Factors Affecting the Penetration of Niosome into the Skin, Their Laboratory Measurements and Dependency to the Niosome Composition: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 555-569
Author(s):  
Bahareh Kheilnezhad ◽  
Afra Hadjizadeh
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Physical Stability ◽  
The Body ◽  
Head Group ◽  
Laboratory Measurements ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Hydrophilic Drugs ◽  
Large Head ◽  
Pass Through

Skin, the most significant protective organ in the body, may face serious problems, including cancer, infectious diseases, etc., requiring different drugs for the treatment. However, most of these drugs have poor chemical and physical stability, and insufficient penetration through the skin layers. In recent years, with the development of nanotechnology, it has been possible to load a variety of drugs into nanocarriers, to effectively targeted drug delivery. The unique structure of niosome presents an effective novel drug delivery system with the ability to load both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs, having many potential therapeutic applications including skin treatment. However, surveying and discussing these recent, rapidly growing reported studies, along with their theoretical principals, are required for the full understanding and exploring the great potential of this approach in skin diseases and cosmetic treatments. To this aim, an emphasis has been given to the factors affecting the penetration of niosome into the skin and their laboratory measurements and dependency on the niosome composition. In sum, longer tail surfactants for storing hydrophobic drugs and intracellular passing and surfactants with a large head group for penetrating hydrophilic drugs are more suitable. Cholesterol and oleic acid are commonly used lipids to gain more stability and permeability, respectively. The ionic component in the niosome interrupts cellular connectivity, thus making it more permeable, but it may cause relative cell toxicity. Herbal oils have been used in the structure to make the nanoparticles elastic and allow them to pass through pores without changing the size of the particles.

scholarly journals Developing an Expert System for Diagnosing Liver Diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirpouya Mirmozaffari
Keyword(s):  
Expert System ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Block Diagram ◽  
The Body ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Blood Tests ◽  
Response Range ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Illness And Disease

The liver plays an important role in regulating the body's internal interactions as the largest and the most complex organs in the body. Such interactions are essential in preserving life and proper body function. The eaten foods are not consumed in the same way in the body. In fact, it should pass through the liver and after absorption and entering the blood, and the liver plays an important role in the storage of eaten substances. Accordingly, the speed of diagnosing and treating liver diseases are highly effective in improving patients' health; however, there is always a lack of immediate access to specialized physicians. The present study aims to provide an expert system using the VP-Expert shell for diagnosing liver disease. Also, block and Mockler charts have been used to provide the necessary knowledge in the expert system. In this regard, the factors affecting the diagnosis of the disease were firstly categorized into three groups of blood tests, clinical symptoms of illness and disease time on the block diagram for disease diagnose, and in the next step, the Mockler chart was designed according to the three groups of factors on the block chart. The three categories of disease diagnostic factors, questions corresponding sub-sections, and the response range are determined on Mockler chart, and finally, the tables are designed to express the system inference according to the user's answers to the questions.

A Current Review on Drug Loaded Nanofibers: Interesting and Valuable Platform for Skin Cancer Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-206
Author(s):  
Navneet Mehan ◽  
Manish Kumar ◽  
Shailendra Bhatt ◽  
Vipin Saini
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Sun Exposure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Skin Malignancy ◽  
Melanoma Skin

Background: Nanofibers are used in topical medication for various skin diseases like wound healing, skin cancer and others. Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) are the most widely distributed diseases in the world, of which 99% of people are affected by either basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) or squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of the skin. Skin malignancy is caused by direct sun exposure and regular application of unsafe restorative items on the skin. Objective : This review presents the use of nanofibers in skin cancer treatment and advances made in skin cancer treatment. Methods: There are various methods used in the production of nanofibers such as bicomponent extrusion, phase separation, template synthesis, drawing, electrospinning, and others. Electrospinning is the most widely used technique for nanofiber fabrication. The nanofibers are produced in nanometer size range and mostly used in medication because of their low thickness, large surface area per unit mass and porosity. Nanofibers are also used as drug delivery system for sustaining the action of drugs or medicaments. Results: Nanofibers enhance the permeation and availability of those drugs having low bioavailability and low permeability. Nanofibers increase the sustainability of the drugs up to 10 days. Conclusion: Skin cancer is the abnormal growth of skin cells in the body influencing people of all colours and skin. In this review paper, the definition and production techniques of nanofibers and drugs used in skin cancer treatment and the relation between skin cancer and nanofiber are illustrated in detail. With the help of different techniques and drugs, the risk of non-melanoma skin cancer is reduced. Lay Summary: The risk of skin cancer and other skin problems is increasing day by day. In a previous study we found that the nanofibers are less used as a topical delivery system. We have studied the nanofibers as a drug delivery system in the treatment of skin cancer by using different drugs. According our study nanofibers are most useful in skin drug delivery and if the nanofiber, are merging with other drug delivery system like nanoparticles, it may maximize the output of drug into skin. The significance of this study is, to explain all information about nanofibers in skin cancer.

scholarly journals A NARRATIVE REVIEW ON TRANSFERSOMES: VESICULAR TRANSDERMAL DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR ENHANCED DRUG PERMEATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Syeda Jabeen Unnisa ◽  
Swarupa Arvapalli ◽  
B Karunakar ◽  
PS Rishika Reddy ◽  
A Vaishnavi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Transdermal Delivery ◽  
Drug Transport ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Transdermal Drug Delivery System ◽  
Transdermal Delivery System ◽  
Pass Through

Transdermal administration of drug is generally limited by the barrier function of the skin vascular system are one of the most controversial method for transdermal delivery of active substance. transdermal drug delivery system is designed to deliver biological active agents through the skin, principally by diffusion for local internal if not systemic effects. The transdermal delivery system was relaunched after the discovery of elastic vesicles like transfersome, ethosome, cubosome, phytosome etc. Transfersomes are a form of elastic or deformable vesicle, which were introduced in the early 1990s. Elasticity is generated by incorporation of edge activator in lipid bilayer structure. Drug absorbed and distributed into organs and tissue and eliminated from the body it must pass through one or more biological membranes at various locations such movement of drug across the membrane is called as drug transport for the drug delivery to cross the body it should pass through the membrane barrier. This concept of drug delivery system was designed in attempt to concentrate the amount of drug in the remaining drug; therefore, the phospholipid-based carrier system is of considerable interest in the era.

scholarly journals Vaginal Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery System

2021 ◽  
pp. 123-133
Author(s):  
Bhaskar Mohite ◽  
Rakesh Patel ◽  
Nandu Kayande ◽  
Raju Thenge
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
The Body ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Vaginal Drug Delivery ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces ◽  
Delivery Routes

Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems are delivery systems which utilize the property of bioadhesion of certain polymers which become adhesive on hydration and hence can be used for targeting a drug to a particular region of the body for extended periods of time. Many of these delivery routes, particularly those through the nasal, ocular, reproductive and gastrointestinal system, involve contact with mucosal surfaces. The gastrointestinal route has been particularly popular among medical staff and patients alike. Although convenient, unfortunately, this route can be very inefficient for a number of reasons, including too rapid transit of the drug-containing delivery system past the optimum site for absorption, which is normally the small intestine and to a lesser degree the stomach and colon. Mucoadhesive formulations use polymers as the adhesive component. Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems are available in the form of tablets, films, patches, and gels for oral, buccal, nasal, ocular, vaginal, rectal and topical routes for both systemic and local effects. This review article represents the various aspects of vaginal drug delivery system, bioadhesion mechanism, Theory of bioadhesion, factors affecting bioadhesion, various types of vaginal formulation etc.

scholarly journals Mucoadhesive drug delivery system: an overview

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parijat Pandey ◽  
Manisha Saini ◽  
Neeta .
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Concentration ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
The Body ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
High Drug Concentration ◽  
Effective Delivery ◽  
Prolonged Retention

The major objective of any dosage form is to deliver an optimum therapeutic amount of active agent to the proper site in the body to attain constant & maintenance of the desired drug concentration. Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems are effective delivery systems with various advantages as compared to other oral controlled release dosage forms in terms of drug delivery at specific sites with prolonged retention time of drugs at target sites. The main advantage of these systems includes avoiding first pass metabolism of the drugs and hence availability of high drug concentration at target site. Oral mucoadhesive systems have potential ability for controlled and extended release profile so as to get better performance and patient compliance. The present manuscript briefly reviews the benefits of mucoadhesive drug delivery systems, mechanisms involved in mucoadhesion, different factors affecting mucoadhesive drug delivery systems.

scholarly journals Gastro-retentive drug delivery systems: a review with focus on ϐloating drug delivery systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 1330-1337
Author(s):  
Durga Srinivasarao M ◽  
Saravanakumar K. ◽  
Chandra Sekhar Kothapalli Bannoth
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
The Body ◽  
Duodenal Ulcers ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Drug Candidates ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Current Survey ◽  
Gastro Retentive

Gastro-retentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS) attributes to gastric maintenance time combined with the medication discharge for expanded time has essentially improved patient consistency. Medications for which the chief fundamental site of ingestion is the stomach or the proximal piece of the small digestive tract or have the assimilation issue in the distal piece of the digestive system are reasonable for GRDDS. Orally sustaining or controlling the drug release combined with gastric retention property can avoid  recurrent dosing in the case of drugs with short half-lives. GRDDS is also effective in locally treating gastric and duodenal ulcers, including oesophagitis and Helicobacter pylori  infections. In this current survey, the physiology of the stomach alongside its motility design, typically called migrating motor complex (MMC), was discussed. Various approaches to GRDDS  with a focus on floating drug delivery systems (FDDS) were reviewed. The vacillations in plasma drug focus are limited and portion subordinate unfriendly impacts can be forestalled by FDDS, particularly for the medications with a restricted restorative list. Slow arrival of the medication into the body by means of FDDS limits the counter movement prompting higher medication proficiency. Further, the Advantages, limitations, suitable drug candidates, factors affecting and Future challenges of FDDS were discussed.

Applications of Ion Exchange Resin in Oral Drug Delivery Systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathpalia Harsha ◽  
Das Sukanya
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Oral Drug Delivery ◽  
Physical Stability ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Oral Drug ◽  
Ion Exchange Resins ◽  
Exchange Resins ◽  
Oral Drug Delivery Systems

Ion Exchange Resins (IER) are insoluble polymers having styrene divinylbenzene copolymer backbone that contain acidic or basic functional groups and have the ability to exchange counter ions with the surrounding aqueous solutions. From the past many years they have been widely used for purification and softening of water and in chromatographic columns, however recently their use in pharmaceutical industry has gained considerable importance. Due to the physical stability and inert nature of the resins, they can be used as a versatile vehicle to design several modified release dosage forms The ionizable drug is complexed with the resin owing to the property of ion exchange. This resin complex dissociatesin vivo to release the drug. Based on the dissociation strength of the drug from the drug resin complex, various release patterns can be achieved. Many formulation glitches can be circumvented using ion exchange resins such as bitter taste and deliquescence. These resins also aid in enhancing disintegrationand stability of formulation. This review focuses on different types of ion exchange resins, their preparation methods, chemistry, properties, incompatibilities and their application in various oral drug delivery systems as well as highlighting their use as therapeutic agents.

A Review on Microsponge Drug Delivery System

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-59
Author(s):  
Bharathi M ◽  
Mullaikodi O ◽  
Rajalingam D ◽  
Gnanasekar N ◽  
Kesavan M
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Physical Stability ◽  
Current Investigation ◽  
Considerable Time ◽  
Polymeric Structure ◽  
Point Of Interest ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Time Specific

A Microsponge (MS) is an extremely interconnected, permeable, polymeric structure that involves permeable microparticles trapping and discharging through the skin for a considerable time period. Drug delivery system (DDS) offer extended discharge with less degradation, improved physical stability along with better tolerance. The main intend of any DDS is to achieve the required amount of drug in plasma to produce the desired therapeutic and non-poisonous effect over a prolonged period of time. Specific methods for preparing MS were reviewed in this current investigation, and their pharmaceutical implementations were signed. MS have major DDS point of interest. It also improves stability, increased flexibility in formulation and increased elegance. In fact, numerous studies have reported that MS supplies are not allergic, mutagenic, and poisonous. MS creativity is used in products such as sunscreen, prescription, cosmetics, and OTC skin care. This inquiry primarily focuses on the different methods used to identify, plan and exploit MS.

Scaffolds for Drug Delivery in Tissue Engineering

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vikas V. Gaikwad ◽  
Abasaheb B. Patil ◽  
Madhuri V. Gaikwad
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Cartilage Regeneration ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
In Situ Gel ◽  
Heart Muscle Cells

Scaffolds are used for drug delivery in tissue engineering as this system is a highly porous structure to allow tissue growth.  Although several tissues in the body can regenerate, other tissue such as heart muscles and nerves lack regeneration in adults. However, these can be regenerated by supplying the cells generated using tissue engineering from outside. For instance, in many heart diseases, there is need for heart valve transplantation and unfortunately, within 10 years of initial valve replacement, 50–60% of patients will experience prosthesis associated problems requiring reoperation. This could be avoided by transplantation of heart muscle cells that can regenerate. Delivery of these cells to the respective tissues is not an easy task and this could be done with the help of scaffolds. In situ gel forming scaffolds can also be used for the bone and cartilage regeneration. They can be injected anywhere and can take the shape of a tissue defect, avoiding the need for patient specific scaffold prefabrication and they also have other advantages. Scaffolds are prepared by biodegradable material that result in minimal immune and inflammatory response. Some of the very important issues regarding scaffolds as drug delivery systems is reviewed in this article.

Molecular Targets of Phytochemicals for Skin Inflammation

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (14) ◽  
pp. 1533-1550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong-Eun Kim ◽  
Ki Won Lee
Keyword(s):  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Molecular Targets ◽  
Skin Inflammation ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cellular Damage ◽  
Aesthetic Appearance ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Skin Conditions ◽  
Effects Of Aging

Skin is a protective organ and the largest of the human body. Due to its pivotal role in aesthetic appearance, skin health has a significant impact on quality of life. Chronic inflammation of the skin often marks the beginning of various skin diseases. Immune-mediated responses serve to protect the body from external insults and require succinct control, and can lead to ongoing cellular damage and various skin conditions if left unchecked. Studies have shown that phytochemicals can alter processes involved in skin inflammation and alleviate the effects of aging, cancer, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and vitiligo. Direct molecular targets of some phytochemicals have been identified and their precise mechanisms of action investigated. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the effects of phytochemicals on skin inflammation and the mechanisms of action involved.

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