scholarly journals Trojan Microparticles Potential for Ophthalmic Drug Delivery

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 570-582
Author(s):  
Sergio Esteban-Pérez ◽  
Irene Bravo-Osuna ◽  
Vanessa Andrés-Guerrero ◽  
Irene T. Molina-Martínez ◽  
Rocío Herrero-Vanrell
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Pharmaceutical Technology ◽  
Ocular Disorders ◽  
Ophthalmic Drug ◽  
Technological Challenge ◽  
Intraocular Drug Delivery ◽  
The Moment

The administration of drugs to treat ocular disorders still remains a technological challenge in this XXI century. Although there is an important arsenal of active molecules useful to treat ocular diseases, ranging from classical compounds to biotechnological products, currenty, no ideal delivery system is able to profit all their therapeutic potential. Among the Intraocular Drug Delivery Systems (IODDS) proposed to overcome some of the most important limitations, microsystems and nanosystems have raised high attention. While microsystems are able to offer long-term release after intravitreal injection, nanosystems can protect the active compound from external environment (reducing their clearance) and direct it to its target tissues. In recent years, some researchers have explored the possibility of combining micro and nanosystems in “Nanoparticle-in-Microparticle (NiMs)” systems or “trojan systems”. This excellent idea is not exempt of technological problems, remains partially unsolved, especially in the case of IODDS. The objective of the present review is to show the state of art concerning the design, preparation and characterization of trojan microparticles for drug delivery and to remark their potential and limitations as IODDS, one of the most important challenges faced by pharmaceutical technology at the moment.

scholarly journals Fully Automated Microsystem for Unmediated Electrochemical Characterization, Visualization and Monitoring of Bacteria on Solid Media; E. coli K-12: A Case Study

Biosensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesar A. Hernandez ◽  
Valerio Beni ◽  
Johann F. Osma
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Electrochemical Tests ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Solid Media ◽  
Automated Platform ◽  
The Moment ◽  
K 12 ◽  
Electrochemical Monitoring

In this paper, we present a non-fluidic microsystem for the simultaneous visualization and electrochemical evaluation of confined, growing bacteria on solid media. Using a completely automated platform, real-time monitoring of bacterial and image-based computer characterization of growth were performed. Electrochemical tests, using Escherichia coli K-12 as the model microorganism, revealed the development of a faradaic process at the bacteria–microelectrode interface inside the microsystem, as implied by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectrometry measurements. The electrochemical information was used to determine the moment in which bacteria colonized the electrode-enabled area of the microsystem. This microsystem shows potential advantages for long-term electrochemical monitoring of the extracellular environment of cell culture and has been designed using readily available technologies that can be easily integrated in routine protocols. Complementarily, these methods can help elucidate fundamental questions of the electron transfer of bacterial cultures and are potentially feasible to be integrated into current characterization techniques.

Design, Fabrication and Characterization of in-Plane Titanium Microneedles for Transdermal Drug Delivery

2011 ◽  
Vol 483 ◽  
pp. 532-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Li ◽  
Yi Ming Zhang ◽  
Jing Chen
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Penetration Depth ◽  
Transdermal Drug Delivery ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Hypodermic Injection ◽  
Novel Device ◽  
Fabrication And Characterization

Transdermal drug delivery is an alternative way to transport drugs compared with oral route and hypodermic injection. The problem of oral route is the degradation of drugs in the gastrointestinal tract and their elimination through the liver. The hypodermic injection is problematic due to the pain and inconvenient for patients [1]. As a novel device of transdermal drug delivery, microneedles offer several advantages including the painless injection, the precise penetration depth under the skin and the long-term, continuous deliveries

scholarly journals Characterization of a Novel Intraocular Drug-Delivery System Using Crystalline Lipid Antiviral Prodrugs of Ganciclovir and Cyclic Cidofovir

2004 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 4138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingyun Cheng ◽  
Karl Y. Hostetler ◽  
Jeffery Lee ◽  
Hyoung Jun Koh ◽  
James R. Beadle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Intraocular Drug Delivery

scholarly journals Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles Against Viral Infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Homa Boroumand ◽  
Fereshteh Badie ◽  
Samaneh Mazaheri ◽  
Zeynab Sadat Seyedi ◽  
Javid Sadri Nahand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
The Us ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Tools

Viral infections, in addition to damaging host cells, can compromise the host immune system, leading to frequent relapse or long-term persistence. Viruses have the capacity to destroy the host cell while liberating their own RNA or DNA in order to replicate within additional host cells. The viral life cycle makes it challenging to develop anti-viral drugs. Nanotechnology-based approaches have been suggested to deal effectively with viral diseases, and overcome some limitations of anti-viral drugs. Nanotechnology has enabled scientists to overcome the challenges of solubility and toxicity of anti-viral drugs, and can enhance their selectivity towards viruses and virally infected cells, while preserving healthy host cells. Chitosan is a naturally occurring polymer that has been used to construct nanoparticles (NPs), which are biocompatible, biodegradable, less toxic, easy to prepare, and can function as effective drug delivery systems (DDSs). Furthermore, chitosan is Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) by the US Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA). Chitosan NPs have been used in drug delivery by the oral, ocular, pulmonary, nasal, mucosal, buccal, or vaginal routes. They have also been studied for gene delivery, vaccine delivery, and advanced cancer therapy. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that chitosan NPs could be used as new therapeutic tools against viral infections. In this review we summarize reports concerning the therapeutic potential of chitosan NPs against various viral infections.

Biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL) based polymer and composites

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Archer ◽  
Marissa Torretti ◽  
Samy Madbouly
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Ring Opening ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Food Packaging ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Implantable Devices

Abstract Polycaprolactone (PCL) is a biodegradable polyester that has advantages over other biopolymers, making it an extensively researched polymer. PCL is a hydrophobic, slow-degrading, synthetic polymer making it particularly interesting for the preparation of long-term implantable devices and a variety of drug delivery systems. Recently, PCL has been used for additional applications including food packaging and tissue engineering. In this chapter, the processing methods and characterization of PCL will be discussed. The chapter will summarize the synthesis of poly(α-hydroxy acid) and the ring-opening polymerization of PCL. Discussion on the biodegradability of PCL will be reviewed. The biomedical applications of PCL, such as, drug-delivery systems, medical devices, and tissue engineering will be also summarized. Finally, the chapter will conclude with a characterization section outlining recent studies focusing on PCL based composites and films.

scholarly journals Peptidomimetics Therapeutics for Retinal Disease

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 339
Author(s):  
Dylan E. Parsons ◽  
Soo Hyeon Lee ◽  
Young Joo Sun ◽  
Gabriel Velez ◽  
Alexander G. Bassuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Retinal Disease ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Administration Routes ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Profiles ◽  
Ocular Disorders ◽  
Ocular Drugs ◽  
High Degree

Ocular disorders originating in the retina can result in a partial or total loss of vision, making drug delivery to the retina of vital importance. However, effectively delivering drugs to the retina remains a challenge for ophthalmologists due to various anatomical and physicochemical barriers in the eye. This review introduces diverse administration routes and the accordant pharmacokinetic profiles of ocular drugs to aid in the development of safe and efficient drug delivery systems to the retina with a focus on peptidomimetics as a growing class of retinal drugs, which have great therapeutic potential and a high degree of specificity. We also discuss the pharmacokinetic profiles of small molecule drugs due to their structural similarity to small peptidomimetics. Lastly, various formulation strategies are suggested to overcome pharmacokinetic hurdles such as solubility, retention time, enzymatic degradation, tissue targeting, and membrane permeability. This knowledge can be used to help design ocular delivery platforms for peptidomimetics, not only for the treatment of various retinal diseases, but also for the selection of potential peptidomimetic drug targets.

Traumatic Brain Injury: A Trauma Surgeon's Perspective

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 82-89
Author(s):  
Oscar D. Guillamondegui
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Trauma Team ◽  
The United States ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Injured Brain ◽  
The Moment

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious epidemic in the United States. It affects patients of all ages, race, and socioeconomic status (SES). The current care of these patients typically manifests after sequelae have been identified after discharge from the hospital, long after the inciting event. The purpose of this article is to introduce the concept of identification and management of the TBI patient from the moment of injury through long-term care as a multidisciplinary approach. By promoting an awareness of the issues that develop around the acutely injured brain and linking them to long-term outcomes, the trauma team can initiate care early to alter the effect on the patient, family, and community. Hopefully, by describing the care afforded at a trauma center and by a multidisciplinary team, we can bring a better understanding to the armamentarium of methods utilized to treat the difficult population of TBI patients.

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