The Pattern of Non-AIDS-defining Cancers in the HIV Population: Epidemiology, Risk Factors and Prognosis. A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Franzetti ◽  
Elena Ricci ◽  
Paolo Bonfanti
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
General Population ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Smoking Habit ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Oncogenic Viruses ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Increased Risk

: The advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has significantly reduced the incidence of AIDS events, including AIDS-defining malignancies. Nevertheless, several cohort studies conducted in the post-HAART period have reported an increasing risk of non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADC). : Overall, the potential mechanisms leading to an increased risk of developing NADCs probably involve multiple known and unknown factors. In addition to ageing, chronic inflammation and ongoing immune system dysregulation, other contributing factors are co-infection with potentially oncogenic viruses (HBV, HCV, HPV, EBV) and high-risk behaviours such as tobacco smoking. : As a consequence of these risk factors, high standardized incidence ratios have been consistently reported, mainly in cohort studies regarding smoking-related cancers (lung cancer, but also pharyngeal and kidney cancer), due to the far more common cigarette smoking habit in the HIV-population. Also in the setting of infection-related malignancies, the high frequency of liver cancer, as a consequence of HBV and HCV co-infection is well known. Similarly, HPV infection accounts for the higher risk of anal cancer. On the same line, Hodgkin lymphoma is more frequent in the HIV population, due to the dysregulation and proliferation of EBV-infected lymphocytes. : Several studies addressed the direct relationship between immunosuppression and cancer progression, showing that subjects with HIV infection experience higher cancer-specific mortality, as compared to the general population, independently of cancer stage or cancer treatment. : In the HIV population, for many NADCs, the prognosis is still worse as compared to the general population. However, an improvement has been reported over the last decades, mainly thanks to more available and adequate treatment chances.

Cancer in agricultural populations

2020 ◽  
pp. 837-837
Author(s):  
K. . Togawa
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
General Population ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Lower Prevalence ◽  
International Consortium ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Specific Cancer ◽  
Cancer Types

Agricultural workers can be exposed to a wide variety of agents (e.g. pesticides), some of which may have adverse health effects, such as cancer. To study the health effects of agricultural exposures, an international consortium of agricultural cohort studies, AGRICOH, was established. The present analysis compared cancer incidence between the AGRICOH cohorts and the general population and found lower overall cancer incidence in the AGRICOH cohorts, with some variation across cohorts for specific cancer types. The observed lower cancer incidence may be due to healthy worker bias or lower prevalence of risk factors in the agricultural populations. Further analysis is underway.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular disease risk factors of ultra-Orthodox Jewish women in Israel: a comparison study

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
E Leiter ◽  
K L Greenberg ◽  
M Donchin ◽  
O Keidar ◽  
S Siemiatycki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
General Population ◽  
Secondhand Smoke ◽  
Smoke Exposure ◽  
Orthodox Jewish ◽  
Minority Population ◽  
Secondhand Smoke Exposure ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Background Women from low socio-economic, culturally insular populations are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The ultra-Orthodox Jewish (UOJ) community in Israel is a difficult to access, rapidly growing low socio-economic, insular minority with numerous obstacles to health. The current study investigates CVD-related risk factors (RF) in a sample of OUJ women, comparing sample characteristics with the general population. Addressing the questions, 'Are UOJ women at increased risk for CVD?', 'Which RFs should be addressed beyond the general population's?', this study can inform public health initiatives (PHI) for this and similar populations. Methods Self-administered questionnaires completed by a cluster randomized sample of 239 women from a UOJ community included demographics, fruit, vegetables, and sweetened drink consumption, secondhand smoke exposure, physical activity (PA) engagement, and BMI. Population statistics utilized for comparison of demographic and cardiovascular risk factors were obtained from government-sponsored national surveys. Results Compared with the general population, UOJ women were less likely to consume 5 fruits and vegetables a day (12.7% vs. 24.3%, p<.001) and more likely to consume > 5 cups of sweetened beverages a day (18.6% vs. 12.6%, p=.019). UOJ women also reported less secondhand smoke exposure (7.2% vs. 51.4%, p<.001) and higher rates of PA recommendation adherence (60.1% vs. 25.6%, p<.0001) than the general population. Obesity was higher in UOJ women (24.3% vs. 16.1%, p<.0001). Conclusions This study suggests that PHIs in this population target healthy weight maintenance, nutrition, and PA. As a consequence of this study, the first CVD prevention intervention has been implemented in this population, targeting the identified RFs. Utilizing a mixed methods and community-based participatory approach, this innovative 3-year intervention reached over 2,000 individuals. Key messages This study identified nutrition risk behaviors and high levels of obesity in a difficult to access, minority population. This study informed the planning and implementation of a community-based PHI.

scholarly journals Correlation between Potential Risk Factors and Pulmonary Embolism in Sarcoidosis Patients Timely Treated

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2462
Author(s):  
Barbara Ruaro ◽  
Paola Confalonieri ◽  
Mario Santagiuliana ◽  
Barbara Wade ◽  
Elisa Baratella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Pulmonary Embolism ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Smoking Habit ◽  
Age At Diagnosis ◽  
Antiphospholipid Antibody ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Antibody Positivity ◽  
Potential Risk Factors

Background. Some studies with inconclusive results have reported a link between sarcoidosis and an increased risk of pulmonary embolism (PE). This study aimed at assessing a possible correlation between potential risk factors and PE in sarcoidosis patients. Methods. A total of 256 sarcoidosis patients (84 males and 172 females; mean age at diagnosis 49 ± 13) were enrolled after giving written informed consent. Clinical evaluations, laboratory and radiology tests were performed to evaluate the presence of pulmonary embolism. Results. Fifteen sarcoidosis patients with PE (4 males and 11 females; mean age at diagnosis 50 ± 11), diagnosed by lung scintigraphy and 241 sarcoidosis patients without PE (80 males and 161 females; mean age at diagnosis 47 ± 13), were observed. There was a statistically significant increase of the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies in the sarcoidosis group with pulmonary embolism. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups as to smoking habit, obesity or hereditary thrombophilia frequency (p > 0.05, respectively). Conclusions. This study demonstrates a significant correlation between the presence of antiphospholipid antibody positivity and the pulmonary embolism events in our sarcoidosis patients. Furthermore, we propose screening for these antibodies and monitoring, aimed at timely treatment.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Asthma and Risk Factors for Asthma-Like Symptoms in Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Children in the Northern Territories of Canada

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 139-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiwei Gao ◽  
Brian H Rowe ◽  
Carina Majaesic ◽  
Cindy O’Hara ◽  
A Senthilselvan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Smoking Habit ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Daily Smoking ◽  
Asthma Prevalence ◽  
Infants And Toddlers ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Northern Territories ◽  
Aboriginal Children

BACKGROUND: Few studies have investigated the prevalence and risk factors of asthma in Canadian Aboriginal children.OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of asthma and asthma-like symptoms, as well as the risk factors for asthma-like symptoms, in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children living in the northern territories of Canada.METHODS: Data on 2404 children, aged between 0 and 11 years, who participated in the North component of the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth were used in the present study. A child was considered to have an asthma-like symptom if there was a report of ever having had asthma, asthma attacks or wheeze in the past 12 months.RESULTS: After excluding 59 children with missing information about race, 1399 children (59.7%) were of Aboriginal ancestry. The prevalence of asthma was significantly lower (P<0.05) in Aboriginal children (5.7%) than non-Aboriginal children (10.0%), while the prevalence of wheeze was similar between Aboriginal (15.0%) and non-Aboriginal (14.5%) children. In Aboriginal children, infants and toddlers had a significantly greater prevalence of asthma-like symptoms (30.0%) than preschool-aged children (21.5%) and school-aged children (11.5%). Childhood allergy and a mother’s daily smoking habit were significant risk factors for asthma-like symptoms in both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children. In addition, infants and toddlers were at increased risk of asthma-like symptoms in Aboriginal children. In analyses restricted to specific outcomes, a mother’s daily smoking habit was a significant risk factor for current wheeze in Aboriginal children and for ever having had asthma in non-Aboriginal children.CONCLUSIONS: Asthma prevalence appears to be lower in Aboriginal children than in non-Aboriginal children. The association between daily maternal smoking and asthma-like symptoms, which has been mainly reported for children living in urban areas, was observed in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children living in northern and remote communities in Canada.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and clinical features of COVID-19 in a German liver transplant recipient cohort: a prospective serosurvey study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conrad Rauber ◽  
Shilpa Tiwari-Heckler ◽  
Jan Pfeiffenberger ◽  
Arianeb Mehrabi ◽  
Frederike Lund ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Care ◽  
General Population ◽  
Liver Transplant ◽  
Seroconversion Rate ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Increased Risk

AbstractIn liver transplant (LT) recipients with severe COVID-19 fatal outcome has been reported in a substantial subset of patients. Whether LT recipients are at increased risk for severe COVID-19 compared to the general population is controversial. Here we report the first results of a SARS-CoV-2 serosurvey in a large LT recipient cohort.Taking into account known risk factors, LT recipients a priori represented a high-risk cohort for severe COVID-19 with 101/219 (46.1 %) presenting with more than 2 risk factors for severe COVID-19. Out of 219 LT recipients 8 (3.7%) were either tested positive for nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 RNA or anti-SARS-CoV-2 serum IgG. 5/8 (62.5 %) did not show any clinical signs of infection, 3/8 (37.5%) had self-limited disease, none required hospitalization for COVID-19. 5/8 (67.5%) SARS-CoV-2 positive patients showed high utilization of the healthcare system. 2/8 (25 %) had known exposure to infected health care personal. A majority of 65.4 % often or always avoided outside family social contacts. Face masks were commonly worn by all patients.In summary, LT recipients showed a SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion rate similar to the general population with a substantial percentage of unrecognized infections. The health care system can be the assumed source of infection in most of these cases.

HIV and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases

Sexual Health ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satyajit Das
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Insulin Metabolism ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Fat Redistribution

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has significantly increased the survival rate of patients with HIV. However, abnormalities of lipid and insulin metabolism have been recognised and there is an increasing prevalence of fat redistribution, frank diabetes and hyperlipidaemia in HIV-infected patients receiving HAART. Several observational studies have described associations between HIV infection, HAART and cardiovascular disease. The management of risk factors for cardiovascular disease is expected to play an important role in the treatment of HIV infection.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Active Syphilis Infection and Risk Factors among HIV-Positive MSM in Zhejiang, China in 2015: A Cross-Sectional Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 1507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen ◽  
Yang ◽  
Ma ◽  
Pan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Zhejiang Province ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Sex Partners ◽  
Syphilis Infection ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Active Syphilis

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of active syphilis infection and explore the risk factors for active syphilis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive men who had sex with men (MSM) in Zhejiang Province, 2015. Design: Data on HIV-positive MSM living in Zhejiang Province were obtained from the National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention (NCAIDS) reporting system and the Zhejiang provincial AIDS/STD surveillance system between June and December 2015. The information included risky behavior, years with diagnosed HIV, and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). SPSS 19.0 was used for the data analysis. Results: The analysis included 3616 MSM. Of these, 11.3% (407/3616) had active syphilis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that HAART was significantly associated with an increased risk of active syphilis infection (odds ratio (OR) = 1.760, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.187–2.611). Compared with participants diagnosed with HIV for <2 years, patients diagnosed with HIV for >5 years had a higher risk of active syphilis infection (OR = 1.707, 95% CI 1.167–2.495). Age and number of sex partners were also independent risk factors for active syphilis infection. Conclusions: The incidence of active syphilis infection is high among HIV-positive MSM in Zhejiang Province; age, number of sex partners, years with diagnosed HIV, and receiving HAART were risk factors. Patients who are elderly, have lived with HIV for a longer period, have more sex partners, and receive HAART should be the focus of interventions to promote changes in behavior and decrease syphilis infection.

Impaired fibrinolysis in retinal vein occlusion: a role for genetic determinants of PAI-1 levels

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (07) ◽  
pp. 54-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rossella Marcucci ◽  
Cinzia Fatini ◽  
Francesca Gensini ◽  
Elena Sticchi ◽  
Andrea Sodi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Retinal Vein Occlusion ◽  
Smoking Habit ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Vein Occlusion ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Pai 1

SummaryFew and contrasting data are available on the presence of a thrombophilic state in patients with retinal vein occlusion (RVO), and we have previously demonstrated a role of elevated PAI-1 activity as a risk factor for this condition. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether PAI 4G/5G and ACE I/D polymorphisms are independent risk factors for RVO and whether they account for elevated PAI-1 activity levels. We studied 112 RVO patients (52 males and 60 females; range 18–83 years; median age 60 years) and 112 healthy subjects (52 males and 60 females; range 20–84 years; median age 57 years). PAI-1 activity was determined by a chromogenic assay and ACE I/D and PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphisms by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction length fragment polymorphism (RLFP) methods. Elevated PAI-1 activity (above 95th percentile of the controls) was significantly associated with RVO at multivariate analysis after adjustment for age, sex, traditional cardiovascular risk factors and haemostasis-related risk factors (OR = 4.93, 95% CI 1.70–14.30; p = 0.003).The homozygosity for ACE DD was found to be an independent risk factor for RVO at multivariate analysis (OR = 1.98, 95% CI 1.013.83; p = 0.049), whereas no significant association between homozygosity for PAI-1 4G4G and risk of RVO was observed. Subjects carrying both ACE DD genotype and PAI-1 4G4G genotype showed an increased risk for RVO at multivariate analysis (OR = 4.82, 95% CI 1.89–12.29; p = 0.001). In 45/112 patients without the established risk factors for RVO (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes) or characteristics known to be associated to increased PAI-1 activity (overweight, hypertriglyceridemia, and smoking habit) the contemporary presence of ACE DD and PAI-1 4G4G genotype was significantly associated with a risk for RVO (OR = 8.26, 95% CI 1.1857.92; p = 0.034). In conclusion, in our study: 1-indicates that ACE DD genotype is a risk factor for RVO in the whole group of patients, and in the subgroup of patients without the established risk factors for RVO or characteristics influencing the PAI-1 activity, when associated to PAI-1 4G4G genotype, and 2-confirms the role of hypofibrinolysis, documented by high levels of PAI-1 activity, in the occurrence of patients with RVO.

scholarly journals Trends in the incidence of AIDS-defining and non-AIDS-defining cancers in people living with AIDS: a population-based study from São Paulo, Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1190-1198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luana F Tanaka ◽  
Maria do Rosário DO Latorre ◽  
Eliana B Gutierrez ◽  
Christian Heumann ◽  
Karl-Heinz Herbinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Lung Cancers ◽  
Non Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
Increased Risk

People living with AIDS are at increased risk of developing certain cancers. Since the introduction of the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the incidence of AIDS-defining cancers (ADCs) has decreased in high-income countries. The objective of this study was to analyse trends in ADCs and non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADCs) in HIV-positive people with a diagnosis of AIDS, in comparison to the general population, in São Paulo, Brazil. A probabilistic record linkage between the ‘Population-based Cancer Registry of São Paulo’ and the AIDS notification database (SINAN) was conducted. Cancer trends were assessed by annual per cent change (APC). In people with AIDS, 2074 cancers were diagnosed. Among men with AIDS, the most frequent cancer was Kaposi’s sarcoma (469; 31.1%), followed by non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL; 304; 20.1%). A decline was seen for ADCs (APC = −14.1%). All NADCs have increased (APC = 7.4%/year) significantly since the mid-2000s driven by the significant upward trends of anal (APC = 24.6%/year) and lung cancers (APC = 15.9%/year). In contrast, in men from the general population, decreasing trends were observed for these cancers. For women with AIDS, the most frequent cancer was cervical (114; 20.2%), followed by NHL (96; 17.0%). Significant declining trends were seen for both ADCs (APC = −15.6%/year) and all NADCs (APC = −15.8%/year), a comparable pattern to that found for the general female population. Trends in cancers among people with AIDS in São Paulo showed similar patterns to those found in developed countries. Although ADCs have significantly decreased, probably due to the introduction of HAART, NADCs in men have shown an opposite upward trend.

scholarly journals Preventing Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Kidney Transplant Recipients: Where Should We Begin?

Nephron ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Leonardo V. Riella ◽  
Jamil R. Azzi ◽  
Paolo Cravedi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
General Population ◽  
Kidney Transplant ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Transplant Recipients ◽  
Kidney Transplant Recipients ◽  
Viral Spread ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Uk

<b><i>Context:</i></b> Chronic immunosuppression is associated with an increased risk of opportunistic infections. Although kidney transplant recipients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have higher mortality than the general population, data on their risk of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are unknown. <b><i>Subject of Review:</i></b> A recent single-center screening study from the UK (<i>Transplantation</i>. 2021 Jan 1;105(1):151–7) showed that 89 (10.4%) of 855 consecutive kidney transplant recipients tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Risk factors for infection included a nonwhite background, diabetes, and a history of allograft rejection. Risk factors for mortality in individuals who developed COVID-19 were older age and receiving steroids. <b><i>Second Opinion:</i></b> This study shows that the rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection in kidney transplant recipients is similar to the one observed in the general population in the same area (13%), indicating that transplant recipients are not at increased risk of COVID-19. However, the investigators raise the interesting point that since transplant individuals were advised to shelter earlier than the general population, they may be in fact more susceptible. This statement is hard to substantiate, but the identification of specific risk factors for infection and poor outcomes is crucial to tailor strategies to prevent spread of the infection. This is particularly important, considering that kidney transplant recipients may be at increased risk of prolonged viral spread and in-host viral mutations, making them not just a particularly fragile population for COVID-19 but also a potentially major source of further contagions.

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