scholarly journals The Internal Secularisation of Religion

2021 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 95-111
Author(s):  
Karol Jasiński
Keyword(s):  
Religious Life ◽  
Life Change ◽  
Contemporary Culture ◽  
Auxiliary Functions ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Different Levels

This paper analyses the issue of the internal secularisation of religion, which can occur on many different levels (privatization of religious life, change in the universe of meaning, the adaptation of religion to contemporary culture, lacking sensitivity to the "sacrum", the primacy of politics over religion). Three currently important manifestations of the internal secularisation of religion have been analysed. The first manifestation is the secularisation of the consciousness of believers, the second is the excessive institutionalisation and bureaucratisation of religion and the third is the domination of secular (auxiliary) functions over typically religious (essential) functions.

On the matter of proving Euclidean fifth postulate and the origin of non-Euclidean geometries

2019 ◽  
Vol 950 (8) ◽  
pp. 2-11
Author(s):  
S.A. Tolchelnikova ◽  
K.N. Naumov
Keyword(s):  
Celestial Mechanics ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Relativity Theory ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
The Third ◽  
Stellar Astronomy ◽  
Spherical Surfaces ◽  
Mathematical System ◽  
Solar System Bodies ◽  
The Universe

The Euclidean geometry was developed as a mathematical system due to generalizing thousands years of measurements on the plane and spherical surfaces. The development of celestial mechanics and stellar astronomy confirmed its validity as mathematical principles of natural philosophy, in particular for studying the Solar System bodies’ and Galaxy stars motions. In the non-Euclidean geometries by Lobachevsky and Riemann, the third axiom of modern geometry manuals is substituted. We show that the third axiom of these manuals is a corollary of the Fifth Euclidean postulate. The idea of spherical, Riemannian space of the Universe and local curvatures of space, depending on body mass, was inculcated into celestial mechanics, astronomy and geodesy along with the theory of relativity. The mathematical apparatus of the relativity theory was created from immeasurable quantities

scholarly journals Gravitational Interaction in the Chimney Lattice Universe

Universe ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Maxim Eingorn ◽  
Andrew McLaughlin ◽  
Ezgi Canay ◽  
Maksym Brilenkov ◽  
Alexander Zhuk
Keyword(s):  
Helmholtz Equation ◽  
Gravitational Potential ◽  
Fourier Expansion ◽  
Gravitational Interaction ◽  
Alternative Solution ◽  
The Third ◽  
Present Universe ◽  
Delta Functions ◽  
Yukawa Potentials ◽  
The Universe

We investigate the influence of the chimney topology T×T×R of the Universe on the gravitational potential and force that are generated by point-like massive bodies. We obtain three distinct expressions for the solutions. One follows from Fourier expansion of delta functions into series using periodicity in two toroidal dimensions. The second one is the summation of solutions of the Helmholtz equation, for a source mass and its infinitely many images, which are in the form of Yukawa potentials. The third alternative solution for the potential is formulated via the Ewald sums method applied to Yukawa-type potentials. We show that, for the present Universe, the formulas involving plain summation of Yukawa potentials are preferable for computational purposes, as they require a smaller number of terms in the series to reach adequate precision.

Distinction between Dolus and Culpa with reference to Arson in Zakon Sudnyj LJudem, the Vinodol Law and the Statute of Senj

De Jure ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Haman ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
The Third ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Criminal Offenses ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Better Than

The difference between intent (dolus) and negligence (culpa) was rarely emphasized in codified medieval laws and regulations. When compared to the legal statements related to intent, negligence was mentioned even more rarely. However, there are some laws that distinguished between the two concepts in terms of some specific crimes, such as arson. This paper draws attention to three medieval Slavic legal documents – the Zakon Sudnyj LJudem (ZSLJ), the Vinodol Law and the Statute of Senj. They are compared with reference to regulations regarding arson, with the focus being on arson as a crime committed intentionally or out of negligence. The ZSLJ as the oldest known Slavic law in the world shows some similarities with other medieval Slavic legal codes, especially in the field of criminal law, since most of the ZSLJ’s articles are related to criminal law. On the other hand, the Vinodol Law is the oldest preserved Croatian law and it is among the oldest Slavic codes in the world. It was written in 1288 in the Croatian Glagolitic script and in the Croatian Chakavian dialect. The third document – the Statute of Senj – regulated legal matters in the Croatian littoral town of Senj. It was written in 1388 – exactly a century after the Vinodol Law was proclaimed. When comparing the Vinodol Law and the Statute of Senj with the Zakon Sudnyj LJudem, there are clear differences and similarities, particularly in the field of criminal law. Within the framework of criminal offenses, the act of arson is important for making a distinction between intent and negligence. While the ZSLJ regulates different levels of guilt, the Vinodol Law makes no difference between dolus and culpa. On the other hand, the Statute of Senj strictly refers to negligence as a punishable crime. Even though the ZSLJ is almost half a millennium older than the Statute of Senj and around 400 years older than the Vinodol Law, this paper proves that the ZSLJ defines the guilt and the punishment for arson much better than the other two laws.

scholarly journals Risk and Resilience in Pregnancy and Birth

2021 ◽  
pp. 57-77
Author(s):  
Cecily Young ◽  
Susan Ayers
Keyword(s):  
Transition To Parenthood ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Personal Attributes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Risk And Resilience ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Pregnancy And Birth ◽  
In Pregnancy

Pregnancy, birth, and becoming a parent involves substantial changes at biological, psychological, social, and broader cultural levels. As such, it is a continuing process of adaptation to change and new demands. This chapter provides an overview of risk and resilience in pregnancy, birth, and the transition to parenthood and the impact of these experiences on both women and their infants. The first part of the chapter provides an overview of experiences of pregnancy and birth and risks that arise, in particular trauma that may be experienced during birth. The second part looks at resilience in pregnancy and birth, what we know, and what we still need to know in this area. The third part looks at theories of resilience relevant to the perinatal period and how it is important to look at resilience at different levels (e.g. epi/genetic, personal attributes, relationships, support systems, culture, and environment). The authors conclude with key considerations for future research and theory in this area.

scholarly journals Transcendental Philosophy as a Research Programme

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 93-126
Author(s):  
Michael Lewin
Keyword(s):  
Research Programme ◽  
Transcendental Philosophy ◽  
Pure Reason ◽  
Critique Of Pure Reason ◽  
The Third ◽  
Definite Form ◽  
Historical Investigation ◽  
Clear Idea ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Insight Into

Transcendental philosophy was not born like Athena out of Zeus’s head, mature and in full armour from the very beginning. That is why in both prefaces to the Critique of Pure Reason (1781 and 1787) Kant introduces the concept of transcendental philosophy as an “idea.” The idea understood architectonically develops slowly and only gradually acquires a definite form. As witnessed by the works of Kant himself and of his predecessors and followers, the idea of transcendental philosophy has undergone a series of changes and adjustments compared to the initial plan. In this context, my goal is not simply exegesis and historical investigation of transcendental philosophy, but also to look at it from a systematic and methodological perspective. I examine the concept of transcendental philosophy from the viewpoint of programmatic metaphilosophy. The first part discusses programmatics as a distinct subsection of metaphilosophy. I argue that Kant’s architectonic methodology and the methodology of Lakatos can be used to understand the inception, development and degradation of philosophical systems. In the second part I look at the project of transcendental philosophy and the stages of its development from the standpoint of architectonics. The third part shows that Lakatos’s methodology can provide a detailed insight into the elements of transcendental philosophy, a clear idea of its logic and identify the component parts that can be improved and developed. In spite of the different levels of detailing and epistemological prerequisites, the methodologies of Kant and Lakatos can be combined to achieve a metaphilosophically informed and progressive understanding of philosophical projects.

scholarly journals Creative accounting as one of the global tools for detecting fraud in Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 129 ◽  
pp. 03024
Author(s):  
Monika Poradova
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Fraud Detection ◽  
Value Added ◽  
The Third ◽  
Creative Accounting ◽  
Method Analysis ◽  
Graphic Methods ◽  
Descriptive Method ◽  
Different Levels

Research background: The issue of fraud is a real and not an exceptional phenomenon in today’s global economies. Fraud arises in businesses at different levels and from different motivations. However, with the development of fraud, methods are also being developed to help detect such fraud. Therefore, the present paper focused on creative accounting as one of the global tools for detecting these scams. The present paper consists of four parts. The first part deals with the issue of creative accounting. The second part describes fraud techniques such as “windows dressing”, “off-balance-sheet financing” and “earnings management”. The third part of the article consists of an analysis of the development of fraud detection in Central and Western Europe. The third part also includes a discussion. The fourth part deals with the conclusions on the issue. Purpose of the article: describe the issue of creative accounting as one of the global tools for detecting fraud. One of the aims of this paper is also to analyse the development of fraud detection in Central and Western Europe. Methods: In the processing of the present paper, a descriptive method, analysis, mathematical and statistical methods, graphic methods, comparison and synthesis were used. Findings & Value added: provide an overview of the conditions for the creation of creative accounting, detection procedures, and the fight against creative accounting. The result of this article is a comprehensive view of the global frauds of Central and Western Europe.

The Corrupted “Wheel of Life”: An Essay on the Ouroboros

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 239-282
Keyword(s):  
Jacques Lacan ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Closed Cycle ◽  
Human Spirit ◽  
The Third ◽  
Conceptual Schemes ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
Human Desire ◽  
Symbolic Image ◽  
The Universe

The focus of this article is a symbolic image often found in world mythology - a giant snake or a dragon biting its own tail. This image is usually denoted by the Greek word “ouroboros” ( οὐροβόρος ), which means literally “eating its own tail.” This essay is devoted to an interpretation of this symbol, which the author sees as leading to the much broader topic of human unfreedom and the forms that this unfreedom takes. The first section deals with the unique features of Gnosticism which have made it appealing in extremely varied times and situations. Theauthor’s reflections start from understanding the Gnostic worldview as an expression of apprehensiveness about the radical otherworldliness of the human spirit and its alienation from the universe. The second section deals with the symbolism of the ouroboros and its place in Gnostic conceptual schemes as a reference to the closed cycle of nature that enslaves the human spirit. The third section attempts to decipher layer by layer the Gnostic conceptions associated with the ouroboros. Various levels of interpretation are identified: literal, mythological-magical, psychological-ascetic and socio-political. In the fourth section, the author connects Gnostic ideas with Christianity by interpreting St. Paul’s Epistles, particularly his ideas concerning rulers and authorities. The place occupied by the ouroboros in the Christian universe is analyzed. The last section relies on the ideas of René Girard, Jacques Lacan and Alain Badiou to illustrate the manifestations of the ouroboros in different dimensions of human existence, both individual and collective, with special emphasis on human desire and its futile circlings.

The Origins of Chinese Mountain Painting: Evidence from Archaeology

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
JESSICA RAWSON
Keyword(s):  
Third Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
Major Subject ◽  
Mountainous Landscapes ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
The Universe

Mountainous landscapes, with massive crags and narrow fissures between rocks, through which water spouts, are among the principal subjects of paintings in China. This chapter addresses the question, why, in the first place, were these subjects chosen? It focuses on developments made during the Qin (221–207 bc) and Han (206 bc–ad 220) dynasties, from the third century bc onwards. It explores the ways in which the conditions prevailing in the Qin and Han periods moulded some aspects of the later Chinese practice. It is argued that the ways in which the Chinese from the Han period onwards viewed the cosmos determined their choice of mountains as a major subject for painted images. The chapter discusses attitudes to the cosmos and the aesthetic consequences of these views. It considers the whole range of ideas about the universe and not simply with depictions or models of mountains as representing one part of the cosmos.

Studia dziejów i kultury Żydów w Polsce po 1945 roku

2003 ◽  
pp. 548-549
Keyword(s):  
Professional Development ◽  
Graduate Students ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Keen Interest ◽  
The Third ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
History Of ◽  
Jewish Emigration

This chapter discusses the book Studia z dziejów i kultury Żydów w Polsce po 1945 roku (Studies on the History and Culture of Jews in Poland after 1945), which was edited by Jerzy Tomaszewski. This volume consists of three short monographs by Polish graduate students in the early stages of their professional development. Two were originally written as MA theses: one by Maciej Pisarski on Jewish emigration from Poland from 1945 to 1951, and the other by Albert Stankowski on Jewish emigration from western Pomerania from 1945 to 1960. The third, by August Grabski, on the organization of Jewish religious life in Poland during the communist and (primarily) post-communist eras, originated as a seminar paper. On the whole, postgraduate writing of this type, if it is published at all, appears in limited-circulation journals for an audience of academics. The fact that these studies were published in book form, especially in paperback with the aid of a subsidy from the Polish Ministry of Culture, offers further testimony of the keen interest in the history of Jews in Poland evident among the Polish public in recent years.

Health and Well-Being

2021 ◽  
pp. 201-226
Author(s):  
Neal M. Krause
Keyword(s):  
Meaning In Life ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Proactive Coping ◽  
Coping Responses ◽  
The Third ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Extensive Body ◽  
Health And Well Being ◽  
Insight Into

The goal of this chapter is to show how a sense of meaning in life acts in concert with the dimensions of religion that have been discussed so far to affect health. The discussion that follows is divided into two sections. The extensive body of research that links meaning with health and well-being is examined first. Following this, three submodels are introduced that provide further insight into how meaning in life might affect health. The first submodel brings gratitude and prayer to the foreground. The second submodel focuses on the relationships among meaning in life, proactive coping responses, and health behavior. The third submodel brings issues involving the interface between meaning in life, negative aspects of religious life (e.g., religious doubt), and health-related outcomes.

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