11 Kelurahan Kertajaya did not meetthe deSignated requirements with regard to parameters of BOD,COD,Oil and Fat.It is recomended to improve the processing capacity of the WWTP in order to preventoverflows, increase the dimension of the biological treatment facility, and add a grease trap unitto help the effluent quality to meet the standards stated in EastJava Governor Regulation No. 72of 2013

Microfiltration Used as a Means of Disinfection Downstream: A Bacterial Treatment Stage on Fixed-Bed Bacteria

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 19-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Langlais ◽  
Ph. Denis ◽  
S. Triballeau ◽  
M. Faivre ◽  
M. M. Bourbigot
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Suspended Solid ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Filtration Cycle ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Bacterial Treatment

Conventional methods of disinfecting sewage are all highly sensitive to variations in the effluent quality upstream of the disinfection stage. Microfiltration was tested as a tertiary treatment downstream of biofiltration, simulating very poor biofilter efficiency, to test the limits of the microfiltration process. Despite the poor quality of the secondary effluent (COD between 100 and 400 mgO2/l, BOD5 between 30 and 150 mgO2/l and suspended solid concentrations between 15 and 90 mg/l), the microfiltration process (filtration level : 0.2 µm) eliminated all faecal germs and tenia and ascaris eggs. The total elimination of free amoeba cysts still needs to be confirmed. With the COD and BOD5 reduced by an average of 60 and 70% respectively, the effluent quality is equivalent to level e after microfiltration (COD: 90 mgO2/l and BOD5 = 30 mgO2/l on samples averaged over 24 hours). Turbidity, measured instead of suspended solids at outlet from the microfilter, was 99 % eliminated. The colour remained between 50 and 150 mg Pt.Co/l. Under the operating conditions applied, the minimum filtration cycle was 72 hours for a minimum permeate flow of 80 1/h/m2 of membrane. When microfiltration process was used to treat a secondary effluent of good quality (COD between 14 and 40 mg/l; turbidity between 1.4 and 5.1 NTU) the germ elimination remained the same; the COD removal (31 % average elimination) allowed us to get an effluent with an average COD concentration of 24 mgO2/l. The filtration cycle was much longer (300 hours).

Pembuatan Pilot Project Pengolahan Air Limbah Industri Rambut Palsu dengan Sistem Lumpur Aktif

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (15) ◽  
pp. 37-47
Author(s):  
Sri Moertinah ◽  
Misbachul Moenir
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Industrial Waste Water ◽  
Microbial Adaptation ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Electricity Costs

This study aims to create a pilot project for wastewater treatment wig industry with biological activated sludge technology to applied in the industry. Design criteria for the pilot project are the influent COD ≤ 900 mg/l, MLSS = 3,000 mg/l, 30-hours residence time. DO ≥ 2 mg/l and flow 10 m3/day. Implementation of a pilot project initiated by seeding aerobic microbes and microbial adaptation to proceed with wastewater to be treated. The trial results showed that the pilot project % COD reduction ranged from 73.2% - 91% and the result is not much different from the results of laboratory-scale research about 89.7% and the quality  of the effluent is already fullfill the standard of industrial waste water wig required by the Central Java Provincial Regulation No. 5 of 2012. The calculation of operating cost of activated sludge biological treatment which includes labor costs, electricity costs, equipment maintenance costs, expenses and other nutrients obtained the price of  Rp. 2972/m3 or Rp. 742.99/wig.ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat pilot project pengolahan air limbah industri rambut palsu dengan sistem lumpur aktif yang diterapkan di industri. Kriteria desain pilot project tersebut adalah COD influen ≤ 900 mg/l, MLSS = 3.000 mg/l, waktu tinggal 30 jam DO≥2 mg/l  dan debit air limbah 10 m3/hari. Pelaksanaan pilot project dimulai dengan seeding mikroba aerob dan dilanjutkan dengan adaptasi mikroba dengan air limbah yang akan diolah. Hasil uji coba pilot project menunjukkan bahwa % penurunan COD berkisar antara 73,2% - 91% dan hasil ini tidak berbeda jauh dengan hasil penelitian skala laboratorium sekitar 89,7% dan kualitas air limbah hasil pengolahan sudah memenuhi baku mutu air limbah industri rambut palsu yang dipersyaratkan oleh Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Jawa Tengah No 5 tahun 2012. Dari hasil perhitungan biaya operasional pengolahan biologis lumpur aktif yang meliputi biaya tenaga kerja, biaya listrik, biaya perawatan peralatan, biaya nutrien dan lainnya diperoleh harga sebesar Rp. 2972/m3  atau Rp. 742,99/wig.   Kata kunci : air limbah industri rambut palsu, pilot project, sistem lumpur aktif

Ground water quality of selected areas of Punjab and Sind Provinces, Pakistan: Chemical and microbiological aspects

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chem Int
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Concentration ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Potassium Ions ◽  
Ammonium Ions ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Phosphate Ions ◽  
Sodium Magnesium ◽  
Very High ◽  
Microbiological Aspects

The assessment of groundwater is essential for the estimation of suitability of water for safe use. An attempt has been made to study the groundwater of selected areas of Punjab (Sheikhupura & Sahiwal) and Sindh (Sindh, Jawar Dharki and Dharki), Pakistan. The results indicate that pH, color and odor were all within limits of WHO that is pH ranges 6.5–8.5, colorless and odorless, respectively. The high values of suspended solids were observed in the Sindh-1 and Dharki samples. Microbiologically only Sahiwal and Jawar Dharki were found fit for drinking purpose. Trace metals analysis of Sheikhupura-1 and Sindh-1 showed that values do not fall within limits of WHO for Iron. The ionic concentration analysis showed that high bicarbonate (HCO3-), ions are present in the samples of Sahiwal and Dharki; Sindh-1 and Jawar Dharki samples showed very high concentration for chloride ions, all samples were satisfactory level for sulphate (SO42-), sodium, magnesium and phosphate ions except samples of Sindh-1 and Jawar Dharki. High concentration of calcium and potassium ions was observed in samples of Sindh-1, while all other samples were found fit for drinking purposes in respect of nitrate, nitrite and ammonium ions. The high concentration of Fluoride was found only in Sheikhupura-2 samples.

Continuing the Development of Municipal Effluent Guidelines for the Northwest Territories

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-184
Author(s):  
R. J. Kent
Keyword(s):  
Northwest Territories ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Flow Ratio ◽  
Dilution Ratio ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Municipal Effluent

The background to and the rationale for the Guidelines for Municipal Type Wastewater Discharges in the Northwest Territories is discussed. Particu1ar attention is given to the development of Table 2.1, Effluent Quality of Municipal Wastewater Discharges, which was based upon expected lagoon performance. Also included is a discussion of the flow ratio and dilution ratio concepts. The viability of these concepts was assessed against the available data. It appears that the guidelines misjudged both the number of coliform bacteria in northern raw sewage and the removal efficiency for these organisms in lagoons. It appears unlikely that lagoons can consistently meet the guideline requirements. More information and research is necessary before a complete assessment can be performed.

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