Microbiological Response to Periodontal Therapy: A Retrospective Study

Background:Periodontitis is a multifactorial infection caused by a complex of pathogenic bacterial species that induce the destruction of periodontal structures.Objective:The aim of this study is to evaluate the presence and bacterial load of six periodontal pathogens bacteria, measured at initial visit and after osseous surgery in patients affected by chronic periodontitis and treated between 2005 and 2007.Methods:This cohort study was carried out on a sample of 38 consecutive patients affected by severe chronic periodontitis, diagnosed at baseline on the basis of probing depths equal to 6.68 ± 1.47 mm. On each subject, a microbiological test was performed before periodontal initial therapy and after osseous surgery (one year later). Five compromised teeth were chosen for each patient (the same teeth, before and after surgery), for a total of 190 teeth. Real-time PCR based analysis computed total bacterial load of the samples and quantified six periodontal pathogens:Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia,Treponema denticola, Fusobacterium nucleatumandPrevotella intermedia. Data collection was made consulting medical charts.Results:Pocket probing depth reduction after surgery was 4.50 ± 1.54 mm (p=0.0001). The mean number of sites with bleeding at baseline was 2.08 ± 1.17 and 0.58 ± 1.00 after surgery (p=0.001). The mean number of sites with suppuration at baseline was 0.26 ± 0.86 and 0 after surgery (p=0.02). Cell count of each pathogen and total cell count were significantly higher at baseline than after surgery. Almost all bacteria presented a mean percentage reduction equal to that of the total count, except forAaandPi,which seemed to show a greater resistance. The difference of bacterial load, both before and after surgery, between smokers and non-smokers was not statistically significant (p<0.05). A statistically significant correlation was detected between pocket probing depth variation and bleeding on probing variation before and after the surgery, controlling for age (r=0.6,p=0.001). No significant correlations were observed between pocket probing depth and bacterial loads, except forPg(r=0.5,p=0.001),Tf(r=0.6,p=0.001) andTd(r=0.4,p=0.02).Conclusions:Reduction of presence and bacterial load of the examined periodontal pathogens bacteria after osseous surgery, along with periodontal pocket reduction, appeared to be essential to achieve and maintain periodontal stability over years.

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Evaluation of Effect of Nd:YAG and Er:YAG Lasers on the Periodontal Pathogens: A Systematic Review

10.37191/mapsci-jdr-1(1)-003 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hosein Eslami

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Chronic Periodontitis ◽

Complementary Therapy ◽

Root Surface ◽

Laser Wavelength ◽

Time Interval ◽

Periodontal Pathogens ◽

Probing Depth ◽

Treatment Procedures ◽

The Given

Introduction: By removing the periodontal pathogens and even the invasive bacteria attacking the tissues as well as the lack of normal periodontal treatment procedures, using a laser, as a complementary therapy, can have positive and useful impacts. The present study aims at investigating the impacts of Nd:YAG and Er:YAG laser on periodontal pathogens. Materials and Methods: In this systematic review, articles in the databases of Google Scholar, PubMed and Scopus were searched within 2000-2020. All information is classified into a table. Results: In searching the aforementioned databases and considering the given time interval, 78 articles were found in connection to the searched keywords and abstracts. Once the repeated titles and articles were deleted, 25 studies were selected which were decreased to 16 by the meticulous review by the assessment team. The full text of these 16 articles was reviewed. To make the final choice, 8 articles had the inclusion criteria which included the objectives of this study. Conclusion: To use the laser in treating the chronic periodontitis, an evidence-based study seems to be conducted. A few scientific pieces of evidence are indicating the advantage of a special laser wavelength in the common treatments.Based on most researches reviewed in this study, the results of the complementary application of Nd:YAG and Er:YAG lasers in treating the chronic periodontitis are the better than the ones obtained from the normal teeth scaling and planning the teeth root surface in terms of the reduced probing depth and subgingival bacteria population. The decision was made to use the laser in periodontal surgery based on the advantages such as hemostasis and less pain after the treatment. However, more studies are needed to apply the laser in periodontal treatments.

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Clinical and microbiological evaluation of one-stage full-mouth disinfection: a short-term study

Revista de Odontologia da UNESP ◽

10.1590/s1807-25772013000400010 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 42 (4) ◽

pp. 298-303

Author(s):

José Roberto Cortelli ◽

Marcos Vinicius Moreira de Castro ◽

Rodrigo Dalla Pria Balejo ◽

Camila Oliveira de Alencar ◽

Antonio Carlos Gargioni Filho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chronic Periodontitis ◽

Bacterial Load ◽

Periodontal Treatment ◽

Periodontal Pocket ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Study ◽

One Stage ◽

Short Term Study ◽

Short Period ◽

Full Mouth Disinfection

INTRODUCTION: Patients seem to adhere better to short-term periodontal treatment schemes. Besides, time-reduced treatments are more cost-effective. However, the degree of benefits related to this type of treatment still requires additional investigations. AIM: The present short-term study evaluated clinical and microbiological outcomes, from baseline to 3-months, of chronic periodontitis subjects treated by the one-stage full-mouth disinfection protocol. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Sixteen chronic periodontitis subjects (mean-age 49.87 ± 8.22) who met inclusion/exclusion criteria were included. A calibrated examiner measured whole-mouth plaque and gingival indices, periodontal pocket depth and clinical attachment level at baseline and at 3-months. Subgingival samples were also collected from the 5 most diseased periodontal sites to determine total bacterial load and levels of P. gingivalis and S. oralis by real time qPCR. Periodontal treatment consisted of full-mouth manual debridement plus wide intraoral use of chlorhexidine in gel and solution. Additionally, after debridement, individuals rinsed 0.12% chlorhexidine at home twice a day for the following 2 months. Data monitored were compared by paired Student-t test (p<0.05). RESULT: Statistical analysis revealed that, in general, one-stage full-mouth disinfection treatment provided significant clinical and microbiological improvements at 3-months. Total bacterial load showed one of the most pronounced reductions from baseline to 3-months (p=0.0001). Also, subgingival levels P. gingivalis and S. oralis reduced overtime. CONCLUSION: After a short period of monitoring, chronic periodontitis subjects showed clinical and microbial improvements following one-stage full-mouth disinfection treatment.

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In vitro minocycline activity on superinfecting microorganisms isolated from chronic periodontitis patients

Brazilian Oral Research ◽

10.1590/s1806-83242006000300004 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 202-206 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Luciana Fernandes de Oliveira ◽

Antonio Olavo Cardoso Jorge ◽

Silvana Soléo Ferreira dos Santos

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Chronic Periodontitis ◽

Periodontal Pocket ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Agar Dilution Method ◽

Periodontal Pathogens ◽

Candida Spp ◽

Systemic Antibiotic Therapy ◽

Staphylococcus Spp

Chronic periodontitis is the most common type of periodontitis and it is associated with various species of microorganisms. Enteric rods, Pseudomonas, Staphyloccocus and Candida have been retrieved from periodontal pockets of patients with chronic periodontitis and correlated to cases of superinfection. Local or systemic antibiotic therapy is indicated to reinforce the effects of the conventional mechanical therapy. Minocycline has been suggested as one of the most effective drugs against periodontal pathogens. The aim of this work was to evaluate the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of minocycline on superinfecting microorganisms isolated from the periodontal pocket and the oral cavity of individuals with chronic periodontitis. Isolates of Enterobacteriaceae (n = 25), Staphylococcus spp. (n = 25), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 9) and Candida spp. (n = 25) were included in the study. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of minocycline were determined using the Müeller-Hinton agar dilution method. Staphylococcus spp. isolates were the most sensitive to minocycline with a MIC of 8 µg/mL, followed by Enterobacteriaceae with a MIC of 16 µg/mL. The concentration of 16 µg/mL inhibited 96% of Candida spp. isolates. The MIC for 88.8% of the isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 128 µg/mL. A concentration of 1,000 µg/mL was not enough to inhibit 100% of the tested isolates.

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Periodontopathogens in the saliva and subgingival dental plaque of a group of mothers

Pesquisa Odontológica Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s1517-74912002000400006 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 313-318 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Odila Pereira da Silva Rosa ◽

Salete Moura Bonifácio da Silva ◽

Beatriz Costa ◽

Sérgio Aparecido Torres ◽

Euloir Passanezi

Keyword(s):

Dental Plaque ◽

Wilcoxon Test ◽

Periodontal Pathogens ◽

Mean Values ◽

Prevotella Nigrescens ◽

Probing Depth ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Mothers And Children ◽

The Mean ◽

Oral Colonization

The aim of this study was to assess the periodontal condition and the presence of putative periodontal pathogens in 30 Brazilian mothers, aging 21-40 years (28.4 ± 4.49 years), and in their children, aging 5-6 years, since mothers can be a source of pathogens and, thus, influence their children's bacteriological and clinical condition. Besides assessing the plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI) and pocket probing depth (PD), the survey analyzed four subgingival dental plaque samples from mothers and children, as well as a sample of stimulated saliva from mothers. Those samples were analyzed by means of the slot immunoblot (SIB) technique, in order to determine the presence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Prevotella nigrescens (Pn), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Treponema denticola (Td). The mean values and standard deviations of the evaluated clinical variables for mothers and children were, respectively: 1.86 ± 0.67 and 1.64 ± 0.68 for PI, and 1.24 ± 0.67 and 0.82 ± 0.37, for GI. Only for mothers, the total PD was 1.81 ± 0.69 mm, and the PD of four sites was 4.03 ± 1.40 mm. The Wilcoxon test revealed significant difference (p < 0.05) between mothers and their children only as to GI. The most prevalent bacteria in mothers were, in decreasing order: Aa, Pn, Pg and Td. The children presented patterns of oral hygiene and bacterial profiles similar to those of their mothers, in spite of the fact that most of them did not present enough subgingival plaque for testing. The comparison between mothers' subgingival dental plaque and saliva samples revealed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) for all bacteria, with greater positivity and scores in the saliva, which demonstrates that it is an indicator of oral colonization and can work as a vehicle for the transmission of periodontopathogens from mothers to their children.

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Effect of vitamin C supplementation on gingival bleeding

Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.24198/pjd.vol30no3.16237 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

pp. 178

Author(s):

Indra Mustika Setia Pribadi ◽

Nunung Rusminah ◽

Yanti Rusyanti ◽

Anne Agustina Suwargiani

Keyword(s):

Vitamin C ◽

Chronic Periodontitis ◽

Host Defence ◽

Periodontal Pathogens ◽

Defence Mechanisms ◽

Periodontal Health ◽

High Category ◽

Gingival Bleeding ◽

Before And After ◽

Vitamin C Supplementation

Introduction: Periodontitis is a multifactorial disease caused by a disproportion between environmental factors such as periodontal pathogens and the host defence. Genetic factors, hormones, and nutrition may influence host defence mechanisms. One of the nutrition needed for periodontal health is vitamin C. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of vitamin C supplementation on gingival bleeding. Methods: As much as ninety-eight patients with chronic periodontitis consisted of 42 males and 56 females, aged 30 – 59-years-old participated in this study. Gingival bleeding was assessed before and after 3 months administered with vitamin C supplementation. Gingival bleeding criteria was based on Van der Velden with tooth selection based on Ramfjörd. Result: Gingival bleeding before the administration of vitamin C supplementation was found in the high category at 4 patients (4.1%), medium at 36 patients (36.7%), and low at 58 patients (59.2%). After 3 months administration of vitamin C supplementation, high category gingival bleeding was found in 2 patients (2%), medium in 16 patients (16.3%), and low in 80 patients (81.6%). Conclusion: There was an effect of vitamin C supplementation on gingival bleeding.Keywords: Chronic periodontitis, vitamin C supplementation, gingival bleeding.

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LESSONS IN HAND WASHING: INFLUENCE OF OCCUPATION, HABIT AND SANITATION ON THE TYPE AND BURDEN OF HAND MICROFLORA

International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH ◽

10.29121/granthaalayah.v9.i6.2021.3976 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 225-241

Author(s):

Egwari Louis Osayenum ◽

Akinnola Olayemi Oluseun ◽

Effiok William Warrie ◽

Kilani Adetunji Musbau ◽

Uzowuihe Xavier Chukwuma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hand Hygiene ◽

Disease Transmission ◽

Health Workers ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Bacterial Load ◽

Healthcare Setting ◽

Hand Washing ◽

Hygiene Practice ◽

Tissue Paper ◽

Before And After

The hand is an important vehicle in disease transmission both in the healthcare setting and in communities. This study accessed the level of compliance to hand hygiene requirements among different professionals within and outside the hospital setting.in addition to the role of good hand hygiene practice in reducing the microbial population of hands. Structured questionnaire to access compliance by the various study group was analyzed statistically. Swabs of hands and contact surfaces were collected before and after different treatment application ranging from washing with soap, use of or a combination of treatment and assessed . Knowledge of the importance of hand hygiene did not translate to better hand hygiene practice among health workers compared to groups outside the health profession. There was a higher preference for water for anal cleansing after defecation as opposed to the use of tissue paper by male than female (p<0.05). The bacterial load in unwashed hands ranged from 106 CFU/ml for Proteus and Streptococcus species to 1010 CFU/ml for and Staphylococcus species. Hand washing without application of resulted in 1-2 log10 CFU reduction depending on bacterial species (p>0.05). Application of to unwashed hands resulted in 2-7 log10 CFU reduction for most bacterial species (p<0.05). Hands were re-colonized with same flora within one week of decolonizing. The multiple factors associated with re-colonization of decolonized hands pose the question as to how frequent should hands be washed?

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Bacterial load of the surface of some selected Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria

Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences ◽

10.4314/bajopas.v12i1.13s ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 76-79

Author(s):

S.M. Rufa’I

Keyword(s):

Public Space ◽

Bacterial Load ◽

Personal Hygiene ◽

Plate Count ◽

Bacterial Counts ◽

Automated Teller Machines ◽

Standard Plate Count ◽

Automatic Teller Machine ◽

Before And After ◽

The Mean

An Automated Teller Machine (ATM), also known as Automated Banking Machine (ABM) or cash machine and several other names, is a computerized telecommunication device that provides access to financial transactions in a public space without the need for a cashier or other intermediaries. The Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) has been widely used due to its convenience but also serves as a source of bacterial contamination. The aim of this work was to determine the bacterial load of surfaces of selected ATMs in Kano metropolis. Swab samples were collected from four (4) selected areas and ten (10) different study sites. The samples were collected using swabbing technique and standard plate count was employed for the enumeration of bacterial counts. The mean bacterial counts ranged between the lowest count of 1.20 x 102cfu/cm2 and the highest count of 1.78 x 102cfu/cm2 and the mean count of individual machine ranged from 1.70 x 101 cfu/cm2 upto 6.00 x 101cfu/cm2. All the ATMs were found to be contaminated. It could thus be concluded that the ATMs studied present a very great risk factor for cross contamination. The general public should therefore be enlightened on the possible health hazards associated with such items like ATMs and thus advised for strict personal hygiene and regular washing of hands before and after contact with ATMs so as to reduce the possible transfer of bacterial diseases and/or infections. Keywords: Automated Teller Machines (ATMs), Bacteria, Contamination, Kano metropolis.

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Subgingival Microbial Profile And Production Of Proinflammatory Cytokines In Chronic Periodontitis

Folia Medica ◽

10.2478/folmed-2014-0022 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 56 (3) ◽

pp. 152-160 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Velichka T. Dosseva-Panova ◽

Christina L. Popova ◽

Vladimir E. Panov

Keyword(s):

Porphyromonas Gingivalis ◽

Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽

Chronic Periodontitis ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Cytokine Expression ◽

The Body ◽

Gingival Tissue ◽

Periodontal Pathogens ◽

Pocket Depth ◽

Necrosis Factor Alpha

ABSTRACT This review examines literature data concerning the bacterial findings in chronic periodontitis depending on pocket depth, and presents the latest published information on the presence of proinflammatory factors in periodontal environment. It has been found that chronic periodontitis affects as much as 80% of the middle-aged population; by comparison, the prevalence of aggressive periodontitis reaches up to 1-1.5%. It is accepted that this social disease is multifactorial in etiology, but the evidence in the literature suggests that the levels of specifi c Gram-negative organisms in subgingival plaque biofilm play a major role in the initiation and progression of the disease. Of the many bacterial species inhabiting the periodontal environment, three types - Porphyromonas gingivalis (PG), Treponema denticola (TD), Tannerella forsythia (TF) - are strongly associated with the initiation and progression of periodontitis. Microbiological studies suggest that Porphyromonas gingivalis should be considered a major etiologic agent. Currently, Porphyromonas gingivalis is strongly associated with the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis. On the other hand, the presence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in patients with chronic periodontitis may be related to the severity of the disease and thus modify the therapeutic plan. The increased amount of periodontal pathogens in the subgingival area can activate a cascade of defense mechanisms of the body associated with the production of factors causing infl ammation and destruction, which suggests a correlation between the bacterial findings and the body response implemented by enhancing the local cytokine expression. Studies in the literature show that the presence of certain micro-organisms in the periodontal environment is associated to increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the gingival fluid and gingival tissue. These levels have been associated with destructive tissues response. There is little evidence in the literature on the correlation of the levels of periodontal pathogens of sites with different pocket depth with periodontal disease activity defined by the degree of the proinflammatory cytokine expression such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6 ).

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Effectiveness of the adjunctive use of ozone and chlorhexidine in patients with chronic periodontitis

BDJ Open ◽

10.1038/s41405-019-0025-9 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Kaveri Kranti Gandhi ◽

Emil G. Cappetta ◽

Rajdeep Pavaskar

Keyword(s):

Chronic Periodontitis ◽

Gold Standard ◽

Gingival Index ◽

Periodontal Pathogens ◽

Ozone Therapy ◽

Clinical Attachment Loss ◽

Probing Depth ◽

Root Planning ◽

Scaling And Root Planning

Abstract Background Scaling and root planning (SRP) is the gold standard approach for treatment of chronic periodontitis but used alone it may not be effective in removing periodontal pathogens from sites where access is poor. Objective To evaluate and compare the clinical and microbiological efficacy of ozone and chlorhexidine (CHX) as an adjunct to SRP in patients with chronic periodontitis. Methods Twenty-five patients with generalized moderate to severe chronic periodontitis with presence of at least one site in each quadrant with a probing depth ≥5 mm were recruited. In a split mouth study design, two quadrants were randomly allocated to the SRP and ozone therapy and the remaining two quadrants to SRP and CHX therapy. Plaque index (PI), Gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL) were assessed. Subgingival plaque samples were obtained for assessment of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg). Results Both groups demonstrated significant intragroup reduction in PI, GI, PD, CAL, Pg count and Aa count from baseline to 3 months follow-up. There were no significant differences between two groups for any of the parameters. Conclusion Ozonated olive oil can be used as an adjunctive subgingival irrigant in patients with chronic periodontitis.

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A Study on Hand Contamination and Hand Washing Practices among Medical Students

ISRN Public Health ◽

10.5402/2012/251483 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Watutantrige Ranjit De Alwis ◽

Premalatha Pakirisamy ◽

Lum Wai San ◽

Evelyn Chen Xiaofen

Keyword(s):

Medical Students ◽

Bacterial Load ◽

Bacterial Count ◽

Male Students ◽

Dominant Hand ◽

Hygiene Practices ◽

Before And After ◽

Males And Females ◽

The Mean ◽

Transmit Disease

Harmful microorganisms can be transferred to hands from contaminated surfaces people come into contact in daily life. Contaminated hands can transmit disease to one self as well as to others. A study was done to determine the extent to which hand hygiene practices and toilet door knobs contribute to the bacterial load of hands of toilet users in a medical school. Swabs were taken from a randomly selected sample of 60 medical students for bacterial count from both hands before and after toilet use and from door knobs of six toilets. Only 40 (66.7%) claimed they washed hands with soap. Significantly more females (83%) used soap to wash hands compared to males (50%). Bacterial load in the hands of both males and females showed an increase after toilet use. The increase was significant among male students. The dominant hand had a significantly higher bacterial load than the other. The mean bacterial load of male toilet door knobs (12 CFU/cm2) were significantly higher than of female toilet door knobs (2.5 CFU/cm2) (P<0.05). Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from the hands of 21 students. Toilets and washrooms should be designed so as to eliminate the sources of contamination of the hands.

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