scholarly journals Economic Burden of Diabetes in Urban Indians

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Chandra ◽  
Bageshri Gogate ◽  
Parikshit Gogate ◽  
Nilesh Thite ◽  
Abhay Mutha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Cost ◽  
Direct Cost ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Lower Middle Class ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Diet Control ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Class Iv

Purpose : To find out the average economic burden of medical care on a patient with diabetes in Pune, India Methods : A semi-open ended questionnaire followed by interview was conducted with patients attending diabetes and ophthalmic out-patient departments. They were asked regarding the duration of diabetes, methods undertaken for blood sugar control and the amount they spend on consultations, laboratory tests, medicines and procedures if any within past year. Expenditure was classified as direct cost (cost of medicines, doctor’s fees, investigations, lasers and surgery) and indirect cost (travel, diet control, health classes and loss of wages). Data was collected regarding the socioeconomic status according to Kuppaswamy classification. Results : 219 patients participated of whom 129 were males (58.9%). Average annual direct cost of diabetes treatment was Rs 8,822 of which 52.1% was spend on medicines, 3.2% was spend on lasers, 12.6% was spend on surgical procedures, 11.6% spent on investigations and 10.4% was spend on clinician fees. Average annual indirect cost was Rs. 3949 of which 3.4% was spend on travelling purpose, 0.4% was spent on health classes, 4.9% was spent on diet control and 91.3% was loss of wages. Average expenditure done by lower middle class was 23.7% of their income. Average percentage of income for direct and indirect cost was 3.6% and 1.4% respectively. The cost of the treatment formed1.3% of the annual income for those in Socio-economic class I, 1.7% in class II, 3.7% in class III and 23.7% in class IV. Conclusion : The cost of managing diabetes was a significant proportion of the patients’ income, especially for those on lower socio-economic scale (class IV).

scholarly journals Economics of cancer care: A community-based cross-sectional study in Kerala, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 09 (01) ◽  
pp. 07-12
Author(s):  
Dinesh T. A. ◽  
Prem Nair ◽  
V. Abhijath ◽  
Vidya Jha ◽  
K. Aarthy
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Cost ◽  
Direct Cost ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Cancer Care ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Bacground: The estimated incidence of cancer cases in Kerala for 2014 was 31,400 and the mortality associated with it was 13,816. Although the treatment of cancer has shown remarkable advances, it has come with increasing costs. Objective: The objective of this study is to estimate the economic burden of cancer in Vypin Block Panchayat at Ernakulam by analyzing the average total direct and indirect cost of cancer care, socioeconomic status, and cost of cancer care between government and private hospitals. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted for 2 months from March to April 2018. The study was conducted by utilizing an annotated cost questionnaire for completion by patients. Total direct and indirect cost was estimated. Appropriate statistical tests were used. Results: Direct cost for cancer care contributed 75% toward the cost of illness and the remaining was found to be indirect cost. Loss of income (44%) contributed to the largest chunk of indirect cost. The average direct cost for cancer care was found to be Rs. 25,606 and the average indirect cost was Rs. 8772. The average total cost of cancer care was calculated to be Rs. 34,378. Significant statistical variation was found between the cost of cancer care in private and government hospitals. The economic burden of cancer in this Vypin Block Panchayat was found to be Rs. 218,256,977/- Conclusion: The ratio of average income to average cost in this study is skewed which indicates the lack of affordability for cancer care in this population. A very large gap, therefore, exits between income levels and cost of cancer care clearly indicating a vast gap between affordability and cost of treatment, which clearly necessitates the need for a definite policy and state intervention for a mass cancer care program.

Animal production studies in Jamaica. IV. The costs of developing and maintaining pangola grass pastures

1964 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Nestel
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Cost ◽  
Direct Cost ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Direct And Indirect Costs ◽  
Production Studies ◽  
Total Range ◽  
The Cost

The cost of developing and maintaining pangola grass pastures has been examined under a range of conditions. The direct cost of improving pastures to the stage where they were established as 5–10 acre, fenced, watered units of pangola grass was about £30 per acre. Under favourable conditions this cost could be reduced to £20, but with difficult land or poor techniques the cost could rise to £40 or more per acre. In addition to the direct cost of establishment there was an indirect cost due to land being out of use or stock numbers having to be reduced. This indirect cost appeared to be highest on lands where planting costs were least. It was suggested that there might be an inverse relationship between direct and indirect costs which tended to narrow the total range of establishment costs.

MR Imaging as the Primary Modality for Neuroradiologic Evaluation of the Lumbar Spine

1996 ◽  
Vol 37 (1P1) ◽  
pp. 373-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Annertz ◽  
H. Wingstrand ◽  
B. Strömqvist ◽  
S. Holtås
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Mr Imaging ◽  
Sick Leave ◽  
Indirect Cost ◽  
Direct Cost ◽  
Diagnostic Procedure ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Primary Modality

Purpose: To evaluate the effects on cost, and number of primary and supplementary neuroradiologic examinations, after introducing MR imaging as the primary modality in the evaluation of the lumbar spine. Material and Methods: Two 5-month periods were compared: period 1 — before MR; and period 2 — after introduction of a 2nd MR device. In period 1, patients were examined with myelography and/or CT after referral from specialists only, whereas in period 2 both specialists and general practitioners could refer patients for MR imaging. The direct cost (neuroradiologic methods and hospitalization) and indirect cost (sick-leave and estimated loss of production caused by the diagnostic procedure) were estimated. Results and Conclusion: In period 1, investigations were started in 75 patients (62 myelographies and 13 CT examinations); in period 2, in 227 patients (198 MR, 21 CT, and 8 myelographies). The estimated total cost increased from SEK 825 000 to 1 265 000 (53%), the cost per investigated patient decreasing from 11 000 to 5565 (50%), and the cost of preoperative investigation per operated patient decreasing from 8616 to 5563 (35%). The number of supplementary examinations was unchanged.

Economic burden of gastric cancer in the first six months after diagnosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 436-446
Author(s):  
Habib Jalilian ◽  
Leila Doshmangir ◽  
Soheila Ajami ◽  
Habibeh Mir ◽  
Yibeltal Siraneh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Direct Cost ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Total Direct Cost ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Illness Study ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Cost

Purpose Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer and the leading cause of death after lung cancer in the world. Considering the economic burden of cancers and their impact on household welfare, this study aims to estimate the cost of gastric cancer in Tabriz (Northwest city of Iran) in 2017. Design/methodology/approach This was an incidence-based cost of illness study which was conducted from the perspective of society with a bottom-up costing approach. The inclusion criteria for the study were all patients (n = 118) with gastric cancer at the period of the first six months after diagnosis that 102 patients participated. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22. Findings The mean medical direct cost was US$3288.02, 18.19 per cent paid by the patient and 81.81 per cent paid by insurance organizations and governmental subsidies. The estimated out of pocket rate was 18.19 per cent. The mean non-medical direct cost estimated at US$377.54. The mean total direct cost was US$3665.56, 26.61 per cent paid by the patient. The mean indirect cost estimated at US$505.41 and the mean total cost was US$4170.97, 35.5 per cent which imposed on the patient. The mean total cost of gastric cancer within the first six months after diagnosis was equivalent to 0.81 GDP per capita. Originality/value Based on the findings, gastric cancer is a highly costly disease that despite insurance coverage imposes a high economic burden on the patients and their families.

Cost-Effectiveness of Becaplermin Gel on Diabetic Foot Ulcer Healing

2016 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curtis R. Waycaster ◽  
Adrienne M. Gilligan ◽  
Travis A. Motley
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Direct Cost ◽  
Diabetic Foot ◽  
Wound Closure ◽  
Wound Care ◽  
Foot Ulcer ◽  
The United States ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
The Cost

Background: A comparison of the cost-effectiveness of becaplermin plus good wound care (BGWC) versus good wound care (GWC) alone in treating patients with diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) may enable physicians and health-care decision makers in the United States to make better-informed choices about treating DFUs, which currently contribute to a substantial portion of the economic burden of diabetes. Methods: Data from three phase III trials were used to predict expected 1-year costs and outcomes, including the average percentage reduction from baseline in wound surface area (WSA), the direct costs of DFU therapy, and the cost per cm2 of WSA reduction. Results: At 20 weeks, the BGWC group had a statistically greater probability of complete wound closure than the GWC group (50% versus 35%; P = .015). Based on reported WSA reduction rates, DFUs in the BGWC group were predicted to close by 100% at 27 weeks, and those in the GWC group were predicted to close by 88% at 52 weeks. The GWC group had higher total estimated 1-year direct cost of DFU care ($6,809 versus $4,414) and higher cost per cm2 of wound closure ($3,501 versus $2,006). Conclusions: Becaplermin plus good wound care demonstrated economic dominance compared with GWC by providing better clinical outcomes via faster reduction in WSA and higher rates of closure at a lower direct cost.

COST ANALYSIS OF HOME BASED REHABILITATION FOR THE DISABLED AFTER STROKE IN HUE CITY

2017 ◽  
pp. 59-63
Author(s):  
Hoang Lan Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Cost ◽  
Direct Cost ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Structure Questionnaire ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Lower Total Cost ◽  
Home Based ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
The Cost

Introduction: the study was conducted with objectives to estimate economic cost of home-based rehabilitation (HBR) for the disabled after stroke in Hue city and to identify factors affecting the cost. Methodology: This is a descriptive crossectional study. 125 the disabled after stroke who were using CBR services in Hue city for a period of 6 months to 24 months were interviewed based on a structure questionnaire. Monthly economic cost for rehabilitation was estimated. Multivariate linear regression model is used to identify factors affecting the total cost. Results: Monthly average total cost for rehabilitation at home is 4.149.452 VND (SD 2.936.076) per participant; in which average medical direct cost is 1.583.600 VND (SD 1.669.083); average non-medical direct cost is 693.600 VND (SD 671.030); average indirect cost is 1.872.252 VND (SD 2.202.139). HBR that was provided by therapists incurred highest total cost. The higher age of participants are, the lower total cost is (p< 0.05). Conclusion: Indirect cost accounted for the highest proportion of the total cost for home based rehabilitation monthly. A study on cost effectiveness evaluation of rehabilitation models is necessary to help participants make decision in line available resources of households. Key words: rehabilitation, stroke, disable, economic cost

scholarly journals Economic Cost of Schizophrenia in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. 39-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibidunni Olapeju Oloniniyi ◽  
Adesanmi Akinsulore ◽  
Olutayo Olubunmi Aloba ◽  
Boladale Moyosore Mapayi ◽  
Olakunle Ayokunmi Oginni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Cost ◽  
Direct Cost ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Productivity Loss ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Syndrome Scale ◽  
Annual Total ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Negative Syndrome

ABSTRACT Objectives: This study evaluated the economic cost of schizophrenia in Nigerian patients and identified factors that influence cost. Methods: A total of 100 participants with schizophrenia were assessed using the modified economic cost questionnaire, the mini-international neuropsychiatric interview, the positive and negative syndrome scale, the Liverpool University Neuroleptic side-effect rating scale, and the global assessment of functioning scale. Associations between sociodemographic characteristics, illness-related variables and direct, indirect, and total costs of schizophrenia were assessed. Results: The average annual total, direct, and indirect costs of the treatment were $818.48, $349.59, and $468.89, respectively, per patient. The direct cost constituted 42.7%, while the indirect cost was 57.3% of the total costs of treatment. Hospitalization was the leading contributor to the direct cost, while productivity loss was a major component of the indirect cost. Conclusion: Schizophrenia is an expensive disease in Nigeria, measures to reduce hospitalization could significantly reduce the cost of illness to the patient and their relatives.

IMPLEMENTASI KURIKULUM 2013 PADA PEMBELAJARAN TEMATIK TERPADU TEMA INDAHNYA NEGERIKU SUB TEMA KEANEKARAGAMAN HEWAN DAN TUMBUHAN KELAS IV SEMESTER 2 SDN TOMPOMULYO 02 KABUPATEN PATI

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mudzanatun Mudzanatun ◽  
Eka Kurniasih
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Grade ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Is Research ◽  
Assessment Of Learning ◽  
Learning Evaluation ◽  
Fourth Grade Students ◽  
Thematic Learning ◽  
Class Iv

This research is motivated by the lack of knowledge of teachers in the implementation of the curriculum in 2013 on the learning process. Teachers do not understand fully the curriculum in 2013, because of socialization of the service is still lacking.The problem in this study is how the implementation of the curriculum in 2013 of integrated thematic learning on the theme?óÔé¼?ØIndahnya Negeriku?óÔé¼?Ø Sub Theme ?óÔé¼?ôKeanekaragaman Hewan dan Tumbuhan?óÔé¼?Ø class IV in the 2nd half of the fourth grade students of SDN Tompomulyo 02?. The purpose of this study is to investigate the implementation of the curriculum in 2013 on the theme of integrated thematic learning on the theme?óÔé¼?ØIndahnya Negeriku?óÔé¼?Ø Sub Theme ?óÔé¼?ôKeanekaragaman Hewan dan Tumbuhan?óÔé¼?Ø class IV in the 2nd half of the fourth grade students of SDN Tompomulyo 02.This research uses descriptive qualitative research approach that is research data collection in the form of words. Location of the study in 02 Pati SDN Tompomulyo fourth grade 2nd semester.Data sourced words research results. The average percentage of lesson plans prepared by teachers good observer I category with a percentage of 82,21%, a good observer II category with a percentage of 81,77% . The average percentage of the implementation of learning that teachers do a good observer I category with a percentage of 82,19%, a good observer II category with a percentage of 8,.43%. Assessment of learning evaluation conducted after a study showed that six of 21 people there are 10 students or 47,62% to the category of very good, good category there are 5 students with a percentage of 23,80%, good enough category there are 4 students with a percentage of 19,05%, unfavorable category there are 2 students or 9,53%, and there were no students in the category of bad result.Suggestions given to teachers , learners and the school is implementing in order to further develop the learning in the classroom in accordance with the implementation of the curriculum in 2013 .

scholarly journals Healthcare Expenditures Associated with Heart Failure in Saudi Arabia: A Cost of Illness Study

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 988
Author(s):  
Ahmed Alghamdi ◽  
Eman Algarni ◽  
Bander Balkhi ◽  
Abdulaziz Altowaijri ◽  
Abdulaziz Alhossan
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Cost Of Illness ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Health Care Expenditures ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Hospitalization Costs ◽  
Illness Study ◽  
The Cost

Heart failure (HF) is considered to be a global health problem that generates a significant economic burden. Despite the growing prevalence in Saudi Arabia, the economic burden of HF is not well studied. The aim of this study was to estimate the health care expenditures associated with HF in Saudi Arabia from a social perspective. We conducted a multicenter cost of illness (COI) study in two large governmental centers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia using 369 HF patients. A COI model was developed in order to estimate the direct medical costs associated with HF. The indirect costs of HF were estimated based on a human capital approach. Descriptive and inferential statistics were analyzed. The direct medical cost per HF patient was $9563. Hospitalization costs were the major driver in total spending, followed by medication and diagnostics costs. The cost significantly increased in line with the disease progression, ranging from $3671 in class I to $16,447 in class IV. The indirect costs per working HF patient were $4628 due to absenteeism, and $6388 due to presenteeism. The economic burden of HF is significantly high in Saudi Arabia. Decision makers need to focus on allocating resources towards strategies that prevent frequent hospitalizations and improve HF management and patient outcomes in order to lower the growing economic burden.

scholarly journals Economic burden of childhood diarrhea in Burundi

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fulgence Niyibitegeka ◽  
Arthorn Riewpaiboon ◽  
Sitaporn Youngkong ◽  
Montarat Thavorncharoensap
Keyword(s):  
Economic Burden ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Primary Treatment ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Hospitalization Costs ◽  
Illness Study ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Substantial Economic Burden

Abstract Background In 2016, diarrhea killed around 7 children aged under 5 years per 1000 live births in Burundi. The objective of this study was to estimate the economic burden associated with diarrhea in Burundi and to examine factors affecting the cost to provide economic evidence useful for the policymaking about clinical management of diarrhea. Methods The study was designed as a prospective cost-of-illness study using an incidence-based approach from the societal perspective. The study included patients aged under 5 years with acute non-bloody diarrhea who visited Buyenzi health center and Prince Regent Charles hospital from November to December 2019. Data were collected through interviews with patients’ caregivers and review of patients’ medical and financial records. Multiple linear regression was performed to identify factors affecting cost, and a cost model was used to generate predictions of various clinical and care management costs. All costs were converted into international dollars for the year 2019. Results One hundred thirty-eight patients with an average age of 14.45 months were included in this study. Twenty-one percent of the total patients included were admitted. The average total cost per episode of diarrhea was Int$109.01. Outpatient visit and hospitalization costs per episode of diarrhea were Int$59.87 and Int$292, respectively. The costs were significantly affected by the health facility type, patient type, health insurance scheme, complications with dehydration, and duration of the episode before consultation. Our model indicates that the prevention of one case of dehydration results in savings of Int$16.81, accounting for approximately 11 times of the primary treatment cost of one case of diarrhea in the community-based management program for diarrhea in Burundi. Conclusion Diarrhea is associated with a substantial economic burden to society. Evidence from this study provides useful information to support health interventions aimed at prevention of diarrhea and dehydration related to diarrhea in Burundi. Appropriate and timely care provided to patients with diarrhea in their communities and primary health centers can significantly reduce the economic burden of diarrhea. Implementing a health policy to provide inexpensive treatment to prevent dehydration can save significant amount of health expenditure.

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