scholarly journals A Retrospective Analysis of Isoniazid-Monoresistant Tuberculosis: Among Iranian Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Varahram ◽  
Mohammad Javad Nasiri ◽  
Parissa Farnia ◽  
Mohadese Mozafari ◽  
Ali Akbar Velayati
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Drug Susceptibility ◽  
Drug Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Tb Control ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Background and objectives:Isoniazid (INH) is one of the most potent anti-tuberculosis (TB) drugs. The spread and transmission of INH- resistant bacilli are likely to pose a significant problem for National TB control Program (NTP). In this study, we aimed to determine the trend of INH-monoresistant TB in Iran.Methods:The susceptibility patternsof Mycobacterium tuberculosis(MTB) strains that were isolated from clinical samples were retrospectively analyzed (January 2003-December 2011). Identification and drug susceptibility testing (DST) were performed using both conventional and molecular methods. The associated risk factors were assessed using the Chi-square test.Results:Out of 4825 culture-positive isolates, 6.1% were resistant to INH, with an increasing trend over the study period. The INH-monoresistance from 4.4 in 2003 reached to 9.4% in 2011. Among the studied risk factors, age was significantly associated with INH-monoresistance (p < 0.05).Conclusions:The increased trend in INH-monoresistance underlines the need for greater enforcement of national TB control programs. In this regard, better management of TB cases, establishing advanced diagnostic facilities and use of standard treatment regimens are recommended to avoid further emergence of INH resistant cases.

Risk Factors for Typhoid Fever Occurrence and Recurrence in Gombe Metropolis, Gombe State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 381-401
Author(s):  
Umar Abdullahi Tawfiq ◽  
◽  
Shohaimi Shamarina ◽  
Syafinaz Amin Nordin ◽  
Mohd Noor Hisham Mohd Nadzir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Government ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
At Home

Typhoid is a life-threatening disease that has remained endemic in parts of Africa and Asia where its burden is elevated by the inefficiency of control efforts which have been hampered by lack of epidemiological data, among others. In Nigeria, such data is absent in most of the States like Gombe where the disease has been rife for a long time, hence, to bridge that knowledge gap, this study was set up to determine the host-associated risk factors for typhoid occurrence and recurrence in Gombe. A questionnaire that was designed and validated for this location was used to obtain data from 663 respondents using simple random sampling and analyzed using the Chi-square test for association and binomial logistic regression to obtain risk factors for typhoid occurrence and recurrence, respectively. The study revealed that occurrences were statistically significantly associated with the variables for vaccination (χ2 = 39.729, p < 0.01), having houseboy/girl (χ2 = 16.909, p < 0.01), typhoid patient at home (χ2 = 13.393, p < 0.01), hand washing before handling food (χ2 = 22.856, p < 0.01), consuming iced/frozen items (χ2 = 16.805, p < 0.01), boiling drinking water (χ2 = 49.633, p < 0.01), and eating commercially available foods/drinks (χ2 = 27.864, p < 0.01), while recurrences were statistically significantly predicted by „not sure of been vaccinated‟ (OR = 2.962, CI = 1.290 to 6.802, p < 0.01), „not having another typhoid patient at home‟ (OR = 1.799, CI = 0.998 to 3.244, p < 0.01), and „drinking unboiled water sometimes‟ (OR = 2.130, CI = 1.023 to 4.434, p < 0.01). It is believed that these findings will guide efforts by the Government for health interventions against typhoid in the study area, thus improving the quality of life for the population.

scholarly journals CLINICAL PROFILE OF ISOLATED SYSTOLIC HYPERTENSION AND IT'S CARDIOVASCULAR AND RENAL COMPLICATIONS AT AIIMS, PATNA, BIHAR

2020 ◽  
pp. 40-42
Author(s):  
Rajeev Ranjan Kumar ◽  
Shiv Kumar ◽  
Ravikirti Ravikirti ◽  
Debarshi Jana
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Creatinine Clearance ◽  
Systolic Hypertension ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Clinical Profile ◽  
Isolated Systolic Hypertension ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Hypertension, its risk factors and complications is very poorly understood therefore it goes undiagnosed and untreated for a long time. The present study was undertaken to study the clinical profile of isolated systolic hypertension (systolic > 140 and diastolic ≤ 90 mmHg ) in elderly (above the age of 60 years)and to find out any other associated risk factors, any end organ complications, specially cardiac through electrocardiography and echocardiography and on kidney through creatinine clearance. The present cross-sectional study was undertaken on patients attending the outdoor department and indoor department of medicine. The study group comprised of 75 elderly patients who had isolated systolic hypertension (ISH). Using Chi square test correlation of age with stage of BP, association of risk factors with ISH and Stage III BP and ECG changes with LVH calculated. It concluded that ISH associated with risk factors has definite effect mainly on cardiac in terms of LV hypertrophy and on kidney in terms of reduced creatinine clearance and is an even better predictor of mortalityand morbidity than is diastolic blood pressure.

scholarly journals Detection of human papilloma virus in potentially malignant and malignant lesions of the oral cavity and a study of associated risk factors

2016 ◽  
Vol 05 (04) ◽  
pp. 179-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Bijina ◽  
Junaid Ahmed ◽  
Nandita Shenoy ◽  
Ravikiran Ongole ◽  
Suchitra Shenoy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Potentially Malignant ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Malignant Lesions ◽  
Well Differentiated ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Histopathological Grading

Abstract Background: Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck is the 6 th most frequently occurring cancer worldwide, with over 400,000 cases projected annually. Multiple factors such as tobacco, alcohol, irradiation, virus, and chronic irritants are involved in the development of oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). The most important risk factors are chronic exposure to tobacco and alcohol. Although the evidence that implicates virus is increasing, particularly (human papillomavirus [HPV]), in the carcinogenesis process, the role of virus is not well established. Aim and Objective: This study is designed to assess the presence of HPV in potentially malignant and malignant lesions of the oral cavity as well as to correlate the presence of HPV with addictive habits and histopathological grading of the disease. Materials and Methods: Biopsy samples of OSCC and potentially malignant lesions were obtained and 3, 5 μm thickness sections were cut using a microtome. The sections were collected using a sterile brush and transferred to an Eppendorf tube. DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction for the detection of HPV were done. Results and Conclusion: The association between histopathological grading and presence of HPV was assessed using Chi-square test and the values thus obtained were found to be statistically significant. HPV was more predominantly seen in well-differentiated carcinomas and moderately differentiated carcinomas as compared to poorly differentiated carcinomas.

scholarly journals The Risk Factors of Phlebitis in The Installation of Intravent Catalysts

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26
Author(s):  
Hajar Acintya Farah ◽  
Bambang Sarwono ◽  
Heru Supriyatno
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
High Rate ◽  
P Value ◽  
Intravenous Catheter ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Injection Drugs ◽  
Cohort Design ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Catheter Size ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Background: A hospital is a health service facility that allows nosocomial infections, namely phlebitis. Phlebitis is a complication of intravenous catheter placement that is characterized by redness, pain, swelling, and fever. The high rate of phlebitis in various countries is due to the risk factors that predispose to the incidence of phlebitis due to intravenous catheter placement.Objective: This study aims to determine the risk factors for phlebitis in intravenous catheter placement.Methodology: This study uses an observational analytic method with a cohort design. The study was conducted on 27 February - 14 March 2020 with 22 samples taken using purposive accidental sampling in the inward and RST surgery Dr. Soedjono Magelang. The instrument used was an observation sheet designed by researchers that had been tested by experts and a standard operational checklist for infusion. Data analysis uses a chi-square test and multiple logistic regression.Results: The incidence of phlebitis was 7 respondents (31.8%) and the associated risk factors were the type of infusion fluid (RR = 4.37 CI 95% 1.09-17.58; p-value 0.020). While the factors of age, sex, nutritional status, chronic diseases, types of injection drugs, insertion location, duration of installation, nurse skills, installation techniques, and catheter size were not related to the incidence of phlebitis (p-value 0.05).Conclusion: Although several factors are not related to the incidence of phlebitis, these factors can be a support for the incidence of phlebitis. 

scholarly journals A Study of Prevalence of Worm Infestation and Associated Risk Factors among the School Children of Dharan, Eastern Region of Nepal

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
R. B. Sah ◽  
P. K. Pokharel ◽  
I. S. Paudel ◽  
A. Acharya ◽  
N. Jha
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
School Children ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Worm Infestation ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Very High

<strong>Background:</strong>Worm infestation has remained major zoonotic diseases in Nepal especially among children.<p><strong>Objectives:</strong> To measure the prevalence of worm infestation and to identify risk factors associated with worm infestation among the school children of Dharan.</p><p><strong>Material and Methods:</strong> A cross sectional study was conducted among school children of Dharan. Stratified random sampling method was applied to choose the schools and the study subjects. The Chi-square test was used to measure the association of risk factors and worm infestation.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> Overall prevalence of worm infestation among the school children was 11.3 percent. Taenia species was found very high (5.3%) in comparison to other worms i.e. Hookworm (2%), Ascaris lumbricoides (1.9%), Trichuris trichiura (1%), Hymenolepsis nana (0.7%) and Enterobius vermicularis (0.3%). No significant relationship was traced among the factors in the causation of worm infestation although slight indications present.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Overall prevalence of worm infestation among the school children has remained high.</p>

scholarly journals Nationality as a risk factor of tuberculosis resistance in two co-related countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-41
Author(s):  
Ali Afaghi Gharamaleki ◽  
Seyyedreza Moaddab ◽  
Mojtaba Darbouy ◽  
Khalil Ansarin ◽  
Shahram Hanifian
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Drug Susceptibility ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Lowenstein Jensen

Background: Republic of Azerbaijan and Iran are two neighboring countries with high amount of travelling between them, different rates of TB and its resistance. These relationships could complicate the controlling of tuberculosis programs. Objective: The study was conducted to determine the prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) resistance and its risk factors in the two geographically co-related regions. Method: A total of 119Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from the patients of the target regions (Azerbaijan Rep. and Tabriz, Iran) were examined at the Central Tuberculosis Laboratory in Tabriz, Iran. The cultures and drug susceptibility tests was performed on Lowenstein-Jensen. All the isolates were categorized by MIRU-VNTR molecular method into clustered and un-clustered groups. The clustering as well as demographic data were analyzed to determine the risk factors contributing to TB resistance. The categorical data about the TB resistance were compared using a chi square test. Results: 27.8 percent of isolates were resistant at least to one of the 1st line of anti-tuberculosis drugs. The prevalence of any drug resistance and MDR were 64.6 and 17.9 percent respectively for Azari isolates, where the rate of resistance to rifampin and isoniazid was higher than streptomycin and ethambutol. The corresponding figures for the isolates from Tabriz were 16.9 and 3.3 percent respectively. Conclusions: The results of this comparative and cross-sectional study showed statistically significant differences in TB resistance between the isolates from the patients of Azerbaijan Rep. and Iran. According to the results, the rate of resistance to RMP, INH, and MDR was higher in Azerbaijan; consequently, nationality could be regarded as a risk factor of MDR, resistance to RMP and INH but not to SM and ETB. Other studied parameters did not contribute to TB resistance. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.18(1) 2019 p.36-41

scholarly journals Is serum creatinine mandatory prior to contrast ehanced computer tomography

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
Deepak Adhikari ◽  
Rupesh Gautam ◽  
Sweta Moktan ◽  
Mukesh Mallik ◽  
Mamita Sakhakarmi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Serum Creatinine ◽  
Medical History ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Extra Cost ◽  
Contrast Induced Nephropathy ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Enhanced Computed Tomography

Introduction: Contrast-enhanced Computed Tomography (CECT) is an imaging technique to diagnose many clinical manifestations. Contrast media used in CECT can lead to contrast induced nephropathy (CIN). Hence, screening of serum creatinine (SCr) level prior to CECT is commonly practiced as it is considered to be an indicator for the risk of Contrast Induced Nephropathy (CIN). But, it adds up extra cost and also increases duration for investigation. The purpose of this study is to find out, if SCr screening can be skipped among certain group by medical history related to risk factors of CIN. Methodology: A total 250 patient SCr were obtained prior to CECT over period of 4 months between June 2016 to September 2016. Duplication in the samples was avoided. A survey of medical history regarding risk factors for CIN was taken in each case. Chi square test and odds ratio was applied for data analysis. Results: In this study 68% of total (250) patients were found to have normal SCr level without any risk factors for CIN and among 3% abnormal categorized patients (SCr ≥1.5mg/dl)) 71% (5 of 7) were identified with risk factors. Conclusions: The data suggests that screening SCr prior to CECT is significant only to those patients who acquire any of the identifiable risk factors for CIN. Those patients who are not identified with any of the associated risk factors, especially for renal disease, are not mandatory to obtain SCr value. This can reduce many challenges while checking patient’s creatinine status, such as patient’s booking delays, extra cost and time, additional pricking while taking blood sample. This practice can also increase the departmental throughput and efficiency of service.

scholarly journals Vaginal Flatus and the Associated Risk Factors in Iranian Women: A Main Research Article

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Firoozeh Veisi ◽  
Negin Rezavand ◽  
Maryam Zangeneh ◽  
Shohreh Malekkhosravi ◽  
Mansour Rezaei
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Vaginal Delivery ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Pelvic Organ ◽  
Iranian Women ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Objective. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of vaginal flatus and some related risk factors in Iranian women. Methods. After conducting a pilot study, a sample size of 1000 subjects of 18 to 80 years was determined; of those 58 were unable to cooperate for various reasons. Age, parity, marital status, birth history, body mass index, and the weight of the largest newborn were collected. After a full gynecologic examination looking for pelvic organ prolapse, patients were asked about vaginal flatus and the frequency and time of occurrence. The results were studied using the chi-square test and independent t-test considering an alpha error of less than 0.05. Results. The prevalence of vaginal flatus was mainly 20% in this study, but embarrassment was observed in 5.7% of these women. 4% in the group were with no history of sexual contact (virgin). Vaginal flatus mostly started after vaginal delivery (45%) or spontaneously (34%); however, it was also reported after cesarean section and other pelvic operations. The most common activity leading to vaginal flatus was intercourse (54%); however, the time which had resulted in more inconvenience for the patients was during physical activities (92%). BMI and age were significantly lower in the patients (). The grade of prolapse was lower in the patients (). Conclusion. Low age, low body mass index, and vaginal delivery can affect the incidence of a noisy vagina.

scholarly journals DETERMINATION OF RIFAMPICIN MONO-RESISTANCE MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS IN THE NATIONAL TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL PROGRAMME IN SANA'A CITY-YEMEN: A SIGNIFICANT PHENOMENON IN WAR REGION WITH HIGH PREVALENCE TUBERCLOISIS

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roqiaa Mohammed Ahmed Al-Hrazi ◽  
Hassan A. Al-Shamahy ◽  
Bushra Mohammed Jaadan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Drug Susceptibility ◽  
Drug Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Treatment Rate ◽  
Rf Gene ◽  
Significant Rate ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

The current study was undertaken in Sana'a city, Yemen, which has one of the highest rates of Tuberculosis (TB) in the Region. The aims of this retrospective study were determined the prevalence of true RIF's mono-resistance, using the gold standard of molecular assays comparing with culture based phenotypic drug susceptibility testing (DST), and determined the associated risk factors of contracting RF gene among Yemeni TB patients. Patient's data were collected in a predesigned questionnaire which included demographic information and the relevant risk factors associated with RIF. All sputum specimens received were routinely cultured, and, underwent phenotypic drug susceptibility testing. DNA sequences specific for MTB and RIF were detected by automated molecular test. The total end treatment rate was 5.94% of the total cases (11/185). MTB gene was positive for all cases which indicate more sensitive than sputum examination; 3.2% of total patients show RIF's genes positive. Higher rate of RIF with male (5.4%), and low in female patients (1.8%). There was higher rate of RIF with age group 36-45 years (8.7%) and >15 years (7.1%). There was significant rate of RIF gene with after food drug taken (RIF=13.3%, with Odds ratio (OR)=6.4), and with DOTs program (RIF=10%, with OR=6.4). In addition, there was significant rate of RIF gene with one dose regimen (11.8%, OR=5.5). In conclusion, this study reveals the presence of RIF- M. tuberculosis in Sana’a, Yemen and most of them were observed among patients who default treatment. This is considered as a threat to TB control programme and it is recommended that strategies should be put in place in order to ensure patients’ compliance and monitoring of patients’ response to TB treatment.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites and Associated Risk Factors in Chepang Community of Saktikhor Area, Chitwan, Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 150-156
Author(s):  
Srijana Adhikari ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Strongyloides Stercoralis ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Intestinal Parasitosis ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Abstract: Objective: Pathogenic species of protozoa and helminth cause intestinal parasitosis, which continues to be a significant community well-being issue in many regions of the world, especially in pastoral regions of developing countries like Nepal. The study focused on determining the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and the associated risk factors among the people of the Chepang community of the Saktikhor area in the Chitwan district. Materials and Methods: A transversal study was conducted between May 2017 and October 2017, with a total of 125 participants. The fecal samples were examined using a wet media (saline media, iodine preparation), concentration and sucrose flotation method. The association between risk factors and parasitic prevalence was evaluated using the Pearson’s chi-square test. Results: The general prevalence of intestinal parasite infection was 52%. Infections with soil-borne helminth were more common than those with cestodes and protozoa. Common intestinal parasites included Ascaris lumbricoides (69.23%), Trichuris trichiura (9.23%), Hookworm (7.69%), Strongyloides stercoralis (4.62%), Hymenolepis nana (6.15%), Taenia sp. (6.15%), and Entamoeba coli (9.23%). High prevalence of infection was observed among male (53.96% ) participants and those aged over 20 years (69.44%). Pearson's chi-square test revealed a substantial relationship between prevalence of parasite and age group (P=0.0452), hand washing material (P<0.001) and preference for defecation site (P<0.001). Conclusion: Hence, a heavy occurrence of intestinal parasites within the Chepang community is particularly evident. There is a need for increased emphasis on intrusion, which can be achieved by improving personal hygiene and sanitation of participants and constructing proper sanitary toilets to prevent the spread of parasitic infections. Keywords: IPIs, Helminth, Cestode, Protozoan, HMP, NTDs, Community, Prevalence.

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