Gut microbiota as risk factor causing obesity in children

Nowadays obesity resulting from abnormal or excessive fat deposits in a body has become a true epidemic. Risk factors that cause the disease include improper lifestyle, hereditary predisposition, as well as metabolic activity of gut microbiota. Research works performed over the last decades indicate that microbes that create colonies in human intestines play a significant role in maintaining proper metabolism. There is a correlation between disorders in gut microbiota structure and immune disorders, elevated susceptibility to infections, and obesity. There is more and more evidence that gut microbiota and its overall bacterial genome exert their influence on nutrients assimilation and regulate energy metabolism and fat accumulation. Certain differences were detected in microbiota gut structure in children and adults with obesity and people with proper body mass index. Delivery and feeding are among key factors influencing gut microbiota formation in a child. Thus, research results indicate that natural birth, as opposed to cesarean section, can prevent obesity occurrence in a child. Breast-feeding also makes a substantial contribution into development of an infant since breast milk is balanced food that provides optimal metabolism in an infant’s body and helps creating proper gut microbiota. At the same time, according to data obtained via numerous research works, artificial feeding can be related to obesity occurrence in future. Ways to fight obesity include medication therapy, dietary nutrition, physical activity as well as bariatric surgery; the latter is nowadays considered to be the most efficient procedure on the matter. Reduction in body mass via influencing gut microbiota is a promising trend in research in the sphere. Despite there are objective data on benign effects produced by probiotics and prebiotics on gut microbiota, experts haven’t been able to reach agreement on their efficiency yet.

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Gut microbiota as risk factor causing obesity in children

Health Risk Analysis ◽

10.21668/health.risk/2021.1.17.eng ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 159-172

Author(s):

P.Yu. Petrova ◽

◽

A.D. Aga ◽

E.S. Trapeznikova ◽

E.V. Budanova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Body Mass ◽

Bacterial Genome ◽

Substantial Contribution ◽

Key Factors ◽

Efficient Procedure ◽

Medication Therapy ◽

Fat Deposits ◽

Natural Birth ◽

Regulate Energy Metabolism

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Maternal consumption of artificially sweetened beverages during pregnancy is associated with infant gut microbiota and metabolic modifications and increased infant body mass index

Gut Microbes ◽

10.1080/19490976.2020.1857513 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 1-15

Author(s):

Isabelle Laforest-Lapointe ◽

Allan B. Becker ◽

Piushkumar J. Mandhane ◽

Stuart E. Turvey ◽

Theo J. Moraes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Body Mass ◽

Sweetened Beverages ◽

Maternal Consumption ◽

Artificially Sweetened Beverages

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Grip Strength Moderates the Association between Anthropometric and Body Composition Indicators and Liver Fat in Youth with an Excess of Adiposity

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm7100347 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (10) ◽

pp. 347 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Robinson Ramírez-Vélez ◽

Mikel Izquierdo ◽

Jorge Correa-Bautista ◽

Alejandra Tordecilla-Sanders ◽

María Correa-Rodríguez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Liver Disease ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Grip Strength ◽

Body Mass ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Muscular Strength ◽

Liver Fat ◽

Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽

Fat Deposits

Paediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered the most common early driver of chronic liver disease. The aim of this study was to examine whether grip strength moderates the association between anthropometric and body composition parameters and controlled attenuation parameter (CAP), an indicator of fat deposits in the liver, in children and adolescents with excess of adiposity. A total of 127 adolescents (67% girls) aged between 11 and 17, attending two public schools in Bogotá (Colombia), who had an axiological evaluation of obesity were included in this study. A grip strength test was assessed as an indicator of muscular strength, and cardiorespiratory fitness by maximal oxygen uptake was assessed using the 20 m shuttle-run test. Waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), fat mass, and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) (cm3) were included as anthropometric and body composition measures. CAP was determined with a FibroScan® 502 Touch device (Echosens, Paris, France). The anthropometric and body composition parameters including WC, WHtR, fat mass, and VAT were positively associated with the CAP (range β = 0.423 to 0.580), slightly reduced after being adjusted for handgrip strength/weight. The Johnson-Neyman technique revealed a significant inverse relationship between WC, WHtR, VAT, and CAP when grip strength normalized by body mass was above but not equal to or below 0.475 (8.1% of the sample), 0.469 (8.9% of the sample), and 0.470 (8.5% of the sample), respectively. In conclusion, grip strength adjusted by body mass, has a moderating effect on the association between anthropometric and body composition parameters (including WC, WHtR, and VAT) and CAP in in children and adolescents with excess of adiposity, suggesting the importance of promoting muscular strength during paediatric population in order to prevent NAFLD.

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Gut microbiome dysbiosis in anorexia nervosa

Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0014.8601 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 75 ◽

pp. 283-291

Author(s):

Agata Janczy ◽

Magdalena Landowska ◽

Zdzisław Kochan

Keyword(s):

Anorexia Nervosa ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Body Mass ◽

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Dietary Habits ◽

Eating Habits ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is described as an eating disorder, which is characterized by malnutrition, a fear of gaining body mass, and a disturbed self-body image. This disease is dependent on biological, psychological and socio-cultural factors. Among the various biological factors, the importance of intestinal microbiota has recently attracted much attention. Identification of the gut microbiota dysbiosis in patients with AN has opened new and promising research directions. Recent observations focus in particular on the association between intestinal microorganisms and the occurrence of functional gastrointestinal disorders associated with anorexia, anxiety and depression, as well as the regulation of eating habits. The composition of the gut microbiota differs between patients with AN and individuals with normal body mass. This is due to the incorrect diet of patients; on the other hand, there is growing interest in the role of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of AN, its changes through re-nutrition practices, and in particular the modulation of intestinal microbiological composition by means of nutritional interventions or the use of preand probiotics as standard supplements therapy of eating disorders. There is a need for further research about the microbiome - intestine - brain axis. Furthermore, consequences of changes in dietary habits as part of AN treatment are also unknown. However, better knowledge about the relationship between the gut microbiome and the brain can help improve the treatment of this disorder. This review aims to present the current knowledge about the potential role of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis, course and treatment of AN.

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Fecal Bacterial Communities Differ by Lactation Status in Post-Partum Women and Their Infants

Journal of Human Lactation ◽

10.1177/08903344211060343 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 089033442110603

Author(s):

Eliot N. Haddad ◽

Lynn E. Ferro ◽

Kathleen E. B. Russell ◽

Kameron Y. Sugino ◽

Jean M. Kerver ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Human Milk ◽

Body Mass ◽

Beta Diversity ◽

Bifidobacterium Longum ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Body Mass Index Category ◽

Fecal Samples ◽

Milk Feeding

Background: Previous research examined effects of human milk on the infant gut microbiota, but little attention has been given to the microbiota of lactating women. Research Aim: To determine associations between exclusive human milk feeding and gut microbiota characteristics in mothers and infants at 6-weeks postpartum. Methods: A sample of mother–infant dyads ( N = 24) provided fecal samples and questionnaire responses at 6-weeks postpartum as part of the Pregnancy, EAting & POstpartum Diapers study. Deoxyribonucleic acid was extracted from stool samples, followed by (V4) 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene amplicon sequencing. Alpha and beta diversity, in addition to taxa differences, were compared by human milk exposure status, exclusive versus non-exclusive. A subset of dyads (those exclusively fed human milk; n = 14) was analyzed for shared bifidobacterial species using polymerase chain reaction. Results: Alpha diversity was significantly lower in exclusively human milk-fed infants. Maternal lactation status (exclusive vs. partial) and Shannon diversity were associated in univariate analysis but were no longer associated in multivariable regression including body mass index category in the model. Beta diversity (Sorensen dissimilarity) of fecal samples from women and infants was significantly associated with human milk feeding. Of six infants with Bifidobacterium longum subspecies longum in their fecal samples, all their mothers shared the same species. Conclusion: Maternal gut microbiotas differ by lactation status, a relationship potentially confounded by body mass index category. Further research is needed to identify whether lactation directly influences the maternal gut microbiota, which may be another mechanism by which lactation influences health.

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A Co-abundant Gene Analysis for Identification of Gut Microbial Strains Associated with Immune Responses to Oral Cholera Vaccine

10.1101/2021.12.01.470820 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Fred J. Heller ◽

Hasan Al Banna ◽

M. Hasanul Kaisar ◽

Denise Chac ◽

Fahima Chowdhury ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Bacterial Genome ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Metagenomic Sequencing ◽

Vaccine Adjuvants ◽

Sequencing Data ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Vaccine Response ◽

Protein Coding

Background: Oral cholera vaccines (OCVs) are an important tool for reduction of the worldwide cholera burden, but some individuals who receive an OCV do not develop protective immune responses. The gut microbiota is a potential explanation for these differences. Components of the gut microbiota associated with differences in OCV response have not been identified. Results: We used metagenomic sequencing to identify predicted protein-coding genes in the gut microbiota at the time of OCV administration, and then measured immune responses to vaccination. Vaccine recipients were classified as OCV 'responders' if they developed a post-vaccination increase in memory B cell populations that produce IgA or IgG specific for cholera toxin and the V. cholerae O-specific polysaccharide. We next analyzed microbial genes seen at similar abundances across individual samples and classified these into co-abundant gene groupings (CAGs), and correlated CAGs with OCV responses. Next, to identify specific bacterial strains associated with OCV responses, we mapped CAGs to bacterial genomes and generated a 'priority score' for each strain detected in the study population. This score reflects both the number of CAGs aligning to a specific bacterial genome and the strength of the association between the CAGs and the vaccine response. This strain-level analysis revealed relationships between the gut microbiota and immune response to OCV that were not detected at the genus or species level. Bacterial strains which produce short-chain fatty acids and those with sphingolipid-containing cell membranes were correlated with more robust immune responses to vaccination. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates a method for translating metagenomic sequencing data into strain-specific results associated with a biological outcome. Using this approach, we identified strains for the study of bacterial-derived molecules or metabolites associated with immune responses; such agents might have potential utility as vaccine adjuvants.

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Relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and Glomerulus Filtration Rate Estimation in Overweight Students at the Health Analyst Department of Pontianak Health Polytechnic

JURNAL TEKNOLOGI KESEHATAN BORNEO ◽

10.30602/jtkb.v2i1.32 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 27-33

Author(s):

Slamet

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽

Glomerular Filtration ◽

Body Mass ◽

Filtration Rate ◽

Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽

The Body ◽

P Value ◽

Fat Deposits ◽

The Relationship

Obesity occurs due to excessive fat deposits in the body, one of which is a poor diet. The relationship between overweight and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is mediated through several mechanisms of adiponectin, leptin, and resistin, the development of inflammation, oxidative stress, abnormal lipid metabolism, and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between body mass index and estimated glomerular filtration rate in overweight students at the Health Analyst Department of Pontianak Health Polytechnic. The research design used was cross-sectional. This research was conducted on May 14-18, 2018. The population is a student health analyst. With the criteria for students from the 2015 and 2016 batches who are still active, BMI 23-29.9 Kg/m² and aged 18 to 22 years, totaling 37 respondents. The sampling technique used is total sampling. Performed include measurements of BMI, serum creatinine Jaffe method, fixed time and ELFG Cokroft-Gault formula. The results obtained using the Kendall's tau test showed that the p value (0.906) was greater than (0.05) meaning that there was no relationship between body mass index and estimated glomerular filtration rate in overweight students at the Health Analyst Department of Pontianak Health Polytechnic.

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Role of Gut Microbiota and Short Chain Fatty Acids in Modulating Energy Harvest and Fat Partitioning in Youth

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2016-1797 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 101 (11) ◽

pp. 4367-4376 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

Martina Goffredo ◽

Kendra Mass ◽

Elizabeth J. Parks ◽

David A. Wagner ◽

Emily Ann McClure ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Body Mass ◽

Body Fat ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Short Chain ◽

Gut Flora ◽

Obese Youth ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

Objective: We aimed at determining the relationship of the gut microbiota and short chain fatty acids with obesity and fat partitioning and at testing potential differences in the ability of gut microbiota to ferment equal amounts of carbohydrates (CHO) between lean and obese youth. Research Design and Methods: We analyzed the gut microbiota of 84 youth in whom body fat distribution was measured by fast-magnetic resonance imaging, de novo lipogenesis (DNL) quantitated using deuterated water, and the capability of gut flora to ferment CHO was assessed by 13C-fructose treatment in vitro. Results: A significant association was found between the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio, and the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria with body mass index, visceral and SC fat (all P < .05). Plasma acetate, propionate, and butyrate were associated with body mass index and visceral and SC fat (all P < .05) and with hepatic DNL (P = .01, P = .09, P = .04, respectively). Moreover, the rate of CHO fermentation from the gut flora was higher in obese than in lean subjects (P = .018). Conclusions: These data demonstrate that obese youth show a different gut flora composition than lean and that short chain fatty acids are associated with body fat partitioning and DNL. Also, the gut microbiota of obese youth have a higher capability than the gut flora of lean to oxidize CHO.

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