In Vitro Immunodetection of Prothymosin Alpha in Normal and Pathological Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (29) ◽  
pp. 4840-4854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chrysoula-Evangelia Karachaliou ◽  
Hubert Kalbacher ◽  
Wolfgang Voelter ◽  
Ourania E. Tsitsilonis ◽  
Evangelia Livaniou
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Prothymosin Alpha ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Tissue Extracts ◽  
Biologic Response ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Almost All

Prothymosin alpha (ProTα) is a highly acidic polypeptide, ubiquitously expressed in almost all mammalian cells and tissues and consisting of 109 amino acids in humans. ProTα is known to act both, intracellularly, as an anti-apoptotic and proliferation mediator, and extracellularly, as a biologic response modifier mediating immune responses similar to molecules termed as “alarmins”. Antibodies and immunochemical techniques for ProTα have played a leading role in the investigation of the biological role of ProTα, several aspects of which still remain unknown and contributed to unraveling the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of the polypeptide. This review deals with the so far reported antibodies along with the related immunodetection methodology for ProTα (immunoassays as well as immunohistochemical, immunocytological, immunoblotting, and immunoprecipitation techniques) and its application to biological samples of interest (tissue extracts and sections, cells, cell lysates and cell culture supernatants, body fluids), in health and disease states. In this context, literature information is critically discussed, and some concluding remarks are presented.

scholarly journals Blue laser light inhibits biofilm formation in vitro and in vivo by inducing oxidative stress

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katia Rupel ◽  
Luisa Zupin ◽  
Giulia Ottaviani ◽  
Iris Bertani ◽  
Valentina Martinelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Laser Light ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Blue Laser ◽  
Data Set

Abstract Resolution of bacterial infections is often hampered by both resistance to conventional antibiotic therapy and hiding of bacterial cells inside biofilms, warranting the development of innovative therapeutic strategies. Here, we report the efficacy of blue laser light in eradicating Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells, grown in planktonic state, agar plates and mature biofilms, both in vitro and in vivo, with minimal toxicity to mammalian cells and tissues. Results obtained using knock-out mutants point to oxidative stress as a relevant mechanism by which blue laser light exerts its anti-microbial effect. Finally, the therapeutic potential is confirmed in a mouse model of skin wound infection. Collectively, these data set blue laser phototherapy as an innovative approach to inhibit bacterial growth and biofilm formation, and thus as a realistic treatment option for superinfected wounds.

scholarly journals Fenbendazole Controls In Vitro Growth, Virulence Potential, and Animal Infection in the Cryptococcus Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haroldo C. de Oliveira ◽  
Luna S. Joffe ◽  
Karina S. Simon ◽  
Rafael F. Castelli ◽  
Flavia C. G. Reis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amphotericin B ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Macrophage Infection ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Virulence Potential ◽  
Cryptococcal Disease

ABSTRACT The human diseases caused by the fungal pathogens Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii are associated with high indices of mortality and toxic and/or cost-prohibitive therapeutic protocols. The need for affordable antifungals to combat cryptococcal disease is unquestionable. Previous studies suggested benzimidazoles as promising anticryptococcal agents combining low cost and high antifungal efficacy, but their therapeutic potential has not been demonstrated so far. In this study, we investigated the antifungal potential of fenbendazole, the most effective anticryptococcal benzimidazole. Fenbendazole was inhibitory against 17 different isolates of C. neoformans and C. gattii at a low concentration. The mechanism of anticryptococcal activity of fenbendazole involved microtubule disorganization, as previously described for human parasites. In combination with fenbendazole, the concentrations of the standard antifungal amphotericin B required to control cryptococcal growth were lower than those required when this antifungal was used alone. Fenbendazole was not toxic to mammalian cells. During macrophage infection, the anticryptococcal effects of fenbendazole included inhibition of intracellular proliferation rates and reduced phagocytic escape through vomocytosis. Fenbendazole deeply affected the cryptococcal capsule. In a mouse model of cryptococcosis, the efficacy of fenbendazole to control animal mortality was similar to that observed for amphotericin B. These results indicate that fenbendazole is a promising candidate for the future development of an efficient and affordable therapeutic tool to combat cryptococcosis.

scholarly journals A narrative review of herbal preparations against RNA viruses

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eghbal Jasemi ◽  
Saeideh Momtaz ◽  
Reza Ghaffarzadegan ◽  
Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari ◽  
Mohammad Abdollahi
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Synthetic Compound ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Plant Families ◽  
Approved Drugs ◽  
Almost All

Background: Throughout history, the plant kingdom has been a source of medicine in almost all cultures. Nowadays, ensuring the safety, quality, and effectiveness of medicinal herbs and their products has become an essential issue in industrialized and developing countries. Phytochemicals are usually involved in pharmacological actions and are used worldwide for various purposes, including the treatment of infectious diseases. Objectives: Although several therapeutics were designed to control infectious diseases, viral infections are still fatal. Currently, evidence extracted from in vivo, in vitro, and silico studies support the antiviral activity of many herbs scientifically; however, the therapeutic potential of many other herbs is still unknown. Plants and their products may potentially control the propagation of viruses in a variety of conditions. Methods: Data were extracted from PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Science Direct from 1983-2020. We gathered a list of plant extracts, phytochemicals, and herbal formulations that can inhibit RNA viral infections, mainly those are originated from the coronaviruses family. We also provided an overview of their inhibitory mechanism of actions. Results: Plant families, including Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, and Myrtaceae, contain the highest number of species with anti-coronaviruses activities, respectively. Conclusion: It can be suggested that the combination of these antiviral ingredients with each other, any synthetic compound, or already approved drugs or inhibitors can be a novel approach for antiviral therapies.  

Cytotoxic and Apoptotic Action of Nonactin and Cephaeline. HBr Precludes Alteration of Redox Status

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 295-302
Author(s):  
Oluyomi Stephen Adeyemi ◽  
Oluwakemi Josephine Awakan ◽  
Anne Adebukola Adeyanju ◽  
David Adeiza Otohinoyi
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Redox Status ◽  
In Vitro Cytotoxicity ◽  
Ros Production ◽  
Cellular Toxicity ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Cellular Apoptosis

Background: Natural products or naturally derived compounds are invaluable to human and animal lives either for nutritional value or for medicinal purposes. Indeed, natural products including extracts containing polychemical mixtures play a leading role in the discovery and development of drugs. However, the increasing interest in natural medicines is also attracting a growing concern about the safety of naturally derived medications. Objective: In the present study, we evaluated several naturally derived compounds for in vitro cytotoxicity in mammalian cells. Methods: A total of 54 compounds were evaluated for in vitro cytotoxic and apoptotic action in Human Fibroblast Foreskin (HFF) cells. Results: Of the 54 natural compounds screened for cellular toxicity, only nonactin and cephaeline. HBr reduced cellular viability by ≥60% with IC50 value <3 µg/ml. Addition of trolox antioxidant to the assay medium failed to abate cellular toxicity by both nonactin and cephaeline.HBr treatments. Fluorescence evaluation for Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production as well as Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP) was negative for both nonactin and cephaeline.HBr treatments. In contrast, both nonactin and cephaeline.HBr caused cellular apoptosis and this was not attenuated even in the presence of trolox. Conclusion: Taken together, we show evidence supporting that cytotoxic and apoptotic action of nonactin and cephaeline.HBr precludes oxidative stress or ROS production.

An in vitro Evaluation of Radicular Penetration of Hydrogen Peroxide from Bleaching Agents During Intra-Coronal Tooth Bleaching with an Insight of Biologic Response

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Divya Sharma ◽  
Sanjay Sharma ◽  
SM Natu ◽  
Satish Chandra
Keyword(s):  
Root Resorption ◽  
Tooth Bleaching ◽  
Sodium Perborate ◽  
Human Teeth ◽  
External Root Resorption ◽  
Biologic Response ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Almost All

Objectives: External root resorption is the complication of intra-coronal bleaching done with 30% H2O2alone or mixed with sodium perborate but not with sodium perborate mixed with water. The study was done to comparatively evaluate the H2O2 leakage from three H2O2 liberating bleaching agents. Study design:Fifty one single rooted human teeth were used. After root canal therapy gutta percha was removed below cemento-enamel junction. Three bleaching agents: sodium perborate mixed with water , sodium perborate mixed with 30% H2O2 and 30% H2O2 alone were used. Teeth without defect , with cervical root defect and with mid root defect constituted group A, group B and group C. According to various bleaching agents groups were subdivided into subgroup 1, 2 and 3. H2O2 leakage was measured with the help of spectrophotometer. Results: Almost all teeth showed H2O2 leakage. It was maximum in B1 followed by C1, B2,A1, A2, C2, B3, A3 and C3. Conclusion: Sodium perborate mixed with water was found to be the best bleaching agent.

scholarly journals Mitochondria Can Cross Cell Boundaries: An Overview of the Biological Relevance, Pathophysiological Implications and Therapeutic Perspectives of Intercellular Mitochondrial Transfer

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 8312
Author(s):  
Daniela Valenti ◽  
Rosa Anna Vacca ◽  
Loredana Moro ◽  
Anna Atlante
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Immunological Response ◽  
Biological Relevance ◽  
Mitochondrial Transfer ◽  
Response To Chemotherapy ◽  
Wide Range

Mitochondria are complex intracellular organelles traditionally identified as the powerhouses of eukaryotic cells due to their central role in bioenergetic metabolism. In recent decades, the growing interest in mitochondria research has revealed that these multifunctional organelles are more than just the cell powerhouses, playing many other key roles as signaling platforms that regulate cell metabolism, proliferation, death and immunological response. As key regulators, mitochondria, when dysfunctional, are involved in the pathogenesis of a wide range of metabolic, neurodegenerative, immune and neoplastic disorders. Far more recently, mitochondria attracted renewed attention from the scientific community for their ability of intercellular translocation that can involve whole mitochondria, mitochondrial genome or other mitochondrial components. The intercellular transport of mitochondria, defined as horizontal mitochondrial transfer, can occur in mammalian cells both in vitro and in vivo, and in physiological and pathological conditions. Mitochondrial transfer can provide an exogenous mitochondrial source, replenishing dysfunctional mitochondria, thereby improving mitochondrial faults or, as in in the case of tumor cells, changing their functional skills and response to chemotherapy. In this review, we will provide an overview of the state of the art of the up-to-date knowledge on intercellular trafficking of mitochondria by discussing its biological relevance, mode and mechanisms underlying the process and its involvement in different pathophysiological contexts, highlighting its therapeutic potential for diseases with mitochondrial dysfunction primarily involved in their pathogenesis.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS TISSUE EXTRACTS UPON THE GROWTH OF ADULT MAMMALIAN CELLS IN VITRO

1914 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 554-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert J. Walton
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Liver Extract ◽  
Parenchymatous Cell ◽  
Tissue Extracts ◽  
Definite Effect ◽  
Short Period

The cultivation of cells in vitro affords a valuable means of estimating the effects of tissue extracts. Tissue extracts have a definite effect upon the growth of adult mammalian cells in vitro. The majority of tissue extracts stimulate the growth of connective tissue, but liver extract inhibits it. The extracts are to a certain extent specific in their action upon the growth of parenchymatous cells. Some cells are stimulated by one extract and inhibited by another, and those extracts which inhibit one type of parenchymatous cell may stimulate another type. Homogenous and autogenous extracts are equally efficacious in their action upon the growth of cells. The extracts may be preserved for a short period of time without suffering any change in their power of affecting the growth of cells.

Developmental Origins of Health and Disease: The History of the Barker Hypothesis and Assisted Reproductive Technology

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (03/04) ◽  
pp. 177-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan DeCherney ◽  
Micah Hill ◽  
Olivia Carpinello
Keyword(s):  
Assisted Reproductive Technology ◽  
Reproductive Technology ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Adult Disease ◽  
Disease States ◽  
History Of ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Fetal Size ◽  
Epigenetic Manipulation

AbstractSince Barker's publication of “The fetal and infant origins of adult disease” in 1990, significant emphasis has been placed on the intrauterine environment and its effect on adult disease. Historical events such as the Dutch Famine and the 1918 Flu Pandemic have provided organic data about the epigenetic changes that can result from famine, infection, and stress. Mechanisms that allow for intrauterine survival may predispose to adult disease states when the fetus enters a world of abundance. As the field of in vitro fertilization (IVF) has developed and evolved, little attention has been paid to subtle yet significant differences in IVF offspring. Offspring of assisted reproductive technology (ART) have been reported to have higher rates of preterm birth, abnormal fetal size, and birth defects. It is clear that epigenetic modifications may begin as early as pre-pregnancy. These differences are likely not attributable to one factor in the IVF process. Each variable likely plays a subtle role in the epigenetic manipulation of the embryo. Thus, moving forward, physicians should practice with heightened determination to follow the long-term outcomes of the offspring of ART in an effort to further modify and perfect the field.

RUNX1-Induced Silencing of Non-Muscle Myosin Iib (MYH10) Is Required for Megakaryocyte Polyploidization

Blood ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 118 (21) ◽  
pp. 1308-1308
Author(s):  
Dominique Bluteau ◽  
Larissa Lordier ◽  
Iléana Antony-Debré ◽  
Abdelali Jalil ◽  
Céline Legrand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Hematological Malignancies ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Contractile Ring ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Late Failure ◽  
Muscle Myosin ◽  
Human And Mouse

Abstract Abstract 1308 Megakaryocytes (MK) are unique mammalian cells that undergo polyploidization during differentiation, which leads to an increase in cell size and protein production that precedes platelet production. The molecular basis of MK polyploidization, denoted endomitosis, which is strongly altered in hematological malignancies and various other disease states, remain poorly understood. Recent evidence demonstrates that endomitosis is a consequence of a late failure in cytokinesis, associated with a contractile ring defect. Here, we demonstrate that the myosin non-muscle IIB heavy chain (MYH10) is expressed in immature human and mouse megakaryocytes and its expression is repressed during differentiation. In immature MK, MYH10 is specifically localized in the contractile ring while MYH9 is mainly present in the cytoplasm suggesting that they occupy two different functions during MK differentiation. Importantly, MYH10 down-modulation by shRNA or by addition of a chemical inhibitor blebbistatin, increases polyploidization by inhibiting the return of 4N cells to 2N. Conversely, re-expression of MYH10 in MKs prevents polyploidization and the transition of 2N cells to 4N cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that RUNX1 directly repress the transcription of MYH10. In vitro and in vivo RUNX1 invalidation inhibits MK polyploidization and increases expression of MYH10. Accordingly, in patients with a germline mutation of RUNX1 (FPD/AML), MYH10 is still expressed in platelets. Altogether ours results demonstrated that the RUNX1-mediated silencing of MYH10 is needed for the switch from mitosis to endomitosis linking thus polyploidization with MK differentiation. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Fenbendazole controls in vitro growth, virulence potential and animal infection in the Cryptococcus model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haroldo C. de Oliveira ◽  
Luna S. Joffe ◽  
Karina S. Simon ◽  
Rafael F. Castelli ◽  
Flavia C. G. Reis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amphotericin B ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Mice Model ◽  
Macrophage Infection ◽  
Virulence Potential ◽  
Cryptococcal Disease

AbstractThe human diseases caused by the fungal pathogens Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii are associated with high indices of mortality, and toxic and/or cost-prohibitive therapeutic protocols. The need for affordable antifungals to combat cryptococcal disease is unquestionable. Previous studies suggested benzimidazoles as promising anti-cryptococcal agents combining low cost and high antifungal efficacy, but their therapeutic potential has not been demonstrated so far. In this study, we investigated the antifungal potential of fenbendazole, the most effective anti-cryptococcal benzimidazole. Fenbendazole was inhibitory against 30 different isolates of C. neoformans and C. gattii at a low concentration. The mechanism of anti-cryptococcal activity of fenbendazole involved microtubule disorganization, as previously described for human parasites. In combination with fenbendazole, the concentrations of the standard antifungal amphotericin B required to control cryptococcal growth were lower than those required when this antifungal was used alone. Fenbendazole was not toxic to mammalian cells. During macrophage infection, the anti-cryptococcal effects of fenbendazole included inhibition of intracellular proliferation rates and reduced phagocytic escape through vomocytosis. Fenbendazole deeply affected the cryptococcal capsule. In a mice model of cryptococcosis, the efficacy of fenbendazole to control animal mortality was similar to that observed for amphotericin B. These results indicate that fenbendazole is a promising candidate for the future development of an efficient and affordable therapeutic tool to combat cryptococcosis.

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