Risk Factors for Typhoid Fever Occurrence and Recurrence in Gombe Metropolis, Gombe State, Nigeria

Typhoid is a life-threatening disease that has remained endemic in parts of Africa and Asia where its burden is elevated by the inefficiency of control efforts which have been hampered by lack of epidemiological data, among others. In Nigeria, such data is absent in most of the States like Gombe where the disease has been rife for a long time, hence, to bridge that knowledge gap, this study was set up to determine the host-associated risk factors for typhoid occurrence and recurrence in Gombe. A questionnaire that was designed and validated for this location was used to obtain data from 663 respondents using simple random sampling and analyzed using the Chi-square test for association and binomial logistic regression to obtain risk factors for typhoid occurrence and recurrence, respectively. The study revealed that occurrences were statistically significantly associated with the variables for vaccination (χ2 = 39.729, p < 0.01), having houseboy/girl (χ2 = 16.909, p < 0.01), typhoid patient at home (χ2 = 13.393, p < 0.01), hand washing before handling food (χ2 = 22.856, p < 0.01), consuming iced/frozen items (χ2 = 16.805, p < 0.01), boiling drinking water (χ2 = 49.633, p < 0.01), and eating commercially available foods/drinks (χ2 = 27.864, p < 0.01), while recurrences were statistically significantly predicted by „not sure of been vaccinated‟ (OR = 2.962, CI = 1.290 to 6.802, p < 0.01), „not having another typhoid patient at home‟ (OR = 1.799, CI = 0.998 to 3.244, p < 0.01), and „drinking unboiled water sometimes‟ (OR = 2.130, CI = 1.023 to 4.434, p < 0.01). It is believed that these findings will guide efforts by the Government for health interventions against typhoid in the study area, thus improving the quality of life for the population.

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CLINICAL PROFILE OF ISOLATED SYSTOLIC HYPERTENSION AND IT'S CARDIOVASCULAR AND RENAL COMPLICATIONS AT AIIMS, PATNA, BIHAR

10.36106/ijsr/5427239 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 40-42

Author(s):

Rajeev Ranjan Kumar ◽

Shiv Kumar ◽

Ravikirti Ravikirti ◽

Debarshi Jana

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Creatinine Clearance ◽

Systolic Hypertension ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Clinical Profile ◽

Isolated Systolic Hypertension ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Associated Risk Factors

Hypertension, its risk factors and complications is very poorly understood therefore it goes undiagnosed and untreated for a long time. The present study was undertaken to study the clinical profile of isolated systolic hypertension (systolic > 140 and diastolic ≤ 90 mmHg ) in elderly (above the age of 60 years)and to find out any other associated risk factors, any end organ complications, specially cardiac through electrocardiography and echocardiography and on kidney through creatinine clearance. The present cross-sectional study was undertaken on patients attending the outdoor department and indoor department of medicine. The study group comprised of 75 elderly patients who had isolated systolic hypertension (ISH). Using Chi square test correlation of age with stage of BP, association of risk factors with ISH and Stage III BP and ECG changes with LVH calculated. It concluded that ISH associated with risk factors has definite effect mainly on cardiac in terms of LV hypertrophy and on kidney in terms of reduced creatinine clearance and is an even better predictor of mortalityand morbidity than is diastolic blood pressure.

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An assessment of government interventions in water sanitation and hygiene in rural district Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan

Global Journal of Sociology Current Issues ◽

10.18844/gjs.v8i1.3454 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 01-12

Author(s):

Abid Anwar ◽

Mussawar Shah ◽

Yasrab Abid ◽

Hina Qamar

Keyword(s):

Simple Random Sampling ◽

Community Satisfaction ◽

Chi Square ◽

Government Interventions ◽

Sanitation And Hygiene ◽

Degree Of Satisfaction ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Selection For ◽

The Government ◽

High Degree

AbstractThe present study entitled an analysis of government interventions and community satisfaction in WASH Program in district Peshawar. A total of 359 respondents’ were proportionally allocated to each village and then, selected through simple random sampling techniques. Data were collected on a three-level Likert scale interview schedule encompassing all study variables. Chi-square test was used to test the association amount of study variable. Finding regarding the government intervention, volunteer community practices and community satisfaction showed significant association with message delivered to respondents families regarding health hygiene (p = 0.000), remembrance of message related to hygiene which they participated (p = 0.000), selection for assistance (p < 0.008), reason of selection for the support (p = 0.000), respectively, the study found that people had high degree of satisfaction with regards to the initiation, execution and deliverance of the project. As a strong follow-up mechanism, maximum participation of community and intervention of public sector were recommended.

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Detection of human papilloma virus in potentially malignant and malignant lesions of the oral cavity and a study of associated risk factors

South Asian Journal of Cancer ◽

10.4103/2278-330x.195337 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 05 (04) ◽

pp. 179-181 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

B. R. Bijina ◽

Junaid Ahmed ◽

Nandita Shenoy ◽

Ravikiran Ongole ◽

Suchitra Shenoy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Oral Cavity ◽

Squamous Cell ◽

Chi Square ◽

Potentially Malignant ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Malignant Lesions ◽

Well Differentiated ◽

Associated Risk Factors ◽

Histopathological Grading

Abstract Background: Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck is the 6 th most frequently occurring cancer worldwide, with over 400,000 cases projected annually. Multiple factors such as tobacco, alcohol, irradiation, virus, and chronic irritants are involved in the development of oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). The most important risk factors are chronic exposure to tobacco and alcohol. Although the evidence that implicates virus is increasing, particularly (human papillomavirus [HPV]), in the carcinogenesis process, the role of virus is not well established. Aim and Objective: This study is designed to assess the presence of HPV in potentially malignant and malignant lesions of the oral cavity as well as to correlate the presence of HPV with addictive habits and histopathological grading of the disease. Materials and Methods: Biopsy samples of OSCC and potentially malignant lesions were obtained and 3, 5 μm thickness sections were cut using a microtome. The sections were collected using a sterile brush and transferred to an Eppendorf tube. DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction for the detection of HPV were done. Results and Conclusion: The association between histopathological grading and presence of HPV was assessed using Chi-square test and the values thus obtained were found to be statistically significant. HPV was more predominantly seen in well-differentiated carcinomas and moderately differentiated carcinomas as compared to poorly differentiated carcinomas.

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The Outbreak of Hepatitis A: Evidence in Pacitan District

JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN ◽

10.20473/jkl.v13i1.2021.35-40 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 35

Author(s):

Ratih Lukmitarani ◽

Mufiadzatul Ardiyah ◽

R Azizah

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis A ◽

Simple Random Sampling ◽

Personal Hygiene ◽

P Value ◽

District Health ◽

Chi Square ◽

The Status ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

The Government ◽

And Control

Introduction: Indonesia is a country with a high geographical distribution of hepatitis A. In June 2019, the government established the status of hepatitis A outbreaks in Pacitan District, which is spread across several districts. Based on data from the District Health Office of Pacitan, there were 1,310 peoples with hepatitis A on October 2019. Through this study, the relation between knowledge, attitudes, and personal hygiene as risk factors of hepatitis A outbreaks in Pacitan District can be identified. Methods: Observational analytic methods and case control research design were used in this study. The population was 280 people. The sample consisted of 60 peoples with case of 30 peoples and control of 30 peoples. Case and control samples were taken randomly (simple random sampling). The research data were collected using the interview method, then analyzed using the Chi Square test and the Contingency Coefficient. Results and Discussion: There was a correlation between knowledge level with the occurrence of hepatitis A outbreaks (p-value = 0.002 <0.05), attitudes with hepatitis A (pvalue = 0.004 <0.05), and personal hygiene with the occurrence of hepatitis A outbreaks (pvalue = 0.001 <0.05). Conclusion: Inadequate knowledge, inappropriate personal hygiene lead to the spread of hepatitis A outbreaks in the working area of Primary Health Care of Ngadirojo, Pacitan District.

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A Retrospective Analysis of Isoniazid-Monoresistant Tuberculosis: Among Iranian Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients

The Open Microbiology Journal ◽

10.2174/1874285801408010001 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Mohammad Varahram ◽

Mohammad Javad Nasiri ◽

Parissa Farnia ◽

Mohadese Mozafari ◽

Ali Akbar Velayati

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Control Program ◽

Drug Susceptibility ◽

Drug Susceptibility Testing ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Chi Square ◽

Tb Control ◽

Treatment Regimens ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Associated Risk Factors

Background and objectives:Isoniazid (INH) is one of the most potent anti-tuberculosis (TB) drugs. The spread and transmission of INH- resistant bacilli are likely to pose a significant problem for National TB control Program (NTP). In this study, we aimed to determine the trend of INH-monoresistant TB in Iran.Methods:The susceptibility patternsof Mycobacterium tuberculosis(MTB) strains that were isolated from clinical samples were retrospectively analyzed (January 2003-December 2011). Identification and drug susceptibility testing (DST) were performed using both conventional and molecular methods. The associated risk factors were assessed using the Chi-square test.Results:Out of 4825 culture-positive isolates, 6.1% were resistant to INH, with an increasing trend over the study period. The INH-monoresistance from 4.4 in 2003 reached to 9.4% in 2011. Among the studied risk factors, age was significantly associated with INH-monoresistance (p < 0.05).Conclusions:The increased trend in INH-monoresistance underlines the need for greater enforcement of national TB control programs. In this regard, better management of TB cases, establishing advanced diagnostic facilities and use of standard treatment regimens are recommended to avoid further emergence of INH resistant cases.

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The Risk Factors of Phlebitis in The Installation of Intravent Catalysts

Midwifery and Nursing Research ◽

10.31983/manr.v3i1.6081 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 17-26

Author(s):

Hajar Acintya Farah ◽

Bambang Sarwono ◽

Heru Supriyatno

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

High Rate ◽

P Value ◽

Intravenous Catheter ◽

Chi Square ◽

Injection Drugs ◽

Cohort Design ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Catheter Size ◽

Associated Risk Factors

Background: A hospital is a health service facility that allows nosocomial infections, namely phlebitis. Phlebitis is a complication of intravenous catheter placement that is characterized by redness, pain, swelling, and fever. The high rate of phlebitis in various countries is due to the risk factors that predispose to the incidence of phlebitis due to intravenous catheter placement.Objective: This study aims to determine the risk factors for phlebitis in intravenous catheter placement.Methodology: This study uses an observational analytic method with a cohort design. The study was conducted on 27 February - 14 March 2020 with 22 samples taken using purposive accidental sampling in the inward and RST surgery Dr. Soedjono Magelang. The instrument used was an observation sheet designed by researchers that had been tested by experts and a standard operational checklist for infusion. Data analysis uses a chi-square test and multiple logistic regression.Results: The incidence of phlebitis was 7 respondents (31.8%) and the associated risk factors were the type of infusion fluid (RR = 4.37 CI 95% 1.09-17.58; p-value 0.020). While the factors of age, sex, nutritional status, chronic diseases, types of injection drugs, insertion location, duration of installation, nurse skills, installation techniques, and catheter size were not related to the incidence of phlebitis (p-value 0.05).Conclusion: Although several factors are not related to the incidence of phlebitis, these factors can be a support for the incidence of phlebitis.

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Relationship Between Characteristic and Hypertension With Incidence of Ischemic Stroke

Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi ◽

10.20473/jbe.v5i12017.48-59 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 48 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Siti Rohmatul Laily

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Ischemic Stroke ◽

Employment Status ◽

Control Sample ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Simple Random Sampling ◽

Chi Square ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

And Gender

Stroke is a disease that is a problem in the world, especially ischemic stroke. Stroke is a disease caused by circulatory disorders of the brain that are affected by several risk factors can not be changed such as age and gender. While the risk factors that can be changed such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and jobs. Effective measures to reduce the incidence of stroke is by controlling risk factors that can be changed. This study aims to determine the relationship characteristics and hypertension with ischemic stroke events in hospitals Ngimbang Lamongan Year 2016. This study was analytic observational with case control design.Sample cases is ischemic stroke patients, while the control sample is non ischemic stroke, each as much as 44 respondents. The sampling technique by using simple random sampling. Collecting data use secondary data by viewing the data records. The statistical test used was chi square test. Research that shows there is a significant relationship with the occurrence of ischemic stroke were age (p = 0,015; OR = 3,286; 95% CI 1,332 to 8,107), gender (p = 0,001; OR = 4.765; 95% CI 1,912 to 11,875 ), employment status (p = 0.001; OR = 4.667; 95%CI 1,890 to 1,526), and hypertension (p = 0,000; OR = 129,000; 95% CI 15,848 to 1050,034). The conclusion from this study was there are a relationship between age, gender, employment status and hypertension with ischemic stroke events in hospitals Ngimbang Lamongan 2016.Keywords: age, gender, job status, hypertension and ischemic stroke

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Prevalence of haemoparasites and its associated risk factors among dogs in Maiduguri, Nigeria

Journal of Sustainable Veterinary and Allied Sciences ◽

10.54328/covm/josvas.2021.012 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 47-51

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Random Sampling ◽

Management Practice ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Simple Random Sampling ◽

Buffy Coat ◽

Blood Parasites ◽

Chi Square ◽

Vector Borne Diseases ◽

Associated Risk Factors

Dogs are known to be infected by different blood parasites which are transmitted through vectors and produce illness collectively termed canine vector borne diseases (CVBD) in tropical and subtropical countries including Nigeria. This study investigated the prevalence of haemoparasites of dogs in Maiduguri, as well as the risk factors associated with their occurrence. The study was carried out from February 2019 to November 2019. Five wards namely Bolori 1, Bulabulin, Gwange 2, Lamisular and Limanti were selected out of the fifteen wards in the Metropolis using simple random sampling technique. Individual dog selection was based on systematic random sampling technique. Blood samples were collected from dogs via cephalic venipuncture. Wet mount, thin blood smear and buffy coat techniques were used to detect the presence of haemoparasites. A total of one hundred and twenty (120) dogs were sampled, out of which fifty one (51) were males and sixty nine (69) were females, fifty six (56) were adults (> 1 year) while sixty four (64) were young (0 – 1 year). The numbers of local, exotic and cross breeds were 64, 45 and 11 respectively. Eighty eight (88) of the dogs were confined while thirty two (32) were roaming freely. This study showed an overall prevalence of haemoparasites (14.16%) with Babesia canis (12.50%) and Ehrlichia canis (1.66%). Chi-square showed significant (P ≤ 0.05) association between haemoparasitism and age, sex and management practice. There was no association between haemoparasitism and breed (P > 0.05). It was concluded that haemoparasites are detectable among dogs in Maiduguri Metropolis and hence, the need to raise awareness on the prevention and control of haemoparasitic infections in dogs due to possible threat to animal and human health in the study area.

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A Study of Prevalence of Worm Infestation and Associated Risk Factors among the School Children of Dharan, Eastern Region of Nepal

International Journal of Medical and Dental Sciences ◽

10.19056/ijmdsjssmes/2013/v2i2/86766 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 121

Author(s):

R. B. Sah ◽

P. K. Pokharel ◽

I. S. Paudel ◽

A. Acharya ◽

N. Jha

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

School Children ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Eastern Region ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Worm Infestation ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Associated Risk Factors ◽

Very High

Background:Worm infestation has remained major zoonotic diseases in Nepal especially among children.Objectives: To measure the prevalence of worm infestation and to identify risk factors associated with worm infestation among the school children of Dharan.Material and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among school children of Dharan. Stratified random sampling method was applied to choose the schools and the study subjects. The Chi-square test was used to measure the association of risk factors and worm infestation.Results: Overall prevalence of worm infestation among the school children was 11.3 percent. Taenia species was found very high (5.3%) in comparison to other worms i.e. Hookworm (2%), Ascaris lumbricoides (1.9%), Trichuris trichiura (1%), Hymenolepsis nana (0.7%) and Enterobius vermicularis (0.3%). No significant relationship was traced among the factors in the causation of worm infestation although slight indications present.Conclusions: Overall prevalence of worm infestation among the school children has remained high.

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Is serum creatinine mandatory prior to contrast ehanced computer tomography

Journal of Chitwan Medical College ◽

10.3126/jcmc.v8i1.23709 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 10-13

Author(s):

Deepak Adhikari ◽

Rupesh Gautam ◽

Sweta Moktan ◽

Mukesh Mallik ◽

Mamita Sakhakarmi

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Serum Creatinine ◽

Medical History ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Extra Cost ◽

Contrast Induced Nephropathy ◽

Chi Square ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Associated Risk Factors ◽

Enhanced Computed Tomography

Introduction: Contrast-enhanced Computed Tomography (CECT) is an imaging technique to diagnose many clinical manifestations. Contrast media used in CECT can lead to contrast induced nephropathy (CIN). Hence, screening of serum creatinine (SCr) level prior to CECT is commonly practiced as it is considered to be an indicator for the risk of Contrast Induced Nephropathy (CIN). But, it adds up extra cost and also increases duration for investigation. The purpose of this study is to find out, if SCr screening can be skipped among certain group by medical history related to risk factors of CIN. Methodology: A total 250 patient SCr were obtained prior to CECT over period of 4 months between June 2016 to September 2016. Duplication in the samples was avoided. A survey of medical history regarding risk factors for CIN was taken in each case. Chi square test and odds ratio was applied for data analysis. Results: In this study 68% of total (250) patients were found to have normal SCr level without any risk factors for CIN and among 3% abnormal categorized patients (SCr ≥1.5mg/dl)) 71% (5 of 7) were identified with risk factors. Conclusions: The data suggests that screening SCr prior to CECT is significant only to those patients who acquire any of the identifiable risk factors for CIN. Those patients who are not identified with any of the associated risk factors, especially for renal disease, are not mandatory to obtain SCr value. This can reduce many challenges while checking patient’s creatinine status, such as patient’s booking delays, extra cost and time, additional pricking while taking blood sample. This practice can also increase the departmental throughput and efficiency of service.

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