scholarly journals COVID-19 Vaccines in Pakistan: Efficacy, Adverse Effects and Availability

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-130
Author(s):  
Soma Siddique ◽  
Shaheer Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Pain On Injection ◽  
The World

In this review article, we aim to document the efficacy, adverse effects, mode of action, required doses, and availability of the major vaccines available in Pakistan till 20 May 2021. We reviewed all available literature on COVID-19 vaccines in PubMed and Google scholar. We also reviewed articles from grey literature. Currently, Pfizer–BioNTech and Moderna, Sinopharm (China), Sputnik V (Russia), CoronaVac (popularly known as Sinovac) (China), Cansino, and Vaxzevria vaccines have been authorized for emergency use in several countries. Pakistan has sanctioned the use of all the aforementioned vaccines except Pfizer and Moderna. As per their efficacy, Pfizer and Moderna have been found most effective among all the vaccines with 95% effectiveness, while the Vaxzevria, Sputnik V, Sinopharm, and Cansino have shown 70%, 91.6%, 79.34%, and 90% effectiveness, respectively. All the vaccines have shown milder side effects like headache, fever, and pain on injection sites. To curb the pandemic, more clinical trials are being conducted throughout the world. Importantly public awareness is warranted to achieve the target of vaccinating a large population.

A Review Article About Some Herbs Affecting Vitiligo Based on Avicenna’s Canon

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-137
Author(s):  
Marjan Mahjour ◽  
Arash Khoushabi
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Herbal Drugs ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Medical Treatments ◽  
The World ◽  
Review Study

Background: Vitiligo is a pigmentary disorder characterizing by white macules due to loss of melanocytes. Vitiligo affects about 1 to 4% of people around the world. The treatment of vitiligo has a high cost and the long process of treatment in spite of no complete remedy. It has various psychological side-effects such as depression and anxiety affecting the quality of life seriously. Avicenna in his Canon treated these patients over a thousand years ago. This study aimed to introduce some herbal drugs in vitiligo based on the Canon of Avicenna besides the conventional medical treatments. Methods: This is a review study, according to the Canon with the term Baras and also searching through the electronic websites with the keywords vitiligo, treatment, and herbal drugs. Results: The study found some herbs affecting the vitiligo from the Canon. Conclusion: The researchers suggest conducting clinical trials on the patients with vitiligo based on the Canon besides the conventional techniques to obtain a better result in the treatment.

The Use of Methotrexate in Rheumatoid Arthritis

1985 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 349-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter W. Letendre ◽  
Douglas J. DeJong ◽  
Donald R. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Folic Acid ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Systemic Administration ◽  
Refractory Disease ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trials ◽  
Folic Acid Antagonist ◽  
Acid Antagonist

The use of methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis is reviewed. Methotrexate, a folic acid antagonist, is sometimes employed in an attempt to symptomatically control patients whose disease does not respond adequately to conventional therapies. Systemic administration of 7.5–15 mg/wk in a “pulse” fashion appears to be effective without precipitating severe adverse effects. However, concern over potentially serious side effects and a lack of well-controlled clinical trials have limited its use to severe, refractory disease. Further studies are needed before its role in rheumatoid arthritis can justifiably be expanded.

COVID-19: Are Experimental Drugs Cure or Ill?

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bensu Karahalil ◽  
Aylin Elkama
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Experimental Drugs ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
The World

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new strain of coronavirus. It is characterized by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It has quickly influenced all over the world since it spreads easily. Common symptoms are fever, cough, difficulty in breathing and muscle aches. Despite the urgent need to find an effective antiviral treatment, already available agents are being used alone or in combination all over the world. At the beginning of the pandemic, death rates of infection caused by COVID-19 are high but "is COVID-19 responsible for all deaths?", or “are there any contributions of the frequently used drugs in this period to these deaths?” Surely herd immunity plays a major role and has the contribution in the decline in mortality rates. Meanwhile, it is kept in mind that due to safety concerns, changes have also been made to the dosage and combined use of frequently used drugs. Objective: In this review, answers to two questions above and the safety of treatments, toxicities of agents involving chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, favipiravir, lopiravir/ritonavir, sarilumab, tocilizumab, siltuximab, corticosteroids and bromhexine which are the most frequently used in both Turkey and all over the world will be summarized. Conclusion: Among these drugs favipiravir seems the most promising drug due to more tolerable adverse effects. More clinical trials with large sample sizes are needed to find the most effective and safe drug for COVID-19 treatment.

scholarly journals Update on therapy for superficial mycoses: review article part I

2013 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 764-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Fernanda Reis Gavazzoni Dias ◽  
Maria Victoria Pinto Quaresma-Santos ◽  
Fred Bernardes-Filho ◽  
Adriana Gutstein da Fonseca Amorim ◽  
Regina Casz Schechtman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Drug Interactions ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Practical Approach ◽  
Superficial Mycoses ◽  
World Markets ◽  
The World ◽  
The Right ◽  
Therapeutic Alternatives

Superficial fungal infections of the hair, skin and nails are a major cause of morbidity in the world. Choosing the right treatment is not always simple because of the possibility of drug interactions and side effects. The first part of the article discusses the main treatments for superficial mycoses - keratophytoses, dermatophytosis, candidiasis, with a practical approach to the most commonly-used topical and systemic drugs , referring also to their dosage and duration of use. Promising new, antifungal therapeutic alternatives are also highlighted, as well as available options on the Brazilian and world markets.

Covid-19 Vaccines and their Interchangeability Could be Effective in Developing Countries Like India to Generate Stronger Adaptive Immune Response in Large Population

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Saif Ali ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Adverse Side Effects ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
The People ◽  
Blood Clots ◽  
The World

Vaccine considered as a boon for every individual across the world in the time of pandemic situation. India has developed its own vaccine which shows promising results. Receiving vaccine does not mean that we are completely immune to the disease. Covishield shows some rare but adverse side effects of blood clots in those people having thrombocytopenia. Covaxin has not recorded any such cases as it is of inactivated type. But, the manufacturers of the vaccine have not established the longevity of protection against COVID-19. Unavailability of vaccines in India could pose a serious impact on the lives of the people. Government of India and Medical authorities should take clinical trials and make decision on interchangeability of vaccines as soon as possible.

scholarly journals Comparative endocrine disrupting effects of abamectin and indoxacarb insecticides

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Atef Nassar
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Plant Pests ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
Chemical Groups ◽  
Pronounced Reduction ◽  
Follicular Stimulating Hormone

Abamectin and indoxacarb are relatively new insecticides with different mode of action and are applied to control a wide range of plant pests. However, their side effects to mammals are not fully studied. Accordingly, current study aimed to compare the adverse effects of both insecticides against the endocrine biomarkers: triiodothyronine (T3), tetraiodothyronine (T4), follicular-stimulating hormone (FSH), progesterone, and testosterone. These parameters were measured after orally-injecting rats with 1/20 LD50 doses of each of abamectin and indoxacarb for 60 days. Results showed that indoxacarb had pronounced reduction in the contents of T3 and FSH hormones compared to control and abamectin. Also, indoxacarb increased testosterone level compared to abamectin. T4 level was reduced by abamectin treatment compared to indoxacarb. Progesterone content was significantly increased after the abamectin treatment, while it was decreased after the indoxacarb treatment. However, the tested insecticides belong to avermectins and oxadiazine chemical groups that have different mode of action. They showed some similarity in their effect on T3, T4, and FSH, except for the progesterone hormone that showed a contradicting response. These two insecticides were marked as safe but current study highlight the need for caution during their application in the integrated pest management program.

scholarly journals Cereal Grain: A Vehicle for Improved Healthy Living

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timilehin David Oluwajuyitan ◽  
Oseni Kadiri ◽  
Babawande Adeboye Origbemisoye ◽  
Oladapo Fisoye Fagbohun ◽  
Ruth Nkemjika Ukejeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Healthy Foods ◽  
Fiber Protein ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
The World ◽  
Nutritional Needs

The increasing population of the world, emergence, and prominence of diseases coupled with side effects of drugs has led to the search of non-toxic, healthy foods products. Cereal grains are a stable food consumed by a large population of the world, containing an array of nutritional and bioactive compounds such as dietary fiber, protein, carbohydrate, vitamins, minerals, β-glucan, lignans, phytosterol, phenolics among others. These compounds proffer beyond basic nutritional needs as they also provide health benefits on consumption such asantioxidants, antidiabetics, antihypertension, antihyperlipidemic/anti-cholesterol, antimicrobial and anticancer with no side effects. Cereal grains canbe processed into divers of food products, singly or as multigrain food products in other to increases the bioavailability of its nutrients or bioactive compounds. Its by-products can further be used to enriched human diets or serve as animal feeds. Hence, this review addresses the needs for more processing, value additions and consumption of cereal grain as a vehicle to improved healthy livings.

Covid-19 Vaccines and their Interchangeability Could be Effective in Developing Countries Like India to Generate Stronger Adaptive Immune Response in Large Population

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Saif Ali ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Adverse Side Effects ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
The People ◽  
Blood Clots ◽  
The World

Vaccine considered as a boon for every individual across the world in the time of pandemic situation. India has developed its own vaccine which shows promising results. Receiving vaccine does not mean that we are completely immune to the disease. Covishield shows some rare but adverse side effects of blood clots in those people having thrombocytopenia. Covaxin has not recorded any such cases as it is of inactivated type. But, the manufacturers of the vaccine have not established the longevity of protection against COVID-19. Unavailability of vaccines in India could pose a serious impact on the lives of the people. Government of India and Medical authorities should take clinical trials and make decision on interchangeability of vaccines as soon as possible.

Identification of mouse cathepsin K structural elements that regulate the potency of odanacatib

2017 ◽  
Vol 474 (5) ◽  
pp. 851-864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Law ◽  
Pierre-Marie Andrault ◽  
Adeleke H. Aguda ◽  
Nham T. Nguyen ◽  
Natasha Kruglyak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Human Disease ◽  
Mutational Analysis ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Cathepsin K ◽  
Rodent Models ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Structural Differences

Cathepsin K (CatK) is the predominant mammalian bone-degrading protease and thus an ideal target for antiosteoporotic drug development. Rodent models of osteoporosis are preferred due to their close reflection of the human disease and their ease of handling, genetic manipulation and economic affordability. However, large differences in the potency of CatK inhibitors for the mouse/rat vs. the human protease orthologs have made it impossible to use rodent models. This is even more of a problem considering that the most advanced CatK inhibitors, including odanacatib (ODN) and balicatib, failed in human clinical trials due to side effects and rodent models are not available to investigate the mechanism of these failures. Here, we elucidated the structural elements of the potency differences between mouse and human CatK (hCatK) using ODN. We determined and compared the structures of inhibitor-free mouse CatK (mCatK), hCatK and ODN bound to hCatK. Two structural differences were identified and investigated by mutational analysis. Humanizing subsite 2 in mCatK led to a 5-fold improvement of ODN binding, whereas the replacement of Tyr61 in mCatK with Asp resulted in an hCatK with comparable ODN potency. Combining both sites further improved the inhibition of the mCatK variant. Similar results were obtained for balicatib. These findings will allow the generation of transgenic CatK mice that will facilitate the evaluation of CatK inhibitor adverse effects and to explore routes to avoid them.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in the Treatment of Tuberculosis Infection

2019 ◽  
Vol IV (I) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Ravish Faiz ◽  
Khansha Chaudary ◽  
Rabia Saeed ◽  
Gul Shehnaz
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Medical Technology ◽  
Patient Monitoring ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Review Article ◽  
The World ◽  
Great Progress ◽  
Functional Factors

Tuberculosis (TB) is a centuries old disease which is quite prevalent throughout the world caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This disease kills more people every year than other infectious diseases despite the existence of an effective treatment. This treatment has been available since 1940, which means its existence spans over more than fifty years now. The development of antimicrobial resistance is one of the challenges facing the struggle to stem the tide of this lethal outbreak. The wider range of this disease is linked to few functional factors which include lack of public awareness, patient monitoring and follow-up. The prevalence of great progress and advancement in medical technology and research calls for greater efforts. This review article considers trends prevailing all around the globe in the ailments from a comprehensive perspective.

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