Covid-19 and Autoimmune Diseases: A Systematic Review of Reported Cases

Introduction: Over 4.9 million cases of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been confirmed since the worldwide pandemic began. Since the emergence of COVID-19, a number of confirmed cases reported autoimmune manifestations. Herein, we reviewed the reported COVID-19 cases with associated autoimmune manifestations. Methods: We searched PubMed database using all available keyword for COVID-19. All related studies between January 1st, 2020 to May 22nd, 2020 were reviewed. Only studies published in English language were considered. Articles were screened based on titles and abstract. All reports of confirmed COVID-19 patients who have associated clinical evidence of autoimmune disease were selected. Results: Among 10006 articles, searches yielded, Thirty-two relevant articles for full-text assessment. Twenty studies meet the eligibility criteria. The twenty eligible articles reported 33 cases of confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis who developed an autoimmune disease after the onset of covid-19 symptoms. Ages of patients varied from a 6 months old infant to 89 years old female (Mean=53.9 years of 28 cases); five cases had no information regarding their age. The time between symptoms of viral illness and onset of autoimmune symptoms ranged from 2 days to 33 days (Mean of the 33 cases=9.8 days). Autoimmune diseases were one case of subacute thyroiditis (3%), two cases of Kawasaki Disease (6.1%), three cases of coagulopathy and antiphospholipid syndrome (9.1%), three cases of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (9.1%), eight cases of autoimmune hemolytic anemia (24.2%), and sixteen cases of Guillain–Barré syndrome (48.5%). Conclusions: COVID-19 has been implicated in the development in a range of autoimmune diseases which may shed a light on the association between autoimmune diseases and infections.

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Chasing the Anchor: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Perceptual Anchoring Deficits in Developmental Dyslexia

10.31234/osf.io/amzpj ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Kurt D Shulver ◽

Nicholas A Badcock

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Reading Ability ◽

English Language ◽

Prediction Interval ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Visual Assessment ◽

Individual Performance ◽

Future Research ◽

Significant Heterogeneity ◽

Eligibility Criteria

We report the results of a systematic review and meta-analysis investigating the relationship between perceptual anchoring and dyslexia. Our goal was to assess the direction and degree of effect between perceptual anchoring and reading ability in typical and atypical (dyslexic) readers. We performed a literature search of experiments explicitly assessing perceptual anchoring and reading ability using PsycInfo (Ovid, 1860 to 2020), MEDLINE (Ovid, 1860 to 2019), EMBASE (Ovid, 1883 to 2019), and PubMed for all available years up to June (2020). Our eligibility criteria consisted of English-language articles and, at minimum, one experimental group identified as dyslexic - either by reading assessment at the time, or by previous diagnosis. We assessed for risk of bias using an adapted version of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Six studies were included in this review, but only five (n = 280 participants) were included in the meta-analysis (we were unable to access the necessary data for one study).The overall effect was negative, large and statistically significant; g = -0.87, 95% CI [-1.47, 0.27]: a negative effect size indicating less perceptual anchoring in dyslexic versus non-dyslexic groups. Visual assessment of funnel plot and Egger’s test suggest minimal bias but with significant heterogeneity; Q (4) = 9.70, PI (prediction interval) [-2.32, -0.58]. The primary limitation of the current review is the small number of included studies. We discuss methodological limitations, such as limited power, and how future research may redress these concerns. The variability of effect sizes appears consistent with the inherent variability within subtypes of dyslexia. This level of dispersion seems indicative of the how we define cut-off thresholds between typical reading and dyslexia populations, but also the methodological tools we use to investigate individual performance.

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Ionizing Radiation Protein Biomarkers in Normal Tissue and Their Correlation to Radiosensitivity: A Systematic Review

Journal of Personalized Medicine ◽

10.3390/jpm11020140 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 140

Author(s):

Prabal Subedi ◽

Maria Gomolka ◽

Simone Moertl ◽

Anne Dietz

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Ionizing Radiation ◽

Normal Tissue ◽

English Language ◽

Kinase Inhibitor ◽

Personalised Medicine ◽

Model Systems ◽

Second Phase ◽

Limited Information ◽

Eligibility Criteria

Background and objectives: Exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) has increased immensely over the past years, owing to diagnostic and therapeutic reasons. However, certain radiosensitive individuals show toxic enhanced reaction to IR, and it is necessary to specifically protect them from unwanted exposure. Although predicting radiosensitivity is the way forward in the field of personalised medicine, there is limited information on the potential biomarkers. The aim of this systematic review is to identify evidence from a range of literature in order to present the status quo of our knowledge of IR-induced changes in protein expression in normal tissues, which can be correlated to radiosensitivity. Methods: Studies were searched in NCBI Pubmed and in ISI Web of Science databases and field experts were consulted for relevant studies. Primary peer-reviewed studies in English language within the time-frame of 2011 to 2020 were considered. Human non-tumour tissues and human-derived non-tumour model systems that have been exposed to IR were considered if they reported changes in protein levels, which could be correlated to radiosensitivity. At least two reviewers screened the titles, keywords, and abstracts of the studies against the eligibility criteria at the first phase and full texts of potential studies at the second phase. Similarly, at least two reviewers manually extracted the data and accessed the risk of bias (National Toxicology Program/Office for Health Assessment and Translation—NTP/OHAT) for the included studies. Finally, the data were synthesised narratively in accordance to synthesis without meta analyses (SWiM) method. Results: In total, 28 studies were included in this review. Most of the records (16) demonstrated increased residual DNA damage in radiosensitive individuals compared to normo-sensitive individuals based on γH2AX and TP53BP1. Overall, 15 studies included proteins other than DNA repair foci, of which five proteins were selected, Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Caspase 3, p16INK4A (Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A, CDKN2A), Interleukin-6, and Interleukin-1β, that were connected to radiosensitivity in normal tissue and were reported at least in two independent studies. Conclusions and implication of key findings: A majority of studies used repair foci as a tool to predict radiosensitivity. However, its correlation to outcome parameters such as repair deficient cell lines and patients, as well as an association to moderate and severe clinical radiation reactions, still remain contradictory. When IR-induced proteins reported in at least two studies were considered, a protein network was discovered, which provides a direction for further studies to elucidate the mechanisms of radiosensitivity. Although the identification of only a few of the commonly reported proteins might raise a concern, this could be because (i) our eligibility criteria were strict and (ii) radiosensitivity is influenced by multiple factors. Registration: PROSPERO (CRD42020220064).

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The effective interventions to improve long-term physiotherapy exercise adherence among patients with lower limb osteoarthritis. A systematic review

10.21203/rs.3.rs-926978/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Pathmanathan Cinthuja ◽

Nidhya Krishnamoorthy ◽

Gamalendira Shivapatham

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Lower Limb ◽

English Language ◽

Data Extraction ◽

Exercise Adherence ◽

Case Control Studies ◽

Eligibility Criteria ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Booster Sessions

Abstract Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic condition that severely effects work life balance impacting psychosocial and socio-economic aspects. Physiotherapy exercise is one of the intervention methods for the management of OA. Adherence to the exercise by patients is essential for the effective management of OA. Objectives: To determine different methods used to enhance physiotherapy exercise adherence for more than 12 months among patients with osteoarthritis and to report the effective method to enhance exercise adherence among people with lower limb osteoarthritis. Design: Systematic review Methods: PubMed, Pedro, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases searched for randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, and cross-sectional studies published in the English language from 2000 to 2020. The date of data extraction was 04 September 2020. Two independent researchers conducted literature search, assessed eligibility, extracted data, conducted methodology quality assessment using the PEDro scale, and conducted risk of bias assessment. A narrative synthesis of key outcomes is presented; preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review was used to report the review. The study protocol was registered in the Prospero (Prospero ID: CRD42020205653). Results: The primary search strategy identified 5839 potentially relevant articles, of which 5157 remained after discarding duplicates. After screening based on title and abstract, 40 papers were potentially eligible for inclusion. Five of these papers met all predefined eligibility criteria. Introducing methods to enhance exercise adherence has caused a significant increase in exercise adherence for the short term (less than six months or 12 months). There were no significant differences, long-term adherence with different methods, reported. The results indicate that booster sessions (89.69%) and telephone-linked communication (86%) had higher percentages for the exercise adherence. Secondary outcomes such as pain, stiffness, function, show positive outcomes with increasing exercise adherence. However, there were no significant differences reported. Conclusion: The booster sessions and telephone-linked communication appear to enhance exercise adherence for more than 12 months among patients with osteoarthritis. However, a number of high-quality studies are inadequate to confirm our findings. Therefore, more studies with higher methodological quality are needed to determine the best strategies to enhance long-term exercise adherence among people with osteoarthritis. Key terms: Osteoarthritis, Long term, Exercise adherence

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What works to promote walking at the population level? A systematic review

British Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1136/bjsports-2017-098953 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 52 (12) ◽

pp. 807-812 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Charlie Foster ◽

Paul Kelly ◽

Hamish A B Reid ◽

Nia Roberts ◽

Elaine M Murtagh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Mass Media ◽

English Language ◽

Environmental Changes ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Population Level ◽

Eligibility Criteria ◽

Community Initiatives ◽

School Based ◽

Randomised Controlled

ObjectiveInterventions to promote walking have focused on individual or group-based approaches, often via the randomised controlled trial design. Walking can also be promoted using population health approaches. We systematically reviewed the effectiveness of population approaches to promote walking among individuals and populations.DesignA systematic review.Data sources10 electronic databases searched from January 1990 to March 2017.Eligibility criteriaEligibility criteria include pre-experimental and postexperimental studies of the effects of population interventions to change walking, and the effects must have been compared with a ‘no intervention’, or comparison group/area/population, or variation in exposure; duration of ≥12 months of follow up; participants in free-living populations; and English-language articles.Results12 studies were identified from mostly urban high-income countries (one focusing on using tax, incentivising the loss of parking spaces; and one using policy only, permitting off-leash dogs in city parks). Five studies used mass media with either environment (n=2) or community (n=3) approaches. Four studies used environmental changes that were combined with policies. One study had scaled up school-based approaches to promote safe routes to schools. We found mass media, community initiatives and environmental change approaches increased walking (range from 9 to 75 min/week).

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Exercise time cues (zeitgebers) for human circadian systems can foster health and improve performance: a systematic review

BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine ◽

10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000443 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. e000443 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Philip Lewis ◽

Horst W Korf ◽

Liz Kuffer ◽

J Valérie Groß ◽

Thomas C Erren

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Circadian System ◽

Eligibility Criteria ◽

Pubmed Database ◽

Preventative Strategy ◽

Effects On Children ◽

And Performance ◽

The Individual ◽

The Right

BackgroundCircadian system time cues (zeitgebers) acting synergistically at the right times can foster chronobiological homeostasis and ultimately health. Modern 24/7 societies are challenging chronobiological homeostasis and public health. Exercise has been discussed as a potential zeitgeber for the human circadian system. Thus, if timed correctly, exercise may help in maintenance of chronobiological homeostasis and foster public health amidst increasingly challenging 24/7 lifestyles.ObjectiveTo test, using a systematic review of the literature, the following hypothesis: exercise is a zeitgeber for the human circadian system.Data sourcesThe PubMed database was systematically searched on 19 October 2017 for relevant scientific studies and reports concerning chronobiology and exercise. Eligibility criteria were defined to include articles considering exercise as a potential zeitgeber for human circadian rhythmicity or chronobiological effects of exercise on health and/or physical performance. Cognitive effects and effects on children were excluded from the synthesis.ResultsOur systematic literature search and synthesis is compatible with the validity of the hypothesis. We report that potential exercise-zeitgeber properties may be used to improve health and performance.ConclusionsInformed timing of exercise, specific to the circadian rhythm phase and zeitgeber exposure of the individual, must be advocated in performance and disease contexts as an adjunct therapeutic or preventative strategy and physical enhancer.

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A systematic review of instruments measuring grief after perinatal loss and factors associated with grief reactions

Palliative & Supportive Care ◽

10.1017/s1478951520000826 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

M.S. Setubal ◽

R. Bolibio ◽

R.C. Jesus ◽

G.G. Benute ◽

M.A. Gibelli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

English Language ◽

Perinatal Loss ◽

Eligibility Criteria ◽

Standardized Measures ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Palliative Care Teams ◽

Loss Experience ◽

Perinatal Grief ◽

Grief Reactions

Abstract Objective Expectant parents who live through perinatal loss experience intense grief, which is not always acknowledged or accepted. A screening tool to detect bereaved parents’ grief reactions can guide professionals, including perinatal palliative care teams, to provide follow-up for those in need. This review's goal is to identify and synthesize the international published literature on existent instruments specifically measuring the grieving process after any perinatal loss and to identify factors that could moderate grief reactions. Method Systematic review (PROSPERO # CRD42018092555) with critical synthesis. PUBMED, Cochrane, and PsycINFO databases were searched in English language articles using the keywords “perinatal” AND (“grief” OR “bereavement” OR mourning) AND (“scale” OR “questionnaire” OR “measure” OR “assessment”) up to May 2018. Eligibility criteria included every study using a measure to assess perinatal grief after all kinds of perinatal losses, including validations and translations to other languages and interventions designed to alleviate grief symptoms. Results A total of 67 papers met inclusion criteria. Seven instruments measuring perinatal grief published between 1984 and 2002 are described. The Perinatal Grief Scale (PGS) was used in 53 of the selected studies. Of those, 39 analyzed factors associated with grief reactions. Six articles used PGS scores to evaluate pre- and post-bereavement interventions. Studies in English language only might have limited the number of articles. Significance of results The PGS is the most used standardized measures to assess grief after perinatal loss. All parents living through any kind of perinatal loss should be screened.

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Prevalence and Incidence Studies of Schizophrenic Disorders: A Systematic Review of the Literature

The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1177/070674370204700904 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 47 (9) ◽

pp. 833-843 ◽

Cited By ~ 171

Author(s):

Elliot M Goldner ◽

Lorena Hsu ◽

Paul Waraich ◽

Julian M Somers

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

English Language ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

World Health ◽

Significant Heterogeneity ◽

Review Of The Literature ◽

Local Data ◽

Eligibility Criteria ◽

Prevalence Studies ◽

Incidence Studies

Objective: To present the results of a systematic review of the literature published between January 1, 1980, and December 31, 2000, that reports findings on the prevalence and incidence of schizophrenia and related disorders. Method: We conducted a literature search of schizophrenia-related epidemiological studies, using Medline and HealthSTAR databases and canvassing English-language publications. We used a set of predetermined inclusion-exclusion criteria to identify relevant studies. Eligible publications were restricted to age ranges of 18 years and over for prevalence studies and 15 years and over for incidence studies. Prevalence and incidence data were extracted and analyzed for heterogeneity. Results: A total of 18 prevalence and 8 incidence studies met eligibility criteria for the review. Heterogeneity analysis revealed significant differences across 1-year and lifetime prevalence and 1-year incidence of schizophrenia. The corresponding pooled rates were: 0.34 per 100, 0.55 per 100, and 11.1 per 100 000, respectively; the variation in rates between studies was generally between 2- and 5-fold. Conclusions: Although we restricted this review to studies using rigorous and relatively homogeneous methods, there remains significant heterogeneity of prevalence and incidence rates. This strengthens support for the hypothesis that there is real variation in the distribution of schizophrenia around the world. Health planners need to have local data on schizophrenia rates to improve the accuracy of their interventions, while clinicians and researchers need to continue to investigate the etiology of this variation.

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119. Nocardia Bacteremia Is Almost Always Associated with Immune Compromise or an Intravascular Device: Single-Center Case Series and Systematic Review of the Literature

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofz360.194 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. S90-S90

Author(s):

Eloise Williams ◽

Adam W Jenney ◽

Denis W Spelman

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Literature Review ◽

Systematic Literature Review ◽

English Language ◽

Case Series ◽

Blood Cultures ◽

Single Center ◽

Intravascular Device ◽

Pubmed Database ◽

All Cause Mortality

Abstract Background Nocardia bacteremia is a rare but important phenomenon, with previous studies describing a 50% mortality rate. We undertake a single-center review and the largest systematic review of Nocardia bacteremia performed over the past 20 years. Methods A single-center review of cases of Nocardia bacteremia was performed using hospital microbiology records from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2017. A systematic literature review was also performed to identify cases of Nocardia bacteremia described in the English language literature between January 1, 1999 and December 31, 2018 using the NCBI PubMed database and snowballing from citations of relevant publications. Results Single-center case series: Four cases of Nocardia bacteremia are described. Three patients had an intravascular device in situ prior to the onset of Nocardia bacteremia and three patients were immunocompromised; one patient had both risk factors. Systematic literature review: A systematic review identified 50 publications that described 85 cases with sufficient patient data to be reviewed in detail. Including the 4 cases described in our institution, 89 cases of Nocardia bacteremia were included in the analysis. The median age was 57 years [interquartile range (IQR) 42–68] and 69% were male. Eighty-two percent of cases were immunocompromised and 38% had endovascular devices. Pulmonary infection was the most common concurrent site of clinical disease (66%), followed by central nervous system (25%), pleural (17%) disease, and endocarditis (11%). Blood cultures were the only positive microbiological specimen that isolated Nocardia in 45% of cases. Median incubation time to blood culture positivity was 4 days [IQR 3–6]. Thirty-day all-cause mortality was 24% and overall all-cause mortality was 42%. Conclusion Four new cases of Nocardia bacteremia are described. Isolation of Nocardia from blood cultures is rare but represents serious infection with high associated overall mortality. Nocardia bacteremia is most frequently identified in immunocompromised patients and those with intravascular devices. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia: A Translational Research Model for Autoimmune Diseases

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm8111971 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (11) ◽

pp. 1971

Author(s):

Emmanuel Andrès

Keyword(s):

Autoimmune Disease ◽

Autoimmune Diseases ◽

Translational Research ◽

Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura ◽

Immune Thrombocytopenia ◽

Research Model ◽

Thrombocytopenic Purpura ◽

Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia

Primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), formally known as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, is a multifactorial autoimmune disease that is both idiopathic (cause unknown) and rare [...]

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Innate Immunity in Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v112.11.4907.4907 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 112 (11) ◽

pp. 4907-4907

Author(s):

Akio Saito ◽

Akihiko Yokohama ◽

Hirotaka Nakahashi ◽

Kohtaro Toyama ◽

Takeki Mitsui ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Innate Immunity ◽

T Cells ◽

Autoimmune Disease ◽

Autoimmune Diseases ◽

Nk Cells ◽

Th17 Cells ◽

Inkt Cells ◽

Thrombocytopenic Purpura ◽

Hla Dr ◽

H Pylori

Abstract Background: Dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK) cells, and invariant NKT (iNKT) cells play important roles in innate immune systems. These cells have recently been shown to be involved in immunoregulation, and some studies have suggested associations with various kinds of autoimmune disease. Conversely, regulatory T cells (Tregs) that are important for peripheral tolerance and Th17 cells that play a central role in maintenance of chronic inflammation are also associated with the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune disease mediated by anti-platelet autoantibodies, but relationships to innate immunity are unclear. In addition, the pathogenesis of ITP associated with Helicobacter pylori remains obscure. In particular, the regulation of immune responses by these cells in patients infected with H. pylori has not been investigated. This study analyzed DCs, NK cells, iNKT cells, Tregs and Th17 cells in patients with ITP. Methods: Subjects comprised 31 patients with ITP and 22 healthy donors. Study protocols were approved by the Institutional Review Board of Gunma University Hospital, and written informed consent was obtained from all subjects. Flow cytometry was used to investigate amounts of circulating plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) (CD123+ HLA−DR+) and myeloid DCs (mDCs) (CD11c+ HLA−DR+) from whole white blood cells, and NK cells (CD3− CD56+), iNKT cells (Vα24+ Vβ11+), Tregs (CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+) and Th17 cells (CD4+ IL−17A+) from mononuclear cells. The intracellular interleukin (IL)-17A production in CD4+ T-cells activated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin was assessed to detect Th17 cells. Results: Both the percentage and numbers of pDCs were significantly reduced in patients compared to healthy controls (p<0.001), while those of mDCs tended to be lower in patients than in controls, but with no significant differences. NK cell counts tended to be higher in patients than in controls and counts of iNKT cells tended to be lower in patients than in controls, but again no significant differences were demonstrated. Notably, Treg levels were comparable between patients and controls, while Th17 cells were significantly increased in patients compared with controls (p<0.002). In all cases, no significant differences were demonstrated between patients with H. pylori-positive and -negative results. Conclusion: These results suggest that alterations in innate immunity as a reduction of pDCs could be associated with the pathogenesis of ITP. Furthermore, as in some autoimmune diseases that have been considered as Th1 diseases, Th17 cells may play an important role in ITP.

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